• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.491-500
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• 2010

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of polyurethane coated urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation, ammonia release dynamics and lactating performance of Holstein dairy cows fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet. In Exp. 1, a dual-flow continuous culture was run to investigate the effect of polyurethane coated urea on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial efficiency. Three treatment diets with isonitrogenous contents (13.0% CP) were prepared: i) feedgrade urea (FGU) diet; ii) polyurethane coated urea (PCU) diet; and iii) isolated soy protein (ISP) diet. Each of the diets consisted of 40% steam-flaked corn meal, 58.5% forages and 1.5% different sources of nitrogen. PCU and FGU diets had significantly lower digestibility of NDF and ADF (p<0.01) than the ISP diet. Nitrogen source had no significant effect (p = 0.62) on CP digestibility. The microbial efficiency (expressed as grams of microbial N/kg organic matter truly digested (OMTD)) in vitro of the PCU diet (13.0 g N/kg OMTD) was significantly higher than the FGU diet (11.3 g N/kg OMTD), but comparable with the ISP diet (14.7 g N/kg OMTD). Exp. 2, an in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment, was conducted to determine the ammonia release dynamics during an 8 h ruminal fermentation. Three treatment diets were based on steam-flaked corn diets commonly fed to lactating cows in China, in which FGU, PCU or soybean meal (SBM) was added to provide 10% of total dietary N. In vitro $NH_3-N$ concentrations were lower (p<0.05) for the PCU diet than the FGU diet, but similar to that for the SBM diet at all time points. In Exp. 3, a lactation trial was performed using 24 lactating Holstein cows to compare the lactating performance and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations when cows were fed PCU, FGU and SBM diets. Cows consuming the PCU diet had approximately 12.8% more (p = 0.02) dietary dry matter intake than those consuming the FGU diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had higher milk protein content (3.16% vs. 2.94%) and lower milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration (13.0 mg/dl vs. 14.4 mg/dl) than those fed the FGU diet. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was significantly lower for cows fed the PCU (16.7 mg/dl) and SBM (16.4 mg/dl) diets than the FGU (18.7 mg/dl) diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had less surplus ruminal N than those fed the FGU diet and produced a comparable lactation performance to the SBM diet, suggesting that polyurethane coated urea can partially substitute soybean meal in the dairy cow diet without impairing lactation performance.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제29권11B
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• pp.920-929
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• 2004

현재 cdma2000 In 및 1xEV-DO 이동통신망을 통해 패킷 데이터 서비스가 제공되고 있으며, 보다 높은 대역폭의 서비스에 대한 사용자 욕구를 만족시키기 위해 휴대 인터넷 서비스에 대한 표준화가 추진되고 있다. 그런데, 휴대 인터넷은 고속의 데이터 서비스는 가능하나, 서비스 커버리지가 상대적으로 작다. 따라서, cdma2000 이동통신망과 효율적으로 연동하여 서비스를 제공한다면, 사용자는 서비스 지역에 따라 최적의 서비스를 받을 수 있음은 물론, 이동시 연속적이고 끊김 없는 데이터 서비스를 이용할 수 있고, 사업자는 망 구축비용 및 운용비용 절감을 얻을 수 있다. 이를 위해, 본 논문에서는 기존의 cdma2000 이동통신망과 휴대 인터넷의 효율적인 연동망 구조, 각 노드의 동작, 노드간 프로토콜 구조 및 인터페이스 등 세부적인 연동 방안을 제시한다. 본 논문에서 제안된 연동 방안은 밀결합 연동 구조로 인해 통합된 사용자 인증 및 과금을 수행하기 용이하며, 끊김없는 연속적인 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 또한, 기존 cdma2000 이동통신망의 수정 또는 추가 구현 없이 개발 가능하며, cdma2000 및 휴대 인터넷 서비스를 동시에 제공하는 이중 모드 단말의 구현시에도 복잡도가 최소화된다. cdma2000 이동통신망과 휴대 인터넷간의 핸드오프 성능 모델에 기반한 실험을 수행한 결과 본 논문에서 제안한 방안은 패킷 손실 측면에서 매우 우수함이 검증된다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2017

