• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.445-451
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• 2005

As a selective ${\alpha}_{1A}-adrenoreceptor$ antagonist, tamsulosin has been used clinically for urinary obstructed patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The single and multi-layered pellets containing tamsulosin hydrochloride were prepared in an effort to control the drug release, avoiding dose-dependent side effects of tamsulosin hydrochloride upon oral administration. The drug release from multi-layered pellets was substantially controlled, compared with single layered pellets. The drug release from coated pellets with single or multi layer was affected by the nature of coating agent, the percentage of coating level and the presence of hydrophilic material in coating layer. In conclusion, the controlled release oral delivery system using multi-layered pellet is very useful for tamsulosin hydrochloride, resulting in improvement of patient compliance and therapeutic drug levels for a longer period of time.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2011

Tablet dosage forms have been preferred over other formulations for the oral drug administration due to their low manufacturing costs and ease of administrations, especially controlled-release applications. Controlled-release tablets are oral dosage forms from which the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is released over an intended or extended period of time upon ingestion. This may allow a decrease in the dosing frequency and a reduction in peak plasma concentrations and hence improves patient compliance while reducing the risk of undesirable side effects. Conventional singlelayered matrix tablets have been extensively utilized to deliver APIs into the body. However, these conventional single-layered matrix tablets present suboptimal delivery properties, such as non-linear drug delivery profiles which may cause higher side effects. Recently, a multi-layered technology has been developed to overcome or eliminate the limitations of the singlelayered tablet with more flexibility. This technology can give a good opportunity in formulating new products and help pharmaceutical companies enhancing their life cycle management. In this review, a brief overview on the multi-layered tablets is given focusing on the various tablet designs, manufacturing issues and drug release profiles.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.572-584
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• 2002

Rapid development in molecular biology and recent advancement in recombinant technology increase identification and commercialization of potential protein drugs. Traditional forms of administrations for the peptide and protein drugs often rely on their parenteral injection, since the bioavailability of these therapeutic agents is poor when administered nonparenterally. Tremendous efforts by numerous investigators in the world have been put to improve protein formulations and as a result, a few successful formulations have been developed including sustained-release human growth hormone. For a promising protein delivery technology, efficacy and safety are the first requirement to meet. However, these systems still require periodic injection and increase the incidence of patient compliance. The development of an oral dosage form that improves the absorption of peptide and especially protein drugs is the most desirable formulation but one of the greatest challenges in the pharmaceutical field. The major barriers to developing oral formulations for peptides and proteins are metabolic enzymes and impermeable mucosal tissues in the intestine. Furthermore, chemical and conformational instability of protein drugs is not a small issue in protein pharmaceuticals. Conventional pharmaceutical approaches to address these barriers, which have been successful with traditional organic drug molecules, have not been effective for peptide and protein formulations. It is likely that effective oral formulations for peptides and proteins will remain highly compound specific. A number of innovative oral drug delivery approaches have been recently developed, including the drug entrapment within small vesicles or their passage through the intestinal paracellular pathway. This review provides a summary of the novel approaches currently in progress in the protein oral delivery followed by factors affecting protein oral absorption.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the residual amount of veterinary drugs such as meloxicam, flunixin, and tulathromycin in animal products (beef, pork, horsemeat, and milk). Veterinary drugs have been widely used in the rearing of livestock to prevent and treat diseases. A total of 152 samples were purchased from markets located in major Korean cities (Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Ulsan and Jeju), including Jeju. Veterinary drugs were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry according to the Korean Food Standards Code. The resulting data, which are located within 70-120% of recovery range and less than 20% of relative standard deviations, are in compliance with the criteria of CODEX. A total of five veterinary drugs were detected in 152 samples, giving a detection rate of approximately 3.3%; and no food source violated the guideline values. Our result indicated that most of the veterinary drug residues in animal products were below the maximum residue limits specified in Korea.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.291-295
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• 2015

Various types of implantable drug delivery devices have attracted significant attention for several decades to improve drug bioavailability and reduce side effects, thus enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patients' compliance. However, when implanted into the body, the devices may be influenced by the changes in physiological condition, such as temperature, pH or ionic concentration. Thus, the drug release rates could be also altered concurrently. Therefore, in this work, we employed an implantable ALZET$^{(R)}$ Osmotic Pump, which has been widely used to locally deliver various therapeutic agents and examined the effect of pH, temperature and ionic concentration on its drug release rate. For this, we performed in vitro cell tests to simulate the condition of local tissues influenced by the altered drug release rates, where we used diclofenac sodium as a model drug.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.287.2-287.2
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• 2002

The safety pharmacological core battery studies of AS2-006A. a newly developed wound healing drug, were investigated according to the ICH S7A guidelines in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice(GLP) Regulations, The doses given were 0, 100. 300 and 1000 mg/kg and drugs were administered subcutaneously. The animals used for this study were mice, rats and guinea pigs. AS2-006A showed no effects on the central nervous system such as motor activity. behaviotal changes. coordination, sensory/motor reflex responses and body temperature. no effects on blood pressure(BP). heart rate(HR), and ECG profiles and respiratory system. it was concluded that AS2-006A possess no general pharmacological effects at all doses tested. (omitted)

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.552-560
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• 2012

