• 생물정신의학
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

Objectives In electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) research and practice, the precise determination of seizure duration is important in the evaluation of clinical relevance of the ECT-induced seizure. In this study, we have developed computerized algorithms to assess the duration of ECT-induced seizure. Methods Subjects included 5 males and 6 females, with the mean age of 33.1 years. Total 55 ECT sessions were included in the analysis. We analyzed the standard deviation of a finite block of electroencephalography (EEG) data and the change in the local slope of RR intervals in electrocardiography (ECG) signals during ECT-induced seizure. And then, we compared the calculated seizure durations from EEG recording (EEG algorithm) and ECG recording (ECG algorithm) with values determined by consensus of clinicians based on the recorded EEG (EEG consensus), as a gold standard criterion, in order to testify the computational validity of our algorithms. Results The mean seizure durations calculated by each method were not significantly different in sessions with abrupt flattened postictal suppression and in sessions with non-abrupt flattened postictal suppression. The intraclass correlation coefficients (95% confidence interval) of the three methods (EEG algorithm, ECG algorithm, EEG consensus) were significant in the total sessions [0.79 (0.70-0.86)], the abrupt flattened postictal suppression sessions [0.84 (0.74-0.91)], and the non-abrupt flattened postictal suppression sessions [0.67 (0.45-0.84)]. Correlations between three methods were also statistically significant, regardless of abruptness of transition. Conclusions Our proposed algorithms could reliably measure the duration of ECT-induced seizure, even in sessions with non-abrupt transitions to flat postictal suppression, in which it is typically difficult to determine the seizure duration.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2020

Low-grade epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumors (LEATs) are responsible for drug-resistant chronic focal epilepsy, and are the second-most common reason for epilepsy surgery in children. LEATs are extremely responsive to surgical treatment, and therefore epilepsy surgery should be considered as a treatment option for LEATs. However, the optimal time for surgery remains controversial, and surgeries are often delayed. In this review, we reviewed published article on the factors associated with seizure and cognitive outcomes after epilepsy surgery for LEATs in children to help clinicians in their decision whether to pursue epilepsy surgery for LEATs. The achievement of gross total resection may be the most important prognostic factor for seizure freedom. A shorter duration of epilepsy, a younger age at surgery, and extended resection of temporal lobe tumors have also been suggested as favorable prognostic factors in terms of seizure control. Poor cognitive function in children with LEATs is associated with a longer duration of epilepsy and a younger age at seizure onset.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권10호
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• pp.1003-1007
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• 2003