Purpose: Heat transfer analysis of recently developed 'slim type double-skin system window' were presented. This window system is designed for curtain wall type façade that main energy loss factor of recent elegant buildings. And the double skin system is the dual window system integrated with inner shading component, enclosed gap space made by two windows when both windows were closed and shading component effectively reflect and terminate solar radiation from outdoor. Usually double-skin system requires much more space than normal window systems but this development has limited by 270mm, facilitated for curtain wall façade buildings. In this study, we estimated thermophysical phenomena of our double-skin curtain wall system window with solar load conditions at the summer season. Method: A fully 3-Dimentional analysis adopted for flow and convective and radiative heat transfer. The commercial CFD package were used to model the surface to surface radiation for opaque solid region of windows' frame, transparent glass, fluid region at inside of double-skin and indoor/outdoor environments. Result: Steep angle of solar incident occur at solar summer conditions. And this steep solar ray cause direct heat absorption from outside of frame surface rather than transmitted through the glass. Moreover, reflection effect of shading unit inside at the double-skin window system was nearly disappeared because of solar incident angle. With this circumstances, double-skin window system effectively cuts the heat transfer from outdoor to indoor due to separation of air space between outdoor and indoor with inner space of double-skin window system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5825-5831
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• 2013

Background/Objectives: Maintenance of cellular function in culture is vital for transfer and development following adoptive immunotherapy. Dual properties of IL-21 in activating T cells and reducing activation induced cell death led us to explore the mechanism of action of IL-21 enhanced proliferation and cytotoxic potential of CIK cells. Method: CIK cells cultured from PBMCs of healthy subjects were stimulated with IL-21 and cellular viability and cytotoxicity to K562 cells were measured. To elucidate the mechanism of action of IL-21, mRNA expression of cytotoxic factors was assessed by RT-PCR and protein expression of significantly important cytotoxic factors and cytokine secretion were determined through flow cytometry and ELISA. Western blotting was performed to check the involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway following stimulation. Results: We found that IL-21 did not enhance in vitro proliferation of CIK cells, but did increase the number of cells expressing the CD3+/CD56+ phenotype. Cytotoxic potential was increased with corresponding increase in perforin ($0.9831{\pm}0.1265$ to $0.7592{\pm}0.1457$), granzyme B ($0.4084{\pm}0.1589$ to $0.7319{\pm}0.1639$) and FasL ($0.4015{\pm}0.2842$ to $0.7381{\pm}0.2568$). Interferon gamma and TNF-alpha were noted to increase ($25.8{\pm}6.1ng/L$ to $56.0{\pm}2.3ng/L$; and $5.64{\pm}0.61{\mu}g/L$ to $15.14{\pm}0.93{\mu}g/L$, respectively) while no significant differences were observed in the expression of granzyme A, TNF-alpha and NKG2D, and NKG2D. We further affirmed that IL-21 signals through the STAT-3 and STAT-5b signaling pathway in the CIK cell pool. Conclusion: IL-21 enhances cytotoxic potential of CIK cells through increasing expression of perforin, granzyme B, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The effect is brought about by the activation of STAT-3 and STAT-5b proteins.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.515-523
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• 2000

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) play an important role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Moreover, platelets are also important blood cells that can aggravate myocardial ischemic injury. This study was designed to test the effects of PMNs and platelets separately and together in provoking cardiac dysfunction in isolated perfused rat hearts following ischemia and reperfusion. Additional control rat hearts were perfused with $75{\times}10^6$ PMNs, with $75{\times}10^6$ platelets, or with $75{\times}10^6\;PMNs+75{\times}10^6$ platelets over a five minute perfusion followed by a 75 min observation period. No significant reduction in coronary flow (CF), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), or the first derivative of LVDP (dP/dt max) was observed at the end of the observation period in any non-ischemic group. Similarly, global ischemia (I) for 20 min followed by 45 minutes of reperfusion (R) produced no sustained effects on the final recovery of any of these parameters in any group of hearts perfused in the absence of blood cells. However, I/R hearts perfused with either PMNs or platelets alone exhibited decreases in these variables of $5{\sim}10%$ (p＜0.05 from control). Furthermore, I/R hearts perfused with both PMNs and platelets exhibited decreases of 50 to 60% in all measurements of cardiac function (p＜0.01). These dual cell perfused I/R hearts also exhibited marked increases in cardiac myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity indicating a significant PMN infiltration, and enhanced P-selectin expression on the coronary microvascular endothelium. All cardiaodynamic effects as well as PMN accumulation and P-selectin expression were markedly attenuated by a recombinant soluble PSGL-1 which inhibits selectin mediated cell adhesion. These results provide evidence that platelets and PMNs act synergistically in provoking post-reperfusion cardiac dysfunction, and that this may be largely due to cell to cell interactions mediated by P-selectin. These results also demonstrate that a recombinant soluble PSGL-1 reduces myocardial reperfusion injury by platelet and PMNs interaction.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2009

