• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.11-23
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• 2018

목적 : 본 연구에서는 $TNF-{\alpha}$와 $IFN-{\gamma}$로 자극한 인간피부각질형성세포 (HaCaT keratinocytes) 모델을 사용하여 지모가 피부장벽 기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : MTT assay를 통하여 지모 주정(70% 에탄올) 추출물 (EAA)이 HaCaT keratinocytes의 세포생존율에 미치는 영향을 확인하였으며 wound healing assay를 통해 EAA가 HaCaT 세포의 이주 능력에 영향을 주는지 관찰하였다. 또한 western blot analysis와 qRT-PCR을 통하여 EAA가 $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma}$로 자극한 HaCaT 세포에서 iNOS의 단백질 발현 및 IL-4, IL-13, IL-6의 mRNA 발현, filaggrin의 단백질과 mRNA 발현에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 결과 : EAA는 처리 농도 $500{\mu}g/ml$까지 HaCaT keratinocytes의 세포생존율에 영향을 미치지 않았다. EAA는 wound healing assay에서 HaCaT 세포의 이주 능력을 증가시켰으며, $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma}$로 자극한 HaCaT 세포에서 iNOS의 단백질 수준을 감소시켰다. 또한 EAA가 IL-4, IL-13, IL-6의 mRNA 발현을 억제하는 것 역시 확인할 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 EAA는 $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma}$ 자극에 의해 감소했던 filaggrin을 단백질과 mRNA 수준에서 회복시켰다. 결론 : EAA가 HaCaT 세포에서 Th2 type cytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokine의 억제와 filaggrin 회복을 통해 피부장벽 기능 손상에 대한 억제활성을 갖는 것을 확인하였으며, 이를 통해 EAA가 염증으로 인해 손상된 피부장벽 기능 개선에 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2008

This study was designed to investigate the effect of essential amino acids (EAA) and/or non-essential amino acids (NEAA) on the development of parthenogenetic and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) porcine embryos in vitro. To evaluate the timing of amino acids supplementation, activated oocytes were cultured in NCSU23-PVA with EAA, NEAA or NEAA+EAA (AAs) during specific periods as below: EAA, NEAA or AAs were supplemented during Day 0 to 6 (whole culture period: ALL), Day 2 to Day 6 (post-maternal embryonic transition period: POST-MET), Day 5 to Day 6 (post-compaction period: POST-CMP), Day 0 to Day 2 (pre-maternal embryonic transition period: PRE-MET), or Day 0 to Day 4 (post-compaction period: PRE-CMP). Supplementation of NEAA decreased cleavage rates in PRE-MET and PRE-CMP and also decreased blastocyst rates in POST-CMP. On the other hand, EAA significantly enhanced blastocyst formation rate in POST-MET and no detrimental effect on embryonic development in other groups. Interestingly, NEAA and EAA had synergistic effect when they were supplemented to the medium during whole culture period. Supplementation of AAs also enhanced SCNT porcine embryo development whereas BSA-free medium without AAs could not supported blastocyst formation of SCNT embryos. In conclusion, existence of EAA and NEAA in defined culture medium variously influences the development of parthenogenetic and SCNT porcine embryos, and their positive effect are only occurred when both EAA and NEAA are supplemented to the medium during whole culture period. Additionally, AAs supplementation enhances the blastocyst formation of SCNT porcine embryos when they are cultured in the defined condition.

• 공업화학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2012

에틸렌-아크릴산 공중합체(EAA)를 물에 분산시킨 후, 폴리(비닐 알코올) (PVA) 수용액과 블렌딩하여 내수성 및 차단성이 향상된 필름을 제조하였다. EAA의 함량에 따라 제조된 필름으로 열적-기계적 성질, 접촉각, 수분 투과율, 산소 투과율을 측정하였고 내수성에 대한 평가 실험도 진행하였다. 필름의 인장강도는 $9.16{\sim}11.75\;kg/mm^2$으로 PVA와 큰 차이가 없었으며, 경도의 경우는 EAA 함량에 따라 값이 점점 증가하였다. 유리전이 온도와 용융 온도는 약간 향상되었다. PVA/EAA의 비율이 90/10인 블렌딩 필름의 경우 Swelling 109%, Solubility 0%로 측정되어 PVA에 비하여 내수성이 개선되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, PVA/EAA의 비율이 90/10인 블렌딩 필름(두께 $2.5\;{\mu}m$)을 PET 필름(두께 $50\;{\mu}m$) 위에 코팅하여 제조된 필름의 수분투과율과 산소 투과율은 각각 $9.1\;g/m^2/day$과 $2.0\;cc/m^2/day$으로 측정되었다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2001

