• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.511-518
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• 2017

The membrane emulsification (ME) is a technology for producing emulsions with narrow size distribution by using the well-defined porous membranes such as the SPG membrane. In this study, the preparation of polycaprolactone (PCL) microcapsules by using the multiple emulsions obtained from membrane emulsification method is studied. After the making of $W_1/O$ single emulsions by sonication method, then $W_1/O/W_2$ multiple emulsions are formed by premix-ME method. The PCL microcapsules impregnated with BSA model drug are prepared by solvent evaporating from $W_1/O/W_2$ multiple emulsions. The effects of various parameters such as the ratio of disperse/continuous phase (D/C ratio), the concentration of PCL, emulsifier and model drug and the transmembrane pressure on the size and distribution of PCL microcapsules are investigated. The uniform PCL microcapsules with about $5{\sim}6{\mu}m$ of mean size and 26% of BSA loading are obtained by the premix membrane emulsification.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

We investigated the distribution and drug susceptibility test of V. vulnificus isolated from environmental sources in Incheon. In this survey, total 4,302 samples were obtained from different sites of the Incheon coastal area during the periods from march 2004 to November 2006. Among the 4,302 samples, 310 strains were isolated. The isolation rates of Vibrio vulnificus from fish, shellfish, estuarine water and sediment were 6.7%, 4.7%, 12.4% and 23.2%, respectively. The highest isolation rate was 14.6% in September and in spite of low temperature the isolation rate was 5.1% in November. The highest rate of antibiotic resistance was observed against streptomycin(15.3%), cefazolin(8.5%), cephalothin(8.3%), amikacin(8.3%), cefoxitin(6.7%) and nalidixic acid(6.7%). Seventeen percent of isolates were observed to be resistant to two or more of the antibiotics tested.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.407-413
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• 2011

This study was analyzed and investigated to evaluate ecological distribution of medicinal plants in Miho Stream of Korea. Totality 463 taxa of vascular plants were appeared in lower part of Miho Stream. Medicinal plants were distributed 253 taxa, which were 54.6% of the total vascular plants appeared. Medicinal plants of official drug compendium(Korean pharmacopoeia) were 85 taxa. Medicinal plants were distributed most of the forest area, and followed field surrounding, stream surrounding and paddy surrounding respectively. The distribution of life form hemicryptophyte was the most frequent. Plant community of appearing area of medicinal plants was classified into Salix koreensis, Phragmites japonica, Echinochloa crusgalli, Artemisia selengensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Setaria faberii, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Bidens frondosa, Humulus japonicus, Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea, Eleocharis kuroguwai, Erigeron acris, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, Quercus acutissima, Quercus serrata, Robinia pseudoacacia and Castanea crenata community. Medicinal plants in plant communities that occur frequently were Humulus japonicus, Corylus heterophylla and Liriope spicata.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.268-275
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• 2013

This text was analyzed and investigated the distribution of medicinal plants in Cheongoksan Bonghwagun Korea, in order to search the medicinal resources that are used in modern medicine. Medicinal plants of the Korean Pharmacopoeia (10th edition) distributed in Cheongoksan Bonghwagun were consisted of 93 taxa ; 82 species, 10 varieties, 1 forma of 79 genus, 50 families. In medicinal plants of the Korean Pharmacopoeia, rate of native species and exotic species was 89.2% (83 taxa) and 10.8% (10 taxa) respectively. Family classification was the most of compositae of 8 taxa, and life form classification was most of herb of hemicryptophyte species. The classification by using parts were 34 taxa of root use and the classification of efficacy utilization was 24 taxa of Cheongyeolyak (heat-clearing drug) use.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.532-538
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• 1996

In cancer chemotherapy, it is necessary to control the phamacokinetic behavior of an antitumor drug for effective treatment. Therefore, two 5-fluorouracil derivatives synthesize d with N-a-cyloxycarbonyl derivatives {1-(N-t-butyloxycarbonyl)leucyloxymethyl-5-FU(BLFU) and 1-(N-t-carbobenzyloxymethyl)leucyloxymethyl-5-FU(CLFU)}. prodrugs of 5-fluorouracil, antitumor agent, were loaded into liposome of different lipid compositions. After liposomal drugs were injected intramuscularly, their pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution were assessed. The $AUC_{0{\to}{\infty}$ values were 1.29, 72.50, 85.57, 66.40 and 103.60${\mu}$g.hr/ml for 5-FU, BLFU, CLFU, BLFU- and CLFU-loaded liposome, respectively. 5-FU was distributed to spleen and liver with a maximal concentration after 1 hr and eliminated after 24 hr. But both prodrugs and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposome entrapped prodrugs were distributed to spleen and liver at a lower concentration but maintained for a long time with a relatively high concentration in lung. Especially, liposome-entrapped CLFU was distributed to lung with a maximal concentration after 1 hr and redistributed to spleen increasingly, while the concentration of liposome-entrapped BLFU in lung reached a maximal level after 12 hr.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.197-208
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• 2015

