• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2005

This study investigated associations between exercise habit and bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in postmenopausal women. The BMD and BMC of the spinal skeleton was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Exercise and energy expenditure of physical activity were estimated by questionnaire. For exercise activities, subjects were asked to identify all exercises they have participated in. The subjects were further asked to estimate the number of years of participation, the number of weeks per year, the number of times per week, and the number of hours per time. Subjects were then categorized into exercise (more than 3 times/wk, more than 30min per session exercise (n = 47) and nonexercise group (n = 72). Results indicated that there were no significant differences in BMD and BMC when comparisons were made between subjects in exercise habit, a general exercise group and a nonexercise control group. However, when exercise subjects were divided into weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing groups, significant differences were found. These results suggest that weight-bearing exercise positively influences bone mineral density and bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Sedentary women should be encouraged to adopt a weight-bearing exercise to maintain the health of their skeletons. Exercise interventions are practical and feasible for healthy women and should be encouraged at the earliest possible age. Our findings lend support to recommendations for physical activity and weight-bearing exercise as a means of osteoporosis prevention.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.6054-6068
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• 2017

In this paper, we defined the relative cross-sectional area of forearm cortical bone and investigated its correlation with hip bone mineral density values of total femur, femoral neck, femoral trochanter, femoral inter-trochanter and femoral ward's triangle, respectively. Based on the correlations, we established a linear transformation between the relative cross-sectional area of forearm cortical bone and each hip bone BMD. We obtained forearm images using CBCT and hip bone BMDs using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for 28 subjects. We also investigated the optimal forearm region to provide the strongest correlation coefficient. We used the optimized forearm region to establish each linear transformation to estimate BMD values for total femur, femoral neck, femoral trochanter, femoral inter-trochanter and femoral ward's triangle from the relative cross-sectional area of forearm cortical bone, respectively. We observed the strong correlations with total femur (r=0.889), femoral neck (r=0.924), femoral trochanter (r=0.821), femoral inter-trochanter (r=0.867) and femoral ward's triangle (r=0.895), respectively. The strongest correlation was observed in the forearm mid-shaft regions. Our results suggest that the hip bone BMD values can be simply estimated from forearm CBCT images in a convenient sitting position without X-ray exposure on a hip including genital organs, and may be useful for screening osteoporosis.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.491-497
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• 2021

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis or osteopenia via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone mineral density (DEXA BMD) in adult males who showed radiolucent lumbar vertebra on the plain radiographs. Materials and Methods: The DEXA BMD values of 98 adult males, who showed radiolucent vertebrae on plain X-rays, were compared with those of the control group (n=168) and osteoporosis-related fracture group (n=113) by statistical analysis. The World Health Organization (WHO) method (lower value between the mean lumbar and femur neck) and the Hansen's method (lowest lumbar vertebra) were used to determine osteoporosis. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the BMD value of each group was -1.4 (±1.2) in the suspicious group, -0.8 (±1.1) in the control group, and -2.4 (±1.0) in the fracture group, respectively; the difference was statistically significant. Using the WHO method, the prevalence ratio of osteoporosis was 17.3% in the suspicious group, 8.3% in the control group, and 45.1% in the fracture group, respectively. Osteopenia was observed in 40.8% of the suspicious group. Hansen's method (lowest lumbar vertebra) revealed the prevalence of osteoporosis in 30.6% of the suspicious group, 17.9% of the control group, and 62.0% of the fracture group. Conclusion: Approximately 17.3% of the suspicious group was diagnosed with osteoporosis, and 40.8% were osteopenic by a confirmative BMD study (WHO criteria) among the adult males showing apparent radiolucency on plain X-rays. The control group also showed an 8% prevalence of osteoporosis. These results suggest that males also are vulnerable to osteoporosis. Therefore, a BMD study should also be used for males, especially for the people showing lumbar vertebrae with radiolucent features.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.806-820
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• 1996

