• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2014

Blends of emulsion SBR (E-SBR) and solution SBR (S-SBR) were prepared, and their microstructures (styrene, 1,2-unit, cis-1,4-unit, and trans-1,4-unit contents) were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with transmittance mode. Method to measure absorbance by valley-to-valley baseline (TV) is objectively reasonable, but has a demerit which peak intensity of the cis-1,4-unit cannot be correctly measured. In order to obtain information for the four microstructures including cis-1,4-unit, measurement methods without correction (TM) and correction to 99% transmittance (TB) were compared to the TV method. Results obtained by the TB method were closer to those obtained by the TV one than those obtained by the TM. The microstructures were determined from the absorbances obtained by the TM and TB methods according to the ISO/FDIS 21561:2005(E). Variations of the styrene, 1,2-unit, and trans-1,4-unit contents with the blend ratio of E-SBR/S-SBR showed relatively good linearities, and there was no big difference between results obtained by the TM and TB methods. Variations of the cis-1,4-unit content with the blend ratio absolutely did not show linearities irrespective of the TM and TB methods.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 1998

In order to investigate the physical properties of rubber blend compound, this experiment was carried out on the cure rate, loss tangent, reinforcement and abrasion properties of S-SBR (solution styrene-butadiene rubber) blends containing silane coupled silica and E-SBR (emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber) blends containing carbon black as a model compound. E-SBR blend showed the highest total bound rubber(TBR), while S-SBR blends showed constant TBR level regardless of rubber type. Rapid cure rate was achieved when the styrene and vinyl content of rubber microstructure decreased and TBR content of rubber compounds increased. The modulus as the index of rubber reinforcement showed the linear relation with TBR content. The large amount of PICO loss was observed when the styrene and vinyl content of rubber microstructure increased, while the small amount of PICO loss was observed when the ratio of bu-tadiene increased in the S-SBR blends with silane copuled silica. The high loss tangent at $0^{\circ}C$, the low loss tangent at $60^{\circ}C$, and the large difference of loss tangent were shown in the S-SBR blends with high styrene content compared to E-SBR blend.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.246-254
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• 1998

In order to investigate the characteristics of resistance and conduction of vulcanized styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/ carbon black (CB) composites, surface/ volume resistivity, point to point resistance, decay time, and electrical conduction experiments with four different kinds of non-conductive carbon black were measured. When about 50phr of carbon black were loaded in SBR, all resistivites suddenly decreased and critical region (Rc) was shown. Current densities of SBR/CB composites showed critical point (Pc) and increased with the electric fields. Electrical conduction mechanisms of SBR/CB composites could be considered as the ohmic conduction at low electric fields and the space charge limited conduction (SCLC) at high electric fields, respectively.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2007

In this study, SBR (Styrene-butadiene rubber: solid content: 25 wt%) nanocomposites reinforced with carbon/organoclay(C18-MMT) were manufactured by a latex method. The SBR nanocomposites was made with the dual phase fillers. The mixing ratios, i.e. carbon black/C18-MMT, were 50/0, 49/1, 48/2, 47/3, 45/5, 44/6, 40/10. Total filler content of compounds was restricted to 50 phr. Cure characteristics and mechanical properties of SBR nanocomposites with carbon black and C18-MMT were evaluated. The SBR nanocomposites containing 49/1 ratio of carbon black/C18-MMT showed good dispersity and excellent values of ODR torque, tensile strength, modulus and tear energy. It was found that the improvement of the mechanical properties was mainly due to the reinforcing effect, i.e., the improvement of dispersion of silicates in the rubber matrix.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 1998

Tensile properties including Young's modulus and tear strength were measured for four different rubber compounds; natural rubber(NR), styrene-butadiene copolymer(SBR), ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and brominated isobutylene-p-methyl-styrene copolymer(BIMS) as a function of temperature and degree of cure. To see the effect of over cure, a measurement was made of the tensile strength and swelling behavior of the over-cured rubber compounds. Young's modulus, E, was found to have linear dependency on the degree of cure for all rubber compounds. EPDM and BIMS showed the highest and lowest slopes, respectively. The slope of NR and SBR lay between EPDM and BIMS. Tear strength, Gc, decreased in the order of NR>BIMS>SBR>EPDM. As the cure time was extended the degree of cure of NR and SBR decreased, while that of BIMS increased. EPDM showed little change in the degree of cure.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2021