목 적 : 경련을 주소로 응급실을 찾아온 아이의 나이, 경련의 유형, 경련의 지속시간 등 경련의 임상 양상과 입원율과의 관계를 알아보고, 응급실에서 검사의 이상 여부와 이에 따른 입원율과의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 1월부터 2002년 6월까지 조선대학교병원 응급실을 방문한 소아 4,865명 중 경련이 주소인 180명(3.7%)을 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 경련을 주소로 응급실을 방문한 환아의 나이, 경련의 빈도, 유형, 지속시간을 분석하고 임상 양상에 따른 입원율과 응급실에서 시행한 검사(CT나 MRI 등의 방사선학적 검사와 뇌척수액 검사) 결과와 입원율을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 응급실을 방문한 4,865명의 환아 중 경련이 증상인 환아는 180명(3.7%)이었다. 가장 흔한 경련의 양상은 단순 열성경련(52.2%)이었다. 경련 환아의 48.9%가 입원하였으며 연령과 성, 방사선학적 검사나 뇌척수액 검사의 이상 유무와 입원율과는 관련성이 없었다(P>0.05). 경련의 형태에 따른 입원율은 간질 중첩증 82.4%(14/17), 복합열성경련 63.6%(14/22)로 다른 형태의 경련에 비하여 통계학적으로 의의있게 높았다(P<0.05). 경련의 지속시간에 따르는 입원율은 5분 이내가 41.2%, 5-15분 60%, 15-30 58.8%, 30-60분 85.7%, 60분 이상이 66.7%이었다(Fig. 3). 경련의 지속 시간이 길어질수록 입원율은 통계학적으로 의의 있게 높았다(P<0.05). 경련의 빈도에 따른 입원율은 첫번째 발작인 경우 40.9%(45/110), 재발인 경우가 61.4%(43/70)이었다. 경련이 재발인 경우가 첫 경련에 비하여 입원율이 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 경련을 주소로 응급실을 방문한 소아 환자의 입원율은 48.9%이었다. 경련의 형태 중 간질 중첩증과 복합 열성 경련인 경우, 경련의 지속 시간이 길수록 입원율이 높았다. 또한 경련이 재발인 경우가 첫 경련인 경우보다 입원율이 높았다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.150-154
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the etiological distribution, therapeutic outcome, and survival time in canine epilepsy. The medical records of 57 epileptic dogs were reviewed for the evaluation of etiological distribution. Among them, 27 dogs (47%) and 30 dogs (52%) had idiopathic epilepsy (IdE) and structural epilepsy (StE), respectively. Twenty-nine dogs (IdE: 16 dogs, StE: 13 dogs) were evaluated for therapeutic outcome and survival time. The incidence of generalized epileptic seizure (IdE, 56% vs. StE, 44%; P = 0.043) and the median seizure frequency at the time of first presentation (IdE, 2.0/month vs. StE, 13.3/month; P < 0.01) were significantly different between the two groups. Although pre-treatment seizure frequency and duration were not different, the median duration of seizure in the IdE group (0.5 min) was significantly shorter than that in the StE group (3 min) after treatment (P < 0.01). In addition, the median frequency of seizure was relatively lower in the IdE group (0.25/month) compared to the StE group (2.00/month) following antiepileptic therapy (P = 0.053). The median survival time of the IdE group (1.5 years [95% CI, 1.0-2.3 years]) was significantly longer than that of the StE group (0.4 year [95% CI, 0.2-1.3 years]) (P < 0.01). The information on etiological data and intracranial lesions may be useful for predicting treatment response and prognosis in epileptic dogs.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.259-264
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• 1997

저자들은 1993년 5월 1일부터 1997년 4월 30일까지 한강성심병원 신경정신과 입원환자 중연성전기경련요법을 받은 60명을 대상으로 임상적 고찰을 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 전기경련요법을 받은 환자 60명중 정신분열증이 51.7%, 주요우울증이 21.6%, 양극성 정동장애, 조증이 16.7%, 기타 10% 이었다. 2) 전기경련요법의 시행 횟수는 1인당 평균 12.2회(정신분열증 14.9회 : 주요우울장애 12.2회 : 양극성 정동장애 13.6회 : 기타 8.2회)이었다. 3) 치료의 대상이 되었던 증상은 정신분열증의 경우 피해망상, 환청, 주요우울장애는 정신운동지체, 우울기분, 그리고 자살사고 또는 시도, 양극성 정동장애에서는 파괴적 행동, 흥분상태 순이었다. 4) 전기경련요법에 사용된 약제로 atropine $0.0093mgkg^{-1}$, 마취제 pentothal $2.76mgkg^{-1}$, 근육이완제 succinylcholine $0.80mgkg^{-1}$을 사용하여 만족할 만한 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 5) 전기경련요법시 사용된 마취제중 propofol은 pentothal에 비해 seizure duration을 낮추었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.571-578
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• 2010