The relationship between exercise and hone mineral density (BMD) was investigated in 153 healthy women. The BMD of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) and total body was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in a group subjects(65) aged 19-59 years who had been exercising(swimming or aerobic dancing) regularly for at least 2 years as well as in a similar group of nonexercising control subjects(88). Weight, height, total lean body mass(=weight-total fat body mass-bone mineral content), animal and meat Ca, Ca index, energy expenditure, BMD, PYD/Cr were significantly higher in the exercisers than the controls. There were significantly negative correlations between age, ALP and osteocalcin and BMD, but significantly positive correlations between weight, BMI, total fat body mass and total lean body mass and BMD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that total lean body mass may be a better independent predictor to BMD than total fat body mass. The nutrient intakes were more closely related to BMD in the exercisers than the controls, but energy expenditure was more closely related to BMD in the controls than the exercisers Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that BMD was closely related to menopause, osteocalcin, age, weight in both groups but energy intake in the exercisers alone, energy expenditure in control alone. In premenopausal women, the exercisers had significantly greater BMD than the controls. But, in postmenopausal women, no significant difference between two groups was detected. When compared to BMD of the subjects with same age range to minimize the effect of age, aerobic dancing appears to be capable of exerting a positive effect on BMD in a group of subjects aged 19-44. However, no relationship of the swimming to BMD could be identified in a group of subjects aged 37-59. The results of this study suggest that the usefulness of exercisng appears to be significantly greater in preemenopausal women than postmenoparusal women and weight bearing activity, aerobic dancing is associated with increasing BMD at the weight bearing sites and could be beneficial in the prevention of bone loss. But the usefulness of swimming on bone should be further investgated.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.208-213
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• 2009

The achievement of maximal peak bone mineral density (BMD) in early life is one of the most important strategies for the prevention of osteoporosis, which is affected by nutritional status. However, it has been reported that young Korean women do not consume the optimal levels of nutrients because of the frequent practice of body weight reduction. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between nutrient intakes and BMD in young Korean women. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Information on health status, lifestyle and physical activity was obtained by questionnaire. Dietary intake was ascertained from a 3-day dietary record. The study sample included 112 Korean women aged 20$\sim$39 yr. In accordance with the energy intake of subjects, individuals who had an energy intake that was greater than 80% of the Korean Dietary Reference Intake (KDRI) were assigned to the control group (Control), while those who had an energy intake lower than 80% of the KDRI were assigned to the low intake group (LI). The intake of all nutrients in the LI group was significantly lower than that of the Control. Control subjects also showed nutrient intakes higher than the KDRI, except for Ca and folate. However, LI subjects showed intakes of energy, fiber, Ca, Fe, K, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and folate that were lower than the KDRI. The BMD of the lumbar spine in LI subjects was significantly lower than that of the Control subjects. These results suggested that lower nutrient intake has a negative impact on BMD in young women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.6
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• pp.1342-1353
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• 2022

Purpose We compared the radiation dose and image quality between the 2nd generation and the 3rd generation dual-source single-energy (DSSE) and dual-source dual-energy (DSDE) CT of the abdomen. Materials and Methods We included patients undergoing follow-up abdominal CT after partial or radical nephrectomy in the first 10 months of 2019 (2nd generation DS CT) and the first 10 months of 2020 (3rd generation DS CT). We divided the 320 patients into 4 groups (A, 2nd generation DSSE CT; B, 2nd generation DSDE CT; C, 3rd generation DSSE CT; and D, 3rd generation DSDE CT) (n = 80 each) matched by sex and body mass index. Radiation dose and image quality (objective and subjective qualities) were compared between the groups. Results The mean size-specific dose estimation of 3rd generation DSDE CT group was significantly lower than that of the 2nd generation DSSE CT (42.5%, p = 0.013) and 2nd generation DSDE CT (46.9%, p = 0.015) groups. Interobserver agreement was excellent for the overall image quality (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]: 0.8867) and image artifacts (ICC: 0.9423). Conclusion Our results showed a considerable reduction in the radiation dose while maintaining high image quality with 3rd generation DSDE CT as compared to the 2nd generation DSDE CT and 2nd generation DSSE CT.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.311-316
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• 2017

