• ALGAE
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.83-87
• /
• 2002

Photosynthetic parameters of Scendesmus quadricauda, such as the maximum photosynthetic rate ($P_{max}$), photosynthetic efficiency (α) and the initial saturation intensity of irradiance for photosynthesis ($I_K$) were obtained using photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) curve in a phosphorus-limited chemostat. S. quadricauda exhibitied no photoinhibition until at 200 μmol·$m^{-2}$ . $P_{max}$ (r=0.963, P=0.002) and $I_K$(r=0.904, P=0.013) showed linear relationships with growth rate. Chlorophyll-α concentration and cell dry weight decreased at higher growth rates, ut chlorophyll-α content per cell dry weight increased. The increase in photosynthetic rates at higher growth rates was due to the increase of $P_{max}$ and $I_K$ which was caused mainly by the increase in the absolute amount of chlorophyll-α rather than the increased photosynthetic efficiency of individual chlorphyll-α. The α did not show a significant relationship with growth rate (r=0.714, P=0.111). The cell quota of carbon (r=0.554, P=0.254) was not correlated with growth rate, but cell quota of nitrogen (r=0.818, P=0.047) and phosphorus (r=0.855, P=0.030) exhibited linear correlations with growth rate.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
• /
• v.56 no.4
• /
• pp.482-493
• /
• 2023

Understanding the anatomy of suprascapular area helps the clinicians and surgeons in management of any disability at the shoulder region. This work aimed to clear the different morphological and morphometrical types of suprascapular notch (SSN). Unknown 120 dry human scapulae of both sides and 60 formalin-embalmed cadaveric upper limbs (40 males and 20 females) were used in the present study. Three main morphological forms of SSN were reported: J, U, and V-shaped. J-shaped notch showed the highest incidence followed by U-shaped then V-shaped one. Morphometrically, type (III) notch was the most prevalent in both dry bones and cadavers, while the incidence of type (II) was the lowest form. Also, the measurements of superior transverse diameter, middle transverse diameter and vertical dimension of the different types of the notch showed no side or sex significant difference. The suprascapular foramen with ossified superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL) was seen in 5.8% of dry bones and 10% of cadaveric specimens. Fan and band-shaped ossified transverse scapular ligaments were reported. Absence of SSN was seen in 10.8% of dry bones, 7.5% of male and 10% of female specimens with left side predominance. V-shaped, absence, and ossified STSL were considered as predisposing factors of suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. Knowledge of the morphology and morphometric parameters of SSN is of great clinical significance for anatomists, radiologists, physiotherapists, orthopedics and neurosurgeons to perform good diagnosis and best planning for surgical or arthroscopic interventions within the shoulder region.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.126-133
• /
• 1994

A Pseudomonas putida strain able to accumulate high amount of polyesters of medium-chain-length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids ($PHA_{MCL)$) was isolated from soil in a landfill site using an enrichment technique. Culture condition of the isolated strain for polyester production in a one-step culture was optimized in a mineral-salts medium against pH and concentrations of ammonium sulfate, carbon source(e.g., octanoate), and phosphate. The optimal values for maximal cell growth and PHA accumulation were: pH; 7$\sim$8, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$; 8 mM, octanoate; 40 mM. The optimum temperature was in the range of $20\sim30^{\circ}C$, which was rather broader than in other bacteria. Cell growth was strongly inhibited by the phosphate limitation to less than 1 mM. An increase of phosphate concentration above 1 mM showed little effect on cell growth and polyester accumulation. When the strain was grown on octanoate under this optimized condition it produced 3.4 g dry biomass per liter and yielded 1.7 g PHA per liter amounting to 53 wt% of dry cells. The monomer units composing the polyester synthesized from octanoate were 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO), 3-hydroxycaproate (3HC), and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) (85:13:2, mole ratio). Other low linear $C_3\simC_{10}$ monocarboxylic acids were also tested for polyester production.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.252-256
• /
• 2001