목 적: 간질 환자의 20-30%는 난치성 간질로 알려졌는데, 기존의 항경련제나 새로운 항경련제에 반응하지 않는 난치성 간질환자에게 LEV를 부가요법으로 투여 후 효과와 부작용을 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 1989년 3월부터 2009년 3월까지 충남대학교병원 소아청소년과를 방문하여 난치성 간질로 진단받은 환자 중 6개월 이상 추적 관찰한 86명을 대상으로, LEV 투여 전 6개월간의 평균 경련 횟수를 기준으로 LEV외에 다른 항경련제를 추가하기 전까지의 평균 경련 감소 정도를 백분율로 분석하였다. 결 과: 86명의 환자 중 남자는 47명, 여자는 39명이었고, 발작 소실은 86명 중 44명(51.1%), 50% 이상 발작 감소는 86명 중 62명(72.1%)이었고, 19.8%는 변화가 없었으며, 5.8%는 발작이 증가했다. 나이, 동반질환, 발작형 및 치료 전 6개월간 발작 횟수는 발작 소실이나 50% 이상 발작 감소율과 관계가 없었다. 통계적으로 의미 있는 발작 소실과 50% 이상 발작 감소를 보인 경우는, 질병기간, LEV 투여 전 치료기간, LEV의 용량과 치료 전 사용한 항경련제의 숫자였으며, LEV 치료 기간과 뇌파는 발작 소실에만 의의가 있었고, 원인은 50% 이상 감소율에만 의의가 있었다. 부작용은 86명 중 40명(46%)에서 나타났고, 부작용은 기면, 과잉 행동, 과민성, 공격성, 피로 등이었으며, 대부분 일시적이거나 경미하여 치료 도중 소실되었다. 결 론: 난치성 소아 간질의 치료에 LEV의 부가 요법은 부분 발작뿐만 아니라 전신발작에도 효과와 반응이 좋고, 심각한 부작용도 없었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2016

Purpose: Febrile seizure, the most common type of pediatric convulsive disorder, is a benign seizure syndrome distinct from epilepsy. However, as epilepsy is also common during childhood, we aimed to identify the prognostic factors that can predict epilepsy in children with febrile seizures. Methods: The study comprised 249 children at the Korea University Ansan Hospital who presented with febrile seizures. The relationship between the subsequent occurrence of epilepsy and clinical factors including seizure and fever-related variables were analyzed by multivariate analysis. Results: Twenty-five patients (10.0%) had additional afebrile seizures later and were diagnosed with epilepsy. The subsequent occurrence of epilepsy in patients with a history of febrile seizures was associated with a seizure frequency of more than 10 times during the first 2 years after seizure onset (P<0.001). Factors that were associated with subsequent occurrence of epilepsy were developmental delay (P<0.001), preterm birth (P =0.001), multiple seizures during a febrile seizure attack (P =0.005), and epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography (EEG) (P =0.008). Other factors such as the age at onset of first seizure, seizure duration, and family history of epilepsy were not associated with subsequent occurrence of epilepsy in this study. Conclusion: Febrile seizures are common and mostly benign. However, careful observation is needed, particularly for prediction of subsequent epileptic episodes in patients with frequent febrile seizures with known risk factors, such as developmental delay, history of preterm birth, several attacks during a febrile episode, and epileptiform discharges on EEG.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1650-1656
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• 2000

Objective : Little consensus exists concerning which temporal lobe structures need to be resected or how much resection should be done during hippocampal resection. The purpose of this study is to identify whether the extent of hippocampal resection influences seizure after anterior temporal lobectomy. Materials and Methods : The extent of hippocampal resection was assessed in 96 patients who underwent temporal lobectomy for medically intractable complex partial seizures originating from a unilateral seizure focus in the anteromesial temporal lobe. Patients who had structural lesion were excluded from the study. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in the coronal and saggital planes were used to quantify the extent of the hippocampal and lateral cortical resection. The patients were divided into two groups. Patients who underwent hippocampal resection to the level of the cerebral peduncle were included in the partial resection group, and those who had resection to the level of the colliculus were assigned to total resection group. Seizure outcomes were defined according to the Engel classification and compared between the two groups. Neuropsychologic outcomes in the selected cases were reviewed. Results : The over-all seizure-free outcome(Engel classification 1) was accomplished in 75%(72/96) of the patients (mean duration of follow-up, 36.8 months). The total hippocampectomy group had a statistically superior seizure outcome than the partial hippocampectomy group(87.3% versus 58.5% seizure-free, p-value=0.001). Also, younger patients had a more favorable outcome. Other variables such as laterality, the extent of lateral cortical resection, age at onset and gender were not significant. The pre- and postoperative memory functions were evaluated in 24 patients. A worse postoperative memory outcome was associated with partial hippocampectomy. However this was not acceptable due to a former bias. Conclusion : The result of this study conforms that aggressive hippocampectomy resulted in a better seizure outcome.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.629-636
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• 2002