Pharmaceutical companies over the world are exposed to risks of lessened sales and negative impact on corporate image due to circulation of counterfeit drugs, which eventually threatens safety of patients. thus, in order to eradicate distribution of counterfeit drugs, many countries are taking initiatives to legalize and set serialization through e-Pedigree, which is based on RFID technology or barcode system to track and trace distribution of drugs from point of manufacturing to usage. therefore, this study contemplates domestic and international management system of medical drugs and suggests application methods of e-Pedigree based on RFID technology that promotes safety of patients and distribution of drugs.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 2021

In the following paper we introduce a variational Bayes method that approximates posterior distributions with mean-field method. In particular, we introduce automatic differentiation variation inference (ADVI), which approximates joint posterior distributions using the product of Gaussian distributions after transforming parameters into real coordinate space, and then apply it to pharmacokinetic models that are models for the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. We analyze real data sets using ADVI and compare the results with those based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. We implement the algorithms using Stan.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• v.73 no.10
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• pp.1577-1583
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• 2018

Tumor-treating fields therapy involves placing pads onto the patient's skin to create a low- intensity (1 - 3 V/cm), intermediate frequency (100 - 300 kHz), alternating electric field to treat cancerous tumors. This new treatment modality has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA to treat patients with both newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. To deliver the prescribed electric field intensity to the tumor while minimizing exposure of organs at risk, we developed an optimization method for the electric field distribution in the body and compared the electric field distribution in the body before and after application of this optimization algorithm. To determine the electric field distribution in the body before optimization, we applied the same electric potential to all pairs of electric pads located on opposite sides of models. We subsequently adjusted the intensity of the electric field to each pair of pads to optimize the electric field distribution in the body, resulting in the prescribed electric field intensity to the tumor while minimizing electric fields at organs at risk. A comparison of the electric field distribution within the body before and after optimization showed that application of the optimization algorithm delivered a therapeutically effective electric field to the tumor while minimizing the average and the maximum field strength applied to organs at risk. Use of this optimization algorithm when planning tumor-treating fields therapy should maintain or increase the intensity of the electric field applied to the tumor while minimizing the intensity of the electric field applied to organs at risk. This would enhance the effectiveness of tumor-treating fields therapy while reducing dangerous side effects.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1998

'Banafsha' is an important herbal drug of indigenous systems of medicine. Flowers of Viola odornta L. (Violaceae) are considered to constitute the genuine drug 'Banafsha'. However, due to limited distribution of this plant, another species of Viola, i.e. V. pilosa having almost similar medicinal properties, is mostly used under this vernacular instead. Ethnobotanically also different species of Viola i.e. V. odorata, V. pilosa and V. betonicifolia are used for various ailments at different places in our country. In the present study two species of Viola, namely V. pilosa and V. betonictfolia along with the commercial samples of 'Banafsha' were studied and authenticated. It was observed that the market samples procured from Dehradun, Mumbai, Lucknow, Palampur, Ramnagar and Ranikhet showed close resemblance with Viola pilosa in having similar morphological characters like uniseriate hairs on the ovary, geniculate and clavate style, truncate stigma and almost similar TLC profiles. On the other hand the Almora sample was identified as Viola betonicifolia by the presence of large purple flowers, clavate style and convex stigma forming hump like structure. However, the market sample procured from Pathankot was found to be a mixture of two species of Viola namely, V pilosa and V. odorata having dominance of the former species.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.408-412
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• 2008

The rosiglitazone loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the emulsion-evaporation method and optimized for particle size and entrapment efficiency. The optimized particles were 140-180 nm in size with narrow size distribution and 80% entrapment efficiency at 1% w/w initial drug loading when prepared with 1-3% w/v of PVA as a surfactant. These particulate carriers exhibited controlled in vitro release of rosiglitazone for 36 hrs at a nearly constant rate after 4 hrs release. In conclusion, these results indicate that PLGA NPs have greater potential for oral delivery of rosiglitazone.