약물 전달 시스템은 약물의 방출 프로파일, 흡수, 분배 및 제품의 효율성과 안전성, 환자의 편의성과 협조를 향상시키기 위한 제거를 개선하는 명백하게 보호화된 공식화 기술이다. 가장 일반적으로 쓰이는 transdermal 시스템은 다양한 종류의 기술을 사용하는 skin patch다. 다른 투약 방법과 달리, transdermal 시스템은 장기간 사용이 가능하다. 또한, 부작용이 생길 경우, 약물 투약의 중단이 가능하다. karaya gum and locust bean gum(LBG)/water-soluble chitosan oligomer(WSCO)과 같은 Polysaccharide를 TDS의 기본 물질로 선택하였다. 또한, 이 polymers들은 tacrine 물질, 강화제로 규정되어진다. 이러한 polysaccharide 중에서, karaya gum matrix의 침투율은 lipophilic drug in vitro 와 같은 tacrine 내에서 가장 빠르다. 우리는 glycerin, PEG 400, and PEG 800를 강화제로 사용하였다. 그러므로, transdermal의 tacrine 흡수율은 vehicle 구성을 바꿈으로써, 혹은 침투 강화제를 사용함으로써 향상되었을 것이다. 특히, vehicle이 스스로의 효과를 강화하는 것과 더불어, vehicle에 강화제를 첨가함으로써 높은 침투 효율이 얻어질 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.273-280
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• 1996

Chondroitin sulfate/gelatin microspheres containing dexamethasone 21-acetate were prepared by complex coacervation method and their release patterns were examined in vitro. Microspheres prepared with a small amount of crosslinking agent had smooth surface and few pores, but those with a large amount of crosslinking agent were more porous and less spherical. In vitro release patterns were varied by changing polymer/drug weight ratio and amount of crosslinking agent. The release rate of dexamethasone 21-acetate in the presence of collagenase was faster than that in the absence of collagenase. Anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone 21-acetate microspheres was more efficient than that of dexamethasone 21-acetate solution in carrageenan-induced arthritis in the rat. On the basis of the above results, we might expect the degradation and drug release rate of these microspheres to be regulated by the degree of crosslinking and the level of enzymes. In patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis who have high concentration of collagenase, more drug would be released from the microspheres. An intra-articular injection therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with desired release kinetics could be developed to enhance patient compliance and therapeutic index.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.76-93
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• 1998

Three hundred sixty-two(male 131, female 231) elderly aged over 65 in Chungb- uk area were interviewed to determine the disease states and drug usage patterns. The prebalence of disease was 78% and women reported more chronic diseases(83%) than men(71%). Elderly who live with spouse and have an occupation have a lower rate of disease. Average number of diseases of the elderly was $1.8\pm{1.1}$, and women$(2.1\pm{1.3)}$ have significantly higher average number of diseases than that of men$(1.4\pm{0.7)}$. Also the elderly in urban areas$(2.1\pm{1.4)}$ have significantly higher number of diseases than that of the elderly in rural areas$(1.6\pm{0.9)}$. Arthritis, hypertension, cardiovascular and gastric diseases were the most frequently listed chronic diseases in order for both men and women. Anemia and fracture of bone were relatively higher in women than in men. Particularly, the arthritis of the urban elderly have a rate of 1.5 times higher than that of the rural elderly. Fifty-two percent of the elderly were currently using drugs ; among drug users 71.2% used prescription drugs and 20.5% used nonprescription drugs. The average number taken per person was 2.1$\pm$1.4 and there was no sex or age difference. However, the elderly in rural areas $(2.7\pm{1.7)}$ consumed a significantly higher number of drugs than those in urban areas$(1.7\pm{0.7)}$. The average number of prescripti- on drugs taken was 2.0$\pm$1.4 while the average of nonprescription drugs taken was $(1.3\pm{0.6)}$. Analgesics and antihypertensive drugs were most commonly used. Vitamin and analgesics were the most frequently used self-prescribed drugs. It was noted that potential adverse drug interaction by concominant drug consumption for arthritis and antihypensive drug, abuse of digestants and antiacid without treatment of the underlying disease, and misuse of quick-acting bowel medications were problematic for the elderly. In addition drugs used for the elderly have some adverse effect on the digestive system. The types and composition of drugs used by the elderly were identified and presented. Medication compliance was poor and 13.5% reported adverse reactions such as edema, heartburn, nausea, and difficulty with eating. Seventeen percent of the elderly obtained drugs arranged by those other than medical staff. Also, even among those elderly who obtained drugs prescribed by a doctor, 69.1% of subjects had not receive instruction about potential adverse reactions. These results suggest that nutritional problems related to drug usage might exist and so dietitians, either individually or as members of health teams, need to have a better understanding of drug-nutrient interaction and closer supervision, and drug information/education service should therefore be provided to prevent or minimize adverse drug reaction in elderly users of medication.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제67권5호
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• pp.422-429
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• 2009

Background: The discomfort caused by chronic cough, that is persistent for more than 3 weeks, causes a number of patients to seek medical attention. However, the underlying disorder often remains undetermined despite thorough examinations, and is considered to be idiopathic. This study compared the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroid with conventional cough suppressants on chronic idiopathic cough. Methods: Eligible patients with chronic idiopathic cough were randomly assigned to either the inhaled fluticasone group or the codeine plus levodropropizine oral administration group. The subjects in each group took their planned medication for 2 weeks. After the trial, comparative analyses of outcomes were performed in terms of the remnant cough (%) at the end of treatment, drug compliance, and adverse drug events. Results: Seventy-seven patients were enrolled in this randomized trial; 38 to the inhaled fluticasone group and 39 to the codeine plus levodropropizine group. The remnant cough was 41.0${\pm}$35.8% in the inhaled fluticasone group, and 32.4${\pm}$32.0% in the codeine+levodropropizine group (p=0.288). Drug compliance was 95.4${\pm}$7.4% and 81.8${\pm}$18.6% in the inhaled fluticasone and the codeine+levodropropizine group, respectively (p<0.001). Nine patients had adverse drug events in the codeine+levodropropizine group compared to one in the inhaled fluticasone group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Short-term inhaled corticosteroid is not inferior to conventional antitussive agents in controlling chronic idiopathic cough without significant adverse events.