The rapid development of communication equipment and information processing technology has led to a constant improvement in cordless communication. Lithium ion batteries used in cellular phones and laptop computers, in particular, have been in the forefront of the above revolution. These batteries use high value added raw materials and have a high and stable energy output and are increasingly coming into common use. The development of the material for the negative terminal has led to an improvement in the quality and efficiency of the batteries, whereas a reduction in the cost of the battery by researching new materials for the positive anode has become a research theme by itself. These long life batteries, it is being increasingly realized, can have value added to them by recycling. Research is increasingly being done on recycling the aluminum case and the load casing for the negative diode. This paper aims to introduce the current situation of recycling of lithium ion batteries. 1. Introduction 2. Various types of batteries and the situation of their recycling and the facts regarding recycling. 3. Example of cobalt recycling from waste Lithium ion secondary cell. 3-1) Flow Chart of Lithium ion battery recycling 3-2) Materials that make a lithium ion secondary cell. 3-3) Coarse grinding of Lithium ion secondary cell, and stabilization of current discharge 3-4) Burning 3-5) Grinding 3-6) Magnetic Separation 3-7) Dry sieving 3-8) Dry Classifying 3-9) Content Ratio of recycled cobalt parts 3-10) Summary of the Line used for the recovery of Cobalt from waste Lithium ion battery. 4. Conclusion.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.340-346
• /
• 2018

In this study, the effect of elicitors such as yeast extract (YE), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) on the accumulation of eurycomanone in Eurycoma longifolia cell cultures were investigated. Suspension cells of E. longifolia was cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose, 1.25 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1 mg/L kinetin at a shaking speed of 120 rpm. Elicitors were added in the culture at different concentrations and times to stimulate eurycomanone accumulation in the Eurycoma longifolia cells. Eurycomanone content was determined by HPLC with a C18 column, flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, run time of 17.5 min, and a detector wavelength of 254 nm. The stationary phase was silica gel and the mobile phase was acetonitrile: $H_2O$. Non-elicited cells were used as the control. The study showed the effect of different elicitor concentrations, YE at 200 mg/L, MeJA at $20{\mu}M$ and SA at $20{\mu}M$ stimulated high production of eurycomanone. In which, treatment of $20{\mu}M$ MeJA after 4 days of culture resulted in the highest accumulation of this compound (17.36 mg/g dry weight), approximately 10-fold higher than that of untreated cells (1.70 mg/g dry weight).

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology
• /
• v.5 no.5
• /
• pp.643-650
• /
• 2018

A self-powered electrochromic device was fabricated on an indium tin oxide-polyethylene naphthalate flexible substrate using a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) as a self-harvesting source; the electrochromic device was naturally bleached and operated under outdoor light conditions. The color of the organic electrochromic polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, was shifted from pale blue to deep blue with an antimony tin oxide film as a charge-balanced material. Electrochromic performance was enhanced by secondary doping using dimethyl sulfoxide. As a result, the device showed stable switching behavior with a high transmittance change difference of 40% at its specific wavelength of 630 nm for 6 hrs. To improve the efficiency of the solar cell, 1.0 wt.% of Ag NWs in the photoanode was applied to the $TiO_2$ photoanode. It resulted in an efficiency of 3.3%, leading to an operating voltage of 0.7 V under xenon lamp conditions. As a result, we built a standalone self-harvesting electrochromic system with the performance of transmittance switching of 29% at 630 nm, by connecting with two solar cells in a device. Thus, a self-harvesting and flexible device was fabricated to operate automatically under the irradiated/dark conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.693-701
• /
• 2003

In order to evaluate the nutritive value of the forage plants in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 266 samples (61 grasses and 65 legumes grown in the dry season, 60 grasses and 80 legumes grown in the rainy season) were collected from the highland and lowland in 1998 to 2000, and were subjected to the determination of chemical composition and digestibility. The least-squares analysis of variance demonstrated that the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of grasses was not significantly affected by season or altitude. On the other hand, the some proximate components and cell wall components were significantly affected by season and altitude including the season${\times}$altitude interaction. For the legumes, the in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) and cellulose content were significantly affected by season. On the other hand, the ether extract (EE) content was significantly affected by season and altitude. The interaction of the season${\times}$altitude for IVDMD, of the year${\times}$season for some proximate components and of the year${\times}$season and the season${\times}$altitude for some cell wall components were significant. These results indicate that the forages grown at highland in dry season have a relatively high quality. The means of the total digestible nutrient (TDN) content estimated from IVDMD in grasses and in legumes were 50.3% and 57.4%, respectively, and the crude protein contents were 7.7% and 17.6%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between IVDMD and the contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were relatively high in all of forage plants, suggesting that these components would provide an accurate prediction of digestibility or TDN content. A close relationship between IVNDFD and lignin content indicates that the lignin would be the most accurate predictor of cell wall digestibility.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.430-434
• /
• 2001

