• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.55-59
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• 2016

Dental treatment under sedation requires various sedation depths depending on the invasiveness of the procedure and patient drug sensitivity. Inappropriate sedation depth may cause patient discomfort or endangerment. For these reasons, patient-controlled sedation (PCS) pumps are commonly used. Patients are able to control the sedation depths themselves by pushing the demand button after the practitioner sets up the bolus dose and lock-out time. Dexmedetomidine is an ${\alpha}$-2 adrenoreceptor agonist with sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties. It has been widely used for sedation for its minimal respiratory depression; however, there are few studies on PCS using dexmedetomidine. This study assessed the applicability of dexmedetomidine to PCS.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2006

Bisphenol A(BPA) was known as an endocrine disrupting chemical. This study was conducted to assess the effect of BPA, weaker estrogen, on the preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). One hundred male F344 rats were divided into four groups which were treated with DEN followed by BPA. To make liver tumor early, we conducted that DEN containing osmotic pump implanted into rat abdominal cavity. Then diet containing BPA were fed to the rats. All animals were sacrificed at 10 and 18 weeks. Body weights were significantly decreased in 4000ppm at 18 weeks. Relative Liver weights of 4000 ppm BPA treated group were significantly increased compared to that of DEN alone group at 18 weeks. There were no significant differences of liver tumor incidences. Sum area of GST-P positive foci and BrdU labeling indices of BPA treated group were not significantly different compared to those of control group. These results suggest that BPA have no effects in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions on DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.260-268
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• 1995

건전한 뇌의 수분 함량은 뇌혈류장벽의 투과성, 혈관내 정수압, 혈장의 삼투압 Na-K-APTase pump의 기능에 의해서 결정된다. 뇌허혈에 의해 이러한 기전이 파괴되면 세포 사이의 정상적인 수분이동이 영향을 받게 된다. 그러므로 뇌허혈이 생길 수 있는 수술의 경우에 분리 뇌관류를 하면 뇌허혈시 발생하는 독성 대사물을 발생을 억제하고 뇌혈류의 분포를 개선하여 신경세포의 손상을 줄이고 뇌부종을 감소시킬 수 있으리라 생각되어 토끼에서 분리 뇌관류 모델을 만들어 허혈 유도 후 관류군과 비관류군의 대뇌피질과 해면구의 비중을 정상 토끼와 비교하였다. 뇌허혈에 의해 관류군과 비관류군의 뇌비중이 유의하게 감소하여 뇌부종이 발생하였음을 나타내었고, 비관류군이 판류군보다 유의하게 감소하여 뇌부종이 더욱 현저하였던 것으로 보아 냉각 식염수로 뇌관류한 것이 뇌부종의 발생을 억제한 것으로 생각된다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.65-73
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• 1996

수액을 장시간 환자에게 주입할 때 적절한 주입량, 주입률을 조절하는 것이 중요하다. 부적절한 주입량은 환자의 회복에 좋지 않은 영향을 끼칠 수 있으므로 주입량을 감지하는 센서의 신뢰도는 인퓨전 펌프 시스템에 많은 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 인퓨전 펌프 시스템에 사용될 3가지 센서의 성능을 검토하였다. 피에조 필름, 광트렌지스터 및 광 다이오드 어레이의 3가지 센서가 비교되었으며 제안하는 신호 처리 기법과 광 다이오드 어레이를 사용한 기법을 이용하여 간섭과 진동 조도변화 센서의 위치에 따른 감도 변화등의 영향을 줄일 수 있었다. 실험 결과 광 다이오드 어레이가 다른 센서들에 비하여 높은 신지도를 보여 주었다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2014

Background: To manage intractable cancer pain, an alternative to systemic analgesics is neuraxial analgesia. In long-term treatment, intrathecal administration could provide a more satisfactory pain relief with lower doses of analgesics and fewer side-effects than that of epidural administration. However, implantable drug delivery systems using intrathecal pumps in Korea are very expensive. Considering cost-effectiveness, we performed epidural analgesia as an alternative to intrathecal analgesia. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the efficacy, side effects, and complications of epidural morphine and local anesthetic administration through epidural catheters connected to a subcutaneous injection port in 29 Korean terminal cancer patients. Patient demographic data, the duration of epidural administration, preoperative numerical pain rating scales (NRS), side effects and complications related to the epidural catheterization and the drugs, and the numerical pain rating scales on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 30th postoperative days were determined from the medical records. Results: The average score for the numerical pain rating scales for the 29 patients decreased from $7{\pm}1.0$ at baseline to $3.6{\pm}1.4$ on postoperative day 1 (P < 0.001). A similar decrease in pain intensity was maintained for 30 days (P < 0.001). Nausea and vomiting were the most frequently reported side effects of the epidural analgesia and two patients (6.9%) experienced paresthesia. Conclusions: Epidural morphine and local anesthetic infusion with a subcutaneous pump seems to have an acceptable risk-benefit ratio and allows a high degree of autonomy to patients with cancer pain.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.372-379
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• 2007