폐타이어를 재활용할 목적으로 고밀도 폴리에틸렌(HDPE) 수지에 폐타이어 분말을 10-60wt%의 비율로 블렌딩하여 복합재료를 제조하였고, 폐타이어 분말 조성에 따른 인장강도, 파단 신장률, 인장 탄성률, 충격강도 등의 기계적 물성을 조사하였다. 또한 상용화제로 ethylene-acrylic acid(EAA) 공중합체를 10phr 첨가하여 물성 변화를 측정하였고, 이 때 향상된 충격강도를 나타내는 폐타이어 분말 조성 40wt%에 대해 EAA 공중합체 첨가량을 5-15phr로 바꾸어 가며 물성 변화를 측정하였다. 측정 결과 폐타이어 분말의 조성이 증가했을 때 대부분의 기계적물성은 순수 HDPE에 비해 감소하였지만, 충격강도는 대체적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 상용화제인 EAA 공중합체를 첨가한 경우 충격강도는 증가하는 경향을 보였지만 그 밖의 물성은 그다지 향상되지 않았다. 특히, 폐타이어 분말 30wt% 이상의 조성에서는 충격강도에 대한 상용화제의 첨가 영향이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 반면, 폐타이어 분말의 입자 크기에 따른 복합재료의 충격강도는 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.384-392
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• 2018

Background: A very low protein diet (VLPD) with ketoacid analogs of essential amino acids (KA/EAA) administration can remarkably influence protein synthesis and metabolic disturbances of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), and may also slow the decline in renal function. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out to monitor renal progression and metabolic and nutritional status among 140 patients with CKD stage III or IV. One group (n = 70) was on a low protein diet (LPD) with 0.6 g of protein intake, and another group (n = 70) was on a VLPD with 0.3 g of protein and KA/EAA supplementation of 100 mg/kg/day for 12 months. Results: At 12-month follow-up, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) significantly decreased from $41.6{\pm}10.2$ to $36.4{\pm}8.8mL/min/1.73m^2$ (P < 0.001) and urine protein increased from $0.6{\pm}0.5$ to $0.9{\pm}1.1g/day$ (P = 0.017) in the LPD group, but no significant changes in estimated GFR and urine protein were found in the VLPD plus KA/EAA group. A significant mean difference in rate of change in estimated GFR ($-5.2{\pm}3.6mL/min/1.73m^2$ per year; P < 0.001) was observed between the two groups. After Cox regression analysis, treatment with VLPD plus KA/EAA significantly protected against the incidence of declining GFR > 10% annually (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.79; P = 0.006) and significant correlations were found between using VLPD plus KA/EEA and increased GFR. Conclusion: VLPD supplementation with KA/EAA is associated with delayed renal progression while preserving the nutritional status in the patients with CKD. Co-administration of VLPD and KA/EAA may prove an effective alternative to conservative management of CKD.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.72-74
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• 2003

Excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor, particularly NMDA receptor, are now known to be one of major transmitter receptors involved in synaptic excitation. Excessive release of EAA neurotransmitter, glutamate, is an important causative factor in the neurodegenerative processes and can cause neuronal damage and cell death. This excitotoxicity has been shown to be $Ca^{++}$ dependent. (omitted)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1049-1070
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to investigate dietary factors which influence the conditions of Korean fatty liver patients. The subjects were 83 fatty liver patients living in city, ages of 10 to 60 yrs old, and they were the same patients studied 9 months ago in previous study. The patients were groupsed into 3 groups(improved, similar, worsened groups) according to the changes in disease condition. Nutrient and alcohol intakes and health status were investigated. In improved group, the patients tended to lose weight, the number of exercising patients was increased, the consumptions of calorie, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus were decreased. And alcohol intake was decreased markedly and serum total amino acids(AA), EAA, NEAA, BCAA and AMAA contents, EAA/NEAA and BCAA/AMAA ratios were increased. In worsened group, patients tended to gain weight, the number of exercising patients decreased, the consumptions of calorie, protein, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus and niacin decreased but vitamin. A intake increased. And also, in this group, alcohol intake of male patients decreased and that of female slightly increased, and serum EAA, BCAA and AMAA contents, EAA/NEAA and BCAA/AMAA ratios, and total fatty acid contents increased and total AA and NEAA contents decreased. In conclusion, it is desirable to reduced weight, stress, alcohol, salt and animal fat consumptions, and to exercise, and to take adequate amount and quality of protein to improve conditions of fatty liver patients.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.423-431
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• 1995