Purpose: Liver transplantation is considered as the treatment of choice in many acute and chronic liver diseases, and it is becoming more common. Since successful microscopic anastomosis of hepatic artery is a crucial requirement of successful liver transplantation, we studied and analyzed the result of hepatic artery anastomosis of liver transplantation in our liver transplantation center. Methods: 145 liver transplantations were performed between February 2005 and May 2008. Male to female ratio of the liver transplantation recipients was 3.4 : 1. Anastomosis of portal vein, hepatic vein and biliary tract was performed by the general surgeon, and anastomosis of hepatic artery was performed by the plastic surgeon under the loupe or microscopic vision. After the hepatic artery was reconstructed, anastomosed site status and flow were checked with Doppler ultrasonography intraoperatively and with contrast enhanced CT or angiography postoperatively if necessary. Results: Out of 145 liver transplantations, cadaveric liver donor was used 37 cases and living donor liver transplantation was performed 108 cases including the 2 dual donor liver transplantations. As for the baseline diseases that resulted in the liver transplantation, there were 57 cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis B, taking up the greatest proportion. Single donor hepatic artery was used in 114 cases, and mean artery diameter was 2.92 mm and mean artery length was 24.25 mm. Hepatic artery was used as the recipient artery in every case except the 8 cases in which gastroepiploic artery was used as alternative. Out of 145 cases of hepatic artery anastomosis, 3 cases resulted in the thrombosis of the hepatic artery, requiring thrombectomy and re - anastomosis. In all 3 cases, thrombosis was found in left hepatic artery and there was no past history of hepatic artery chemoembolization. Conclusion: Incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis after the anastomosis of hepatic artery during liver transplantation was 2.1%, which is considered sufficiently low.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1327-1336
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 안테나의 크기를 소형화하고, 동시에 다중 대역 서비스를 만족하는 다중 링 패치를 이용한 양면형 모노폴 안테나를 제안하였다. 사각 링 형태의 패치를 사용하여 대역폭을 증가시키고, 다수의 링 패치를 연속적으로 배열함으로써 링 패치의 단점인 빔 폭을 증가시켰다. 다수의 링 패치를 연속적으로 삽입하면, 첫 번째 패치로부터 전류가 연쇄적으로 흘러 공진이 발생한다. 이는 패치 간의 간격이 매우 좁기 때문에 가능하다. 다중 링 패치를 동일면에 모두 배열할 경우, 패치 간의 간격이 매우 좁아, 이를 해결하기 위하여 기판의 앞면과 뒷면에 순차적으로 설계하였다. 다중 대역 특성을 얻기 위해서 패치를 기판의 양면에 순차적으로 배열하였기 때문에 안테나의 기판 두께와 비유전율이 본 안테나의 중요한 파라미터가 된다. 따라서 두 파라미터에 대해 모의실험을 통해 최적의 값을 찾아내고, 한쪽 면에 패치가 있는 경우와 거의 동일한 효과를 발생시켰다. 전체적인 패치는 기본 링형 패치에서 단계별로 85 %를 감소시켜, 총 4단계의 패치로 구성하였다. 이로 인하여 제안된 안테나는 1.75~2.6 GHz(850 MHz), 3.24~3.46 GHz(220 MHz), 3.8~4.0 GHz(200 MHz), 4.4~4.9 GHz(500 MHz)의 주파수 대역을 만족한다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1057-1064
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• 2014