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) can be classified as a type of self-immobilized microbial aggregates measuring more than 0.2 mm. It offers the option to simultaneously remove COD, N, and P that occur in different zones inside a granule. Also, AGS is characterized by high precipitability, treatability with high organic loading, and high tolerance to low temperature. In this study, a sequencing batch reactor inoculated with AGS (AGS-SBR) is a new advanced wastewater treatment process that was proven to grow AGS with integrated nutrient removal and low C/N ratio. A pilot plant, AGS-SBR with a capacity of 225 ㎥/d was installed at an S sewage treatment plant in Gyeonggi-do. The results of the operation showed that the water quality of the effluent indicated that the value of BOD5 was 1.5 mg/L, CODMn was 11.4 mg/L, SS was 6.2 mg/L, T-N was 13.2 mg/L, and T-P was 0.197 mg/L, and all of these values reliably satisfied an effluent standard (I Area). In winter, the T-N treatment efficiency at a lower temperature of less than 11℃ also showed reliability to meet the effluent standard of the I Area (20 mg/L or less). Analysis of microbial community in AGS showed a higher preponderance of beneficial microorganisms involved in denitrification and phosphorus accumulation compared with activated sludge. The power consumption and sludge disposal cost were reduced by 34.7% and 54.9%, respectively, compared to the domestic SBR type sewage treatment plant with a processing capacity of 1,000 ㎥/d or less.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2011

We develop a new nonwoven composite separator for a safer lithium-ion battery, which is based on coating of silica ($SiO_2$) colloidal particles/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) binder to a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nonwoven support. The $SiO_2$ particles are interconnected by the SBR binder and closely packed in the nonwoven composite separator, which thus allows for the development of unusual porous structure, i.e. highly-connected interstitial voids formed between the $SiO_2$ particles. The PET nonwoven serves as a mechanical support that contributes to suppressing thermal shrinkage of the nonwoven composite separator. The $SiO_2$/SBR content in the nonwoven composite separators plays an important role in determining their separator properties. Porous structure, air permeability, and electrolyte wettability of the nonwoven composite separators, in comparison to a commercialized polyethylene (PE) separator, are elucidated as a function of the $SiO_2$/SBR content. Based on this understanding of the nonwoven composite separators, the effect of $SiO_2$/SBR content on the electrochemical performances such as self-discharge, discharge capacity, and discharge C-rate capability of cells assembled with the nonwoven composite separators is investigated.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.219-232
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• 2007

Odors from manures are a major problem for livestock production. The most significant odorous compounds in animal manure a.e volatile fatty acids(VFAs). This work reviews the VFAs from the anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor(ASBBR), anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR), solid compost batch reactor(SCBR), and aerobic sequencing batch reactor(SBR) associated with the animal manure biological treatment. First, we describe and quantify VFAs from animal manure biological treatment and discuss biofiltration for odor control. Then we review certain fundamentals aspects about Anaerobic and aerobic SBR, composting of animal manure, manure compost biofilter for odorous VFAs control, SBR for nitrogen removal, and ASBR for animal wastewater treatment systems considered important for the resource recovery and air quality. Finally, we present an overview for the future needs and current experience of the biological systems engineering for animal manure management and odor control.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.1052-1060
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• 1999

Tire and raw material of tire, i.e., SBR were degraded using pyrolysis process. The yield of pyrolytic oil was increased and that of gas was decreased with increase of operating temperature in pyrolysis. And the yield of pyrolytic oil was increased and that of gas and char was decreased with increase of heating rate. The maximum oil yields of SBR and tire were 86% and 55% each at $700^{\circ}C$ with a heating rate of $20^{\circ}C/min$. The number average molecular weight ranges of SBR and tire were 740~2486, 740~1719, and the calorific value of SBR and tire was 39~40 kJ/g. The oil components were consisted of mostly 50 aromatic compounds. The particle size was decreased and the surface area was increased with increase of operating temperature, and the BET surface area was $47{\sim}63m^2/g$. The optimum condition of pyrolysis was the temperature of $700^{\circ}C$ with heating rate of $20^{\circ}C$, and the reactor was continuously purged with inert gas to sweep the evolved gases from the reaction zone.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.260-267
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• 2006

SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber; 25 wt% of solid contents) nanocomposites reinforced with OLS(organically modified layered silicates) were manufactured via the latex method. Two types of OLS are prepared, i.e. dodecylamine (primary amine) modified montmorillonite (DA-MMT) and N, N-dimethyldodecylamine (tertiary amino) modified MMT (DDA-MMT). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to characterize the layer distance of OLS and the morphology of the nanocomposites. SBR nanocomposites reinforced with ternary phase filler (carbon black/silica/OLS) systems also manufactured. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was performed on these composites to determine the loss factor (tan $\delta$) over a range of temperature($-20^{\circ}C{\sim}80^{\circ}C$). The results showed that there was significant changes on the values or tan $\delta$ with the addition of small amount of the OLS. By increasing the contents of OLS, the values of tan $\delta$ at $0^{\circ}C$ increased but those of tan $\delta$ at $60^{\circ}C$ decreased with increasing OLS contents.