목 적 : 고체온에 의하여 유발된 반복성 열성경련에서 경련의 양상과 해마부의 nNOS 발현을 비교관찰하고 열성경련과 nNOS의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 생후 20일된 Spraque-Dowley rat을 이용하여 1주일에 2회씩 4주간 모두 8회 온수에 노출시켜 고체온에 의한 반복적인 열성경련을 유발하였다. 실험에 이용된 쥐는 모두 82마리로서 이중 52마리는 실험군으로서 항온조에서 4분간 $45^{\circ}C$ 정도의 온수에 노출시켰고, 30마리는 대조군으로서 4분간 $37^{\circ}C$에 노출시켰다. 입수 후 경련이 발생할 때까지를 잠복기로 정하였고, 경련의 첫 증상으로서 근간대성 경련이 보이고 난 후 의식을 회복하여 정상적인 활동을 보이는 시점까지를 경련 지속시간으로 정하였다. 대조군과 고체온에 노출될 때마다 경련을 보였던 hyperthermic seizure group 및 경련이 전혀 발생하지 않았던 hyperthermic non-seizure group 간의 nNOS 발현을 관찰하기 위하여 western blot을 시행하였다. 결 과 : 고체온에 노출되었던 쥐의 87%에서 전신성 강직-간대 발작을 보였고, 고체온 노출횟수에 따른 경련 발생률은 통계적으로 유의성이 없었다(P>0.05). 입수 후 경련이 나타날 때까지의 잠복기는 158에서 240초였고 평균 204초였으며, 고체온 노출횟수에 따른 잠복기는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(P>0.05). 경련 지속시간은 12에서 145초였고 평균 55초로 측정되었으며, 고체온 노출에 따른 경련 지속시간은 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다(P<0.05). 결과적으로 고체 온 노출횟수가 증가할수록 경련 지속시간은 의미있게 증가하였으나 경련 발생률 및 잠복기는 차이가 없었다. 쥐 해마부에서 nNOS 단백질의 발현을 조사하기 위하여 대조군의 해마부, 대뇌피질 및 소뇌, hyperthermic non-seizure group 및 hyperthermic seizure group의 해마부와 대뇌 피질을 대상으로 하여 western blot을 한 결과 대뇌 피질에서는 각 그룹간에 nNOS 발현에 변화가 없었으나 각 그룹의 해마부에서의 nNOS 단백질 발현은 대조군에 비하여 hyperthermic non-seizure group과 hyperthermic seizure group에서 약하게 나타났고, 이 두 군간에는 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 고체온에 의한 반복성 열성경련에서 nNOS 는 경련유발에 영향을 주지 않을 것으로 추정되며 앞으로 열성경련에 의한 해마부의 형태학적인 변화와 함께 많은 연구가 병행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.462-466
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• 2015

Objective : Post-craniotomy seizure (PCS) is reported only rarely. However, our department noted a 433% increase in PCS for a year beginning September 2010, especially after cerebrovascular surgery. Our goal was to identify the cause of our unusual outbreak of PCS. Methods : For almost one year after September 2010, cases of PCS increased significantly in our department. We analyzed 973 patients who had received a major craniotomy between January 2009 and November 2011. We included seizures that occurred only in the first 24 postoperative hours, which we defined as early PCS. After verifying the presence of PCS, we analyzed multiple seizure-provoking factors and their relation to the duration and character of seizure activity. Results : Overall PCS incidence was 7.2% (70/973). Cefazolin (2 g/L saline) was the antibiotic drug used for intraoperative irrigation in 88.4% of the operations, and no PCS occurred without intraoperative cefazolin irrigation. When analyzed by operation type, clipping surgery for unruptured aneurysms was the most frequently associated with PCS (80%). Using logistic regression, only 2 g cefazolin intraoperative irrigation (p=0.024) and unruptured aneurysm clipping surgery (p<0.001) were associated with early PCS. The seizure rate of unruptured aneurysm clipping surgery using 2 g cefazolin intraoperative irrigation was 32.9%. Conclusion : Intraoperative cefazolin irrigation must be avoided in patients undergoing craniotomy, especially for clipping of unruptured aneurysms, because of the increased risk of early PCS.