Microorganisms of livestock wastewater were microscopically examined to identify bacillus types with optimal absorbance at 630 nm. Growth cuties of microorganisms at various levels of livestock wastewater (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50%) and different temperatures (20$\^{C}$ , 37$\^{C}$) were prepared to determine dilution at which microorganisms did not grow within 1 hour of inoculation, regardless of levels and temperatures. Heat treatment of livestock wastewater at 10 0$\^{C}$ for 2 minutes was good enough to inhibit the growth of microorganisms at 20$\^{C}$ and 37$\^{C}$. A good linear relationship was obtained between levels of livestock wastewater and absorbance at 630 nm (R=98.88%) and dry cell weight (98.98%). The dry cell weight of microorganisms in livestock wastewater was 0.375 g/L.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.221-226
• /
• 2015

Ru catalysts supported on $CeO_2$ were synthesized by an impregnation method and characterized by numerous analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Upon utilization of these catalysts for methane dry reforming with a $CH_4/CO_2$ ratio of 1:1 at different temperatures ranging from 550 to $750^{\circ}C$, the $Ru/CeO_2$ catalysts have shown to be active. In particular, Ru(0.55wt%) supported on $CeO_2$ (1) prepared by a hydrothermal method exhibited excellent activity with the conversion of > 75% at $750^{\circ}C$. In addition, the catalyst also proved to be highly stable for at least 47 h without catalyst deactivation under the dry reforming conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.1251-1251
• /
• 2001

The routine analysis of milk chemical components is of major importance both for the management of animals in dairy farms and for quality control in dairy industries. NIRS technology is an analytical technique which greatly simplifies this routine. One of the most critical aspects in NIRS analysis of milk is sample preparation and analysis modes which should be fast and straightforward. An important difficulty when obtaining NIR spectra of milk is the high water content (80 to 90%) of this product, since water absorbs most of the infrared radiation, and, therefore, limits the accuracy of calibrating for other constituents. To avoid this problem, the DESIR system was set up. Other ways of radiation-sample interaction adapted for liquids or semi-liquids exist, which are practically instantaneous and with limited or null necessity of sample preparation: Transmission and Folded Transmission or Transflectance. The objective of the present work is to compare the precision and accuracy of milk calibration equations in two analysis modes: Reflectance (dry milk) and Folded Transmission (liquid milk). A FOSS-NIR Systems 6500 I spectrophotometer (400-2500 nm) provided with a spinning module was used. Two NIR spectroscopic methods for milk analysis were compared: a) folded transmission: liquid milk samples in a 0.1 pathlength sample cell (ref. IH-0345) and b) reflectance: dried milk samples in glass fibre filters placed in a standard ring cell. A set of 101 milk samples was used to develop the calibration equations, for the two NIR analysis modes, to predict casein, protein, fat and dry matter contents, and 48 milk samples to predict Somatic Cell Count (SCC). The calibrations obtained for protein, fat and dry matter have an excellent quantitative prediction power, since they present $r^2$ values higher than 0.9. The $r^2$ values are slightly lower for casein and SCC (0.88 and 0.89 respectively), but they still are sufficiently high. The accuracy of casein, protein and SCC equations is not affected by the analysis modes, since their ETVC values are very similar in reflectance and folded transmission (0.19% vs 0.21%; 0.16% vs 0.19% and 55.57% vs 53.11% respectively), Lower SECV values were obtained for the prediction of fat and dry matter with the folded transmission equations (0.14% and 0.25% respectively) compared to the results with the reflectance ones (0.43% and 0.34% respectively). In terms of accuracy and speed of analytical response, NIRS analysis of liquid milk is recommended (folded transmission), since the drying procedure takes 24 hours. However, both analysis modes offer satisfactory results.