Trigeminal spinal sensory nucleus is a main relay site in transmission of orofacial pain. Glutamate and aspartate playa role in transmission of primary afferents. This experiment was performed to study the role of capsaicin, KR-25018 and shogaol on the release of glutamate and aspartate from trigeminal spinal sensory nucleus. Release of excitatory amino acids(EAAs) was induced by electrical stimulation of oral mucosa with innocuous or noxious stimuli. Capsaicin($10{\mu}M$), KR-25018($10{\mu}M$), shogaol($10{\mu}M$), ruthenium red and capsazapine were added to perfusion solution to observe the changes in EAA release, and glutamate and aspartate were determined by HPLC. Release of glutamate and aspartate from trigeminal sensory nucleus was increased by noxious stimulation of oral mucosa, but innocuous stimulation did not affect on the release of EAA Capsaicin and KR-25018 increased the release of glutamate and aspartate, and effect of KR-25018 on release of EAA was more potent than capsaicin. But shogaol had a weak effect on release of EAA. Effect of capsaicin and KR-25018 was partially blocked by capsaicin antagonists, ruthenium red and capsazepine.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 1999

Excitatory amino acid (EAA) and substance P (SP) have been known to be primary candidates for nociceptive neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, and calcium ions are implicated in processing of the sensory informations mediated by EAA and SP in the spinal cord. In this study, we examined how $Ca^{2+}$ modified the responses of dorsal horn neurons to single or combined iontophoretical application of EAA and SP in the rat. All the LT cells tested responded to kainate, whereas about 55% of low threshold (LT) cells responded to iontophoretically applied NMDA. NMDA and kainate excited almost all wide dynamic range (WDR) cells. These NMDA- and kainate-induced WDR cell responses were augmented by iontophoretically applied EGTA, but suppressed by $Ca^{2+},\;Mn^{2+},$ verapamil and ${\omega}-conotoxin$ EVTA, effect of verapamil being more prominent and well sustained. $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ antagonized the augmenting effect of EGTA. On the other hand, prolonged spinal application of EGTA suppressed the response of WDR cell to NMDA. SP had triple effects on the spontaneous activity as well as NMDA-induced responses of WDR cells: excitation, inhibition and no change. EGTA augmented, but $Ca^{2+},\;Mn^{2+}$ and verapamil suppressed the increase in the NMDA-induced responses and spontaneous activities of WDR cells following iontophoretical application of SP. These results suggest that in the spinal cord, sensory informations mediated by single or combined action of EAA and SP can be modified by the change in calcium ion concentration.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.3653-3659
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• 2015

방향족 열방성 액정 고분자와 에틸렌-아크릴 산 공중합체 및 그 금속염 고분자간의 반응 상용화에 관하여 연구하였다. 블렌드는 배치 믹서에서 제조하였으며 액정 고분자의 에스터 그룹과 이오노머의 아크릴산 사이에 발생하는 acidolysis 반응으로 형성되는 그라프트 공중합체의 발생 유무를 평가하였다. 반응의 정도는 배치 믹서에서 시간에 따른 토크의 증가와 열분석 및 형태학 상 구조를 통해 평가하였다. poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA) 이오노머의 Na 염이 반응을 증진시키는데 특히 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 반응의 진행 정도는 금속염의 종류 뿐 아니라 이오노머의 조성과 반응 시간에 따라 변하였다. 액정 고분자와 Na로 중화된 이오노머 간의 반응으로 생성된 그라프트 공중합체는 액정 고분자와 EAA 이오노머 블렌드의 반응상용화제로 효과가 높음을 미세 구조 분석을 통하여 알 수 있었다.