부정유해물질 총 13종에 대한 신속하고 고감도의 LC-ESI-MS-MS 동시분석 방법을 개발하였으며 바데나필을 포함한 11종은 ESI positive 모드에서 타다라필을 포함한 2종은 ESI negative 모드에서 검출하는 방법으로서 시료 전처리는 간단히 메탄올 추출법을 사용하였다. 기능성표방식품 중 부정유해물질의 확인은 한번 시료를 주입함으로써 15분 이내에 13종의 분석이 가능하고 크로마토그램의 분리는 아세토니트릴과 10mM ammonium formate가 들어있는 탈이온수를 이용한(pH 7.0) 기울기 용매 조건으로 수행하였다. 확립한 13종에 대한 부정유해물질 분석방법은 검출 한계(LOD)는 0.1-5 ng/mL이고, 정량한계(LOQ)는 0.1-10 ng/mL으로서 평균 상관계수$(r^2)$는 0.9853로서 ppb 수준에서 정량성을 가지며 회수율은 87.5-98.5%, 변동계수는 15% 이하임을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 확립한 시험방법 LC/MS/MS를 이용하여 147건의 기능성표방식품 중의 부정유해물질의 검증을 실시한 결과, 유해물질의 검출이 나타타지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 기능성표방식품 중의 실데나필과 그 유사물질을 포함한 13종의 부정유해물질에 대한 스크리닝 방법으로 MRM 모드를 이용한 LC-ESI-MS-MS 방법을 개발하였으며, 이는 유해물질에 대한 고성능액체크로마토그래피/자외선흡광광도법의 선택성등의 제한성을 극복한 부정유해 물질의 스크리닝에 신속하고 미량까지 검출 가능한 가치 있는 방법임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2009

Background: A major ingredient of green tea is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and this is known to have many beneficial effects for cancer prevention and also on the cardiovascular system and neurodegenerative diseases through its anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and neuroprotective properties. Its actions on nociception and the spinal nervous system have been examined in only a few studies, and in these studies EGCG showed an antinociceptive effect on inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and a neuroprotective effect in motor neuron disease. This study was performed to investigate the effect of EGCG on acute thermal pain and the development of morphine tolerance at the spinal level. Methods: The experimental subjects were male Sprague-Dawley rats and the Hot-Box test was employed. A single or double-lumen intrathecal catheter was implanted at the lumbar enlargement for drug administration. An osmotic pump was used to infuse morphine for 7 days for induction of morphine tolerance. EGCG was injected repeatedly for 7 days at twice a day through the intrathecal catheter. Results: Intrathecal EGCG increased the paw withdrawal latency (PWL) after repeated administration for 7 days at twice a day, but this did not happen with administering on single bolus injection of EGCG. In addition, the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal morphine was not affected by co-administration with EGCG. A continuous 7-day infusion of morphine caused a significant decrease of the PWL in the control group (M + S, morphine plus saline). In contrast, intrathecal EGCG injection over 7 days blocked the decrease of the PWL in the experiment group (M + E, morphine plus EGCG). Conclusions: Intrathecal ECGC produced a weak antinociceptive effect for acute thermal pain, but it did not change the morphine's analgesic effect. However, the development of antinociceptive tolerance to morphine was attenuated by administering intrathecal EGCG.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.429-433
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• 2010

Objective : This prospective study evaluated the use of continuous sedation using propofol and remifentanil when carpal tunnel release (CTR) was performed under local anesthesia. Methods : We sedated 60 patients undergoing CTR using local anesthesia with remifentanil at loading and continuous doses of $0.5\;{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.05\;{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}min^{-1}$, respectively, and propofol, using a target controlled infusion (TCI) pump set to a target of $2\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ (group A), or with the same drug doses except that the continuous remifentanil dose was $0.07\;{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}min^{-1}$ (group B) or $0.1\;{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}min^{-1}$ (group C). Results : In group B, the levels of pain when local anesthetics were administered (p = 0.001), intraoperative pain (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p = 0.001) were significantly lower than those of group A. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse events, including desaturation (p < 0.001) and vomiting (p = 0.043), was significantly lower in group B than in group C. Conclusion : Continuous sedation using an appropriate dose of remifentanil and propofol can be used as safe, efficacious ambulatory anesthesia in cases of CTR under local anesthesia, performed using only 2 mL of local anesthetic, with a high degree of patient satisfaction.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2014

