• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.145.2-145.2
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• 2003

We have developed a silver staining method using a dye as a silver sensitizer. Dye staining is performed in combination with silver nitrate staining. Dye-silver staining shortens the time of silver staining (~1 hr) and improves the sensitivity better than that of silver diamine stain (1-10 ng) or comparable to that of silver nitrate stain with glutaraldehyde as a silver sensitizer. In dye staining (silver sensitizing step), it has been proven that the sensitivity is at least 4 times comparing with that of CBBR stain and staining time is about 45 min. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.142.1-142.1
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• 2003

Sensitive and safe method for visualization of DNA in agarose gels using visible dye is described. To improve the sensitivity, we studied a counterion-dye staining method using methyl orange as a counterion-dye which contributes to reduce excessive background staining by indoine blue. Dye concentrations, PH of staining solution, mixing molar ratio of two dyes, and staining times were optimized for the counterion-dye staining. By the staining with a mixed solution of 0.005% indoine blue and 0.00165% methyl orange in 10% ethanol 0.2M sodium acetate, 8 ng of the 3 kb DNA in an agarose gel was detected within 1hr. (omitted)

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.140-151
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• 2017

This study researched the status and prospect of the natural dye program in the Gyeongsang region, with a focus on private centers with sufficient infrastructure and abundant human resources available for natural dyes. Metropolitan cities do not own the drying house and the agricultural land for natural dyes as well as have difficulty securing the land; therefore, entire sites are limited and smaller as they are closer to the city. The one-time program of all centers has been researched to help promote and maintain centers rather than generate profit. It is shown that June-August (summer) is preferred over December-February (winter). Natural dye programs for hobby and education are operated as needed because the number of participants are low. This program uses natural indigo and Persimmon Juice for the dyeing raw materials. Programs are often outsourced by other institutes with a private certification registration system the starting of a business after obtaining certification are often found in institutes operating programs directly. Future plans do not include investments in facilities (like the enlargement of experience centers) the prospect of programs and business value is bright for business strategies that include an exhibition shop for natural dye products and program development.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2010

The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of natural indigo dyeing of cotton fabric. Reduction and dyeing were carried out by one-step process using an infrared dyeing machine at the liquor ratio of 1:100, and subsequently oxidation and washing in water were followed. Dye uptake was increased with the increase of indigo concentration. Over the full range of dyeing tests, the dyeing condition was optimized to $40^{\circ}C$ for 40min. For most of dye concentrations, the cotton fabrics showed mainly PB color. Maximum K/S value was shown at 4g/L of sodium hydrosulfite concentration and the color strength increased with the increase of dye concentration. Value(lightness) decreased with the increase of dye uptake irrespective of mercerization or reduction method, while the mercerized cotton showed two times higher dye uptake than the untreated cotton. Whereas hue of the untreated cotton showed large decrease of P character(5.6~3.5 PB) with the increase of dye uptake, that of the mercerized cotton increased P character(4.7~5.5 PB). Irrespective of mercerization, value and chroma decreased with the increased of dye uptake. In addition, the untreated showed lower chroma than the mercerized cotton. In the case of traditional reduction, hue of the untreated cotton was changed very little with the increase of dye uptake. For hydrosulfite reduction, P character decreased with the increase of dye uptake. The difference of hue value was small with the change of reduction method(hydrosulfite reduction or traditional fermentation). Color character was not influenced by the changed maximum absorption wavelength. Washing fastness showed 4~4/5 shade change rating without any staining. And dry rubbing fastness was good at low color strength. The bacterial reduction ratios of dyed cotton fabric were also increased.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.154-160
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• 1995

Dyeing behavior of Silk/Cationic dyeable polyester(CDP) mixed filament was investigated by using a cationic dye. The effect of pH, temperature and additives such as carrier, levelling agent and salt were examined for each silk and CDP component of mixed filament in order to find out the optimum dyeing condition. Based on these results, the dyeing behavior was investigated for Silk/CDP mixed filaments concering various dyeing parameters. The dye adsorption was significantly changed on the dyeing temperature, carrier addition and pH of the dyebath. Specially, the dye migration phynomena were observed for a mixed filament, showing that the dyes initially observed on the surface of silk fiber migrate to the CDP component during a dyeing process. The dyeing of Silk/CDP mixed filaments accompanied by dye migration and as a result, dye adsorption can be developed only for a CDP component. Therefore, the control of dyeing temperature is most important for a Silk/CDP mixed filament, in order that both silk and CDP component are able to be dyed by a cationic dye simultaneously in one bath/one dye system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.156-164
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• 1996

Benzidine is recognized as a urinary bladder carcinogen in humans. The use of benzidine in industries was prohibited because of its carcinogenecity, but, production and usage of benzidine-based dye was still permitted in most countries. This study was performed to compare the excretory patterns of urinary metabolites between benzidine-based dye(Direct Black 38) and benzidine in rats Benzidine-based dye was administered orally at the doses of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 mmol/kg and benzidine was administered orally at the doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mmol/kg into Sprague-Dawley rats. To analyze benzidine and its metabolites, the high performance liquid chromatography with an electric chemical and ultraviolet detector were used. N-acetylbenzidine, N,N'-diacetylbenzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl were identified in the urine of the rats receiving dye and benzidine. The excreted amount of the urinary benzidine from dye was almost 1/10 of that from benzidine. Excretion rates of metabolites were more prolonged in the dye receiving group than those of the benzidine group. Peak concentration time of urinary N,N'-diacetylbenzidine was more prolonged than other metabolites in both groups. The excreted amount of N-acetylbenzidine was more than the others in both group. These results suggested that N-acetylbenzidine may be an useful Biological exposure index for benzidine-based dye.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2007