최근 전세계적으로 재생에너지의 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그 중 많은 관심을 받고 있는 것이 상대적으로 낮은 온도의 폐열을 사용하는 유기랭킨사이클(ORC)이다. 유기랭킨사이클은 기존의 증기터빈사이클과 유사한 기술을 사용하지만 낮은 온도의 폐열을 사용하기 위해서 증기대신 냉매를 작동유체로 사용한다. 작동유체를 냉매로 사용함으로 인해 이상기체 가정을 사용할 수 없고, 이는 ORC 시스템에 이용되는 터빈의 설계를 좀 더 복잡하게 만든다. 또, 냉매의 큰 분자량과 복잡한 분자구조로 인하여 낮은 음속을 가지게 되고 이로 인해서 쉽게 초킹 조건에 접근하게 된다. 본 연구에서 R245fa를 작동유체로 하여 입구온도 $124^{\circ}$에 팽창비 9 의 조건에서 터빈의 효율을 증가시키기 위해 다단으로 설계된 아음속 ORC 터빈을 설계하는 과정과 터빈의 성능에 대하여 설명하고자 한다. 설계된 터빈은 200kW 급의 ORC 발전 시스템에 사용될 예정이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.419-425
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 상용차 운행 시, 야간 및 운휴중에 냉방시스템을 운전하기 위하여서, 기계식과 전동식 압축기를 적용한 하이브리드 냉방시스템에 대한 냉방성능 특성을 분석하는 것이다. 기계식압축기는 170cc의 왕복동 형식이고, 전동식 압축기는 18cc 스크롤 형식이다. 전동식 압축기는 운휴시나 야간에 사용할 목적으로 적용되었기 때문에, 냉방용량은 기계식 압축기 대비 낮은 성능을 가지고 있다. 기계식 압축기를 사용하였을 경우, 6.0kW 수준의 냉방성능을 보이고 있고, 시스템 효율은 2.0이하의 결과를 가졌다. 반면, 전동식 압축기는 냉방성능 4.0kW수준, 시스템 효율은 3.5 수준을 가지고 있었다. 본 연구에서는 전동식 압축기는 냉방성능 4.0kW수준, 시스템 효율은 3.5 수준을 가지고 있었다. 기계식 압축기와 전동식 압축기를 운전조건에 따라서, 선택적으로 운전하는 것을 고려하였기 때문에, 운전모드가 바뀔 때의 시스템 특성을 분석하기 위하여서, 운전모드 변경에 대한 영향을 알아보았다. 운전모드가 변경될 때, 토출압력이 일시적으로 증가하는 경향을 보이는데, 안정적인 운전을 위하여서, 외기 부하 등을 고려한 운전모드 변경 로직에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.509-521
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• 2024

Objective: It was shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in milk protein synthesis. However, the post-transcriptional regulation of casein expression by exogenous miRNA (xeno-miRNAs) in ruminants remains unclear. This study explores the regulatory roles of alfalfa xeno-miR162 on casein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs). Methods: The effects of alfalfa xenomiR-162 and G protein subunit gamma 11 (GNG11) on proliferation and milk protein metabolism of bMECs were detected by 5-Ethynyl-2'-Deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, flow cytometry, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between GNG11 and xenomiR-162. Results: Results showed that over-expression of xenomiR-162 inhibited cell proliferation but promoted apoptosis, which also up-regulated the expression of several casein coding genes, including CSN1S1, CSN1S2, and CSN3, while decreasing the expression of CSN2. Furthermore, the targeting relationship between GNG11 and xenomiR-162 was determined, and it was confirmed that GNG11 silencing also inhibited cell proliferation but promoted apoptosis and reduced the expression of casein coding genes and genes related to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Conclusion: Alfalfa xenomiR-162 appears to regulate bMECs proliferation and milk protein synthesis via GNG11 in the mTOR pathway, suggesting that this xeno-miRNA could be harnessed to modulate CSN3 expression in dairy cows, and increase κ-casein contents in milk.