Background: Clinical use of propofol along with remifentanil for intravenous sedation is increasing in these days, but there are not enough researches to evaluate proper target concentration when these drugs are infused by using target controlled infusion (TCI) pump in dental treatment cases. In this study, we compared efficacy of TCI conscious sedation and target concentration of propofol when it used with or without remifentanil during conscious sedation with the help of a TCI for the surgical extraction of impacted teeth. Methods: After IRB approval, all the charts of patients who had undergone surgical extraction of impacted teeth under propofol TCI sedation for 6 months were selected and reviewed for this study. After reviewal of charts, we could divide patients in two groups. In one group (group 1), only propofol was selected for sedation and initial effect site concentration of propofol was $1{\mu}g/ml$ (n = 33), and in another group (group 2), both propofol and remifentanil was infused and initial effect site concentration of each drug was $0.6{\mu}g/ml$ and 1 ng/ml respectively (n = 25). For each group, average propofol target concentration was measured. In addition, we compared heart rate, respiratory rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as oxygen saturation. Besides, BIS, sedation scores (OAAS/S), and subjective satisfaction scores were compared. Results: Between group 1 and 2, there were no significant differences in demographics (age, weight and height), and total sedation time. However, total infused dose and the effect site target concentration of propofol was $163.8{\pm}74.5mg$ and $1.13{\pm}0.21{\mu}g/ml$ in group 1, and $104.3{\pm}46.5mg$ and $0.72{\pm}0.26{\mu}g/ml$ in the group 2 with $1.02{\pm}0.21ng/l$ of the effect site target concentration of remifentanil, respectively. During sedation, there were no differences between overall vital sign, BIS and OAAS/S in 2 groups (P > 0.05). However, we figured out patients in group 2 had decreased pain sensation during sedation. Conclusions: Co-administration of propofol along with remifentanil via a TCI for the surgical extraction of impacted teeth may be safe and effective compared to propofol only administration.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 1991

Recently a non-electronic, disposable and portable infusor(Baxter infusor with patient control module, Baxter health care Co., Deerfield IL 60015 USA: BI $\bar{c}$ PCM) has been developed that will deliver both a continuous drug infusion as well as allow the patient to deliver extra doses of medication on a demand basis under predetermined limitation of analgesics. Patients may also not require as high analgesic dose rate to control pain when the acceptable and tolerable level of pain relief can be maintained by this device. From April l99l, we have used a total l93 units of BI $\bar{c}$ PCM. These units consisting of two components which one made by a balloon reservoir(capacity 65 ml, flow rate 0.5 ml/hr) to store medication and to regulate the pump power(490 torr), and another two PCMs to regulate additional analgesic administration by patients demand at intervals of 1S minutes and 60 minutes. The dose administered to the patient can be varied by changing the concentration of the infusate within the balloon reservoir. These devices were utilized for the pain control of 44 patients. These patients were divided into two groups. Twenty seven cases had cancer pain and 17 cases had non-cancer pain. The Touhy needle(No. l8 G.) tip was inserted into the epidural space and was used to guide the catheter to the spinal nerve level corresponding to the most painful area. The device was connected to the opposite site of the catheter tip and was filled with 60 ml of mixture solution such as 0.5% bupivacaine 15 ml, morphine HCl 10 mg, trazodone 10 ml, Tridol 3 ml and normal saline 31 ml were administed as the initial dose. When the initial dose was less effective, the next dose could be varied by increasing the concentration of bupivacaine, by adding more morphine (5~10 mg), and by reducing the volume of normal saline. Using these modules of drug self administration, we experienced the following: 1) Improvement of patient's self titration of analgesic requirement was provided. 2) The patients anxiety with pain recurrence resulting from delays in administering pain control medication was decreased significantly. 3) The working load accompanying with the single bolus injection as the usual method was reduced remarkably. 4) There was urinary retention in 5 cases and pruritus in 4 eases which developed as side effects but respiratory depression and vomiting was not encountered in a single case.