This study focused on estimating the feasibility of a strong basic anion exchanger (PA312OH) as a sorbent for the removal of residual reactive dye and saving chemicals and water. Cellulose reactive dye C.I.RB49 was tested because reactive dye is the largest single group of dyes and that dye needs larger amount of inorganic salts as dyeing agent but nearly 50% of reactive dyes may be lost to the effluent. The adsorption characteristics of PA312OH for C.I.RB49 were as follows. Ion-selectivity among the dye and inorganic salts was Dye > ${SO_4}^{2-}$ > ${CO_3}^{2-}$ > $Cl^-$. C.I.RB49 was exchanged more than 3 times ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${CO_3}^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ was not exchanged absolutely. The exchanging velocity was increased exponentially with increasing temperature. This result is positive effect on treating the high temperature dyeing process wastewater. The exchanged dye percents to initial were 96.8% and 99% at flow rate 20.5 mL/min. and 3.7 mL/min.. The exchanging capacity of PA312OH for C.I.RB49 was 215.2 mg/g at conc.=369.2 mg/L, Temp.=$25^{\circ}C$. 74% inorganic salts were recrystallized from real dark reactive color dyeing wastewater treated with PA312OH.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1228-1241
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• 2011

This research compares the change in berberine content in liquid dye and the color and dye uptake of amur cork tree dyed silk upon thermal degradation treatment. Thermal degradation of amur cork tree extract and liquid dye of standard berberine was carried out at room temperature, $4^{\circ}C$ refrigeration, and $100^{\circ}C$ oven conditions for 0-192 hours. Amur cork tree dyed silk was treated in a $100^{\circ}C$ oven for 0-240 hours. The berberine content in liquid dye was measured by the relative abundance of the berberine peak in the HPLC-MS chromatograms. The color and dye uptake of dyed silk was measured using K/S value and colorimetric data. The berberine content in standard berberine dye was 2.4 times that of the amur cork tree extract. A similar result was observed between the K/S value of standard berberine dyed silk and that of amur cork tree dyed silk. The berberine dyed silk showed the highest dye uptake after 120 hours in a $100^{\circ}C$ oven. This result was similar to the change in a berberine content in liquid dye in a $100^{\circ}C$ oven treatment. The change of the K/S value of amur cork tree dyed silk and berberine content of amur cork tree extract was similar up to 24 hours. The result suggests that there is a direct relationship between the color change of amur cork tree dyed silk and the berberine content in amur cork tree dye.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility utilizing Metasequoia(Metasequoia glyptostroboides) cone as a new natural dye resource. In previous study, dyeing onto cotton fiber was carried out and Metasequoia cone colorant showed low affinity to cotton fiber and maximum dye uptake was obtained at pH 3.5 showing YR Munsell color. For further evaluation of its efficacy as a new natural dye resource, effects of dyeing conditions and mordanting on dye uptake, color change, and colorfastness were investigated for silk fiber. Metasequoia cone colorant showed good affinity toward silk fiber showing YR Munsell color and maximum dye uptake was shown at pH 3.5. Post-mordanting with Cu and Fe improved dye uptake, especially Fe($C_5H_{10}FeO_6$) mordant was effective as much as 2 times higher dye uptake comparing with un-mordanted sample. The color of dyed fabrics with mordanting showed YR Munsell color. Fe mordanted fabrics appeared dark gray~black color. Colorfastness to washing was relatively good, whereas lightfastness of the dyed fabrics showed grade 2. It was confirmed that Metasequoia cone colorant can be used as a new dye resource for silk fiber getting brownish yellow to dark gray/black color depending on mordant type. In addition, it showed antimicrobial functionality.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2005

To find out the possible inefficiencies of artificial inseminators at rectovaginal insemination in cows, inseminators' skill were evaluated by controlling the semen thawing procedure adopted and by using the technique of dye deposition in the genital tract of slaughtered cows. This was followed by refreshment training for the inseminators. Thirty seven artificial insemination technicians regularly working in the government, cooperative and NGO (Non Government Organization) artificial insemination programmes at different places of Bangladesh were included in the study. Individual technicians were asked to thaw a semen straw and deposit dye in the genital tract of slaughtered cows following the procedures they would have adopted in their actual practices of insemination. The time and water temperature adopted by technicians were recorded and genital tract after sham artificial insemination was dissected to determine the site of dye deposition. Then, the inseminators took part in a three days intensive training program. The training program was ended up with the same tests for thawing frozen semen straw and dye deposition in the genital tract of slaughtered cows. At pre training evaluation, only $25\%\;and\;72\%\;(n=36)$ inseminators adopted co..ect thawing time and temperature, respectively. At post training evaluation, all inseminators thawed semen straws for proper time and temperature. At pretraining evaluation, $21(57\%),\;11 (30\%)\;and\;3(8\%)$ inseminators deposited dye at the body of uterus, in the vagina or in cervix, and into the horn of uterus, respectively. In $2(5\%)$ cases dye did not pass into the genital tract, instead back flowed through the space between the barrel of insemination gun and sheath. At post training evaluation, all inseminators successfully deposited dye in the body of uterus. Frequent evaluation of inseminators' skill and subsequent training would help improvement of the artificial insemination technicians' skill.