Generally assessing bone mineral density (BMD) were performed on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) the same as dual energy CT (DECT) with a rapid-kVp switching. The purpose of this study is to compare the different of BMD value between DEXA and DECT method, and evaluate usefulness of DECT method. Using scanner for BMD measurements were GE, Healthcare Discovery 750 HD for DECT and Hologic QDR 4500W for DEXA. For compare BMD value in each method, scanned lumbar spine phantom and subjects visiting Korean National Cancer Center from April 2015 to December 2015, records of 50 patients. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. The mean BMD value measures for spine phantom and for subjects in each scanners presented strong correlation (r=0.948 with p<0.05 for phantom; r=0.635 with p<0.05 and Kendall's tau $({\tau})=0.46$ with p<0.05 for subjects) and linear relationship between DECT and conventional DEXA. DECT technique for BMD measurement will provide a very useful methodology without additional radiation dose.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2012

Although advances in multi-detector computed tomography (CT) technique make it possible to evaluate peripheral subsegmental pulmonary arteries, several studies have reported that small peripheral embolisms may still be missed. Recently, some reports demonstrated that dual-energy CT improved the capability to detect peripheral pulmonary embolism. We report a case of lymphoma presenting as disseminated microvascular pulmonary tumor embolism, detected by perfusion images using dual energy CT.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.21-30
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• 1994

The relationship between bone mineral density and the environmental factors were investigated from the view point of preventing osteoporosis in Korean pubescent girls. The effects of calcium, nutrient intake, physical activity on total bone mineral density, lumbar spine and femoral bone mineral density and total bone mineral content were evaluated 33 healthy pubescent girls aged 14∼16y. A convenient method was used to assess nutritional and energy intake and calcium index was used together. Calcium intake in childhood was estimated by asking whether subjects usually drank milk as children. Eating habits data and history of menstruation were obtained by questionnaire and interview. Average energy expenditure was calculated. Bone mineral density and content were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry using a Lunar DPX＋Scanner (Lunar, Madison, WI). The lumbar spine(L2∼L4) and three sites in the proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanteric region, and Ward's triangle)were measured. Height and weight were measured, and the body mass index(BMI) was derived from the formula : BMI=kg/㎡ Statistical analysis was performed by simple correlation using the SAS package. The mean calcium intake (736mg) was below the RDA of 800mg/d. Twelve percent of the total subjects did not drink milk at all because they did not like the taste. Skipping meals, low calcium intake and low energy intake were significantly correlated with the low BMD. Also the data indicate that girls who reported drinking milk with every meal during childhood had significantly higher bone densities than girls who reported drinking milk less frequently. The results suggest that milk consumption in childhood appears to be needed not only for growth and development, but possibly also to assure an optimal peak of bone mass and thus greater latitude for the maintenance or skeletal integrity in the face of bone losses. There was a highly significant correlation between the total BMD and overall level of physical activity. Body weight was a better predictor of total BMD than was and other factor. Simple mechanical loading may explain why body weight, but total BMC was positively relatd to height. Conclusively, increasing calcium intake and physical activity in the pubescent girls could influence BMD.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.285-293
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• 2022

Background: This study was conducted to analyze the effects of low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and obesity on aging-related osteoarthritis (OA) in the Korean population. Methods: A total of 16,601 participants who underwent a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and 3,976 subjects with knee X-rays according to the modified Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) system were enrolled. Knees of ≥KL grade 2 were classified as radiologic OA. The severity of joint space narrowing (JSN) was classified by X-rays as normal, mild-to-moderate, and severe JSN in radiologic OA. The subjects were grouped as normal SMI (SMI of ≥-1 standard deviation [SD] of the mean), low SMI class I (SMI of ≥-2 SDs and <-1 SD), and low SMI class II (SMI of <-2 SDs). Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of ≥27.5 kg/m². Results: The modified KL grade and JSN severity were negatively correlated with the SMI and positively correlated with BMI and age. The SMI was negatively correlated with age. JSN severity was significantly associated with a low SMI class compared to a normal SMI, which was more prominent in low SMI class II than class I. Obesity was significantly associated with more severe JSN, only for obesity with a low SMI class. Furthermore, patients with a low SMI class, regardless of obesity, were prone to having more severe JSN. Conclusion: This study suggested that a low SMI class was associated with aging and that an age-related low SMI was more critically related to the severity of JSN in OA.