• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.91-94
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• 2013

Recently Ibadan in southwestern Nigeria has been facing severe water shortage due to the increase of population, social and economic activities. In order to meet the shortfall, attempts to utilize rainwater harvesting (RWH) have been made to provide an alternative source of water supply. A desk study was conducted to review various RWH technologies locally, regionally and globally. A hydrological analysis was also carried out using rainfall data for 30 years from two meteorological stations, with the aim of providing a more sustainable RWH system for water supply to private individuals, organizations, and government agencies. RWH is found to be technically feasible based on the prevailing rainfall pattern with over 90% of households having a rooftop constructed from technically appropriate materials. Results of the study indicate that an average roof of $80m^2$ will collect 82,835 L/yr (45 L/person/day) for a family of five people which is about the required water demand for drinking and cooking purposes. Hence, the capacity of storage tanks and the catchment area required for an all-purpose water supply system based on RWH are quite large. These can be reduced to affordable sizes, by collecting and storing water for cooking and drinking only while non-potable uses are supplemented by water from other sources. However, it must be highlighted that due to the type of roofing material, rainwater should go through proper treatment in order to be used for potable purposes. This study clearly shows that Ibadan city has a good rainwater harvesting potential.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 1972

Mountain Wells are very important water source for the most of the climbers in Seoul area. But the facilities around the wells are not modernized to prevent from contamination of microorganism and the other pollutants. We focussed our intention on the detection of some harmful chemical ingredients and contaminants. A total of 58 wells were examined according to the Standard Methods(APHA) and the following results were obtained: 1) Among the examined 58 wells, only 10 wells were adequate to the drinking water standard, 2) 7.9mg of liberated $CO_2$ was found in the Tchun-Ho-Dong Mineral Well, 3) Chemically harmful ingredients were not found, 4) The Mountain Wells were contaminated by Coliform groups as many as 18 times than rural wells.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.33-40
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• 2006

The water of rivers and lakes in Korea is the main sources for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes. However, various pollutants washed-off from watershed area make worse and worse the water quality. Particularly, the changes of land uses in watershed area is the main pollutant sources in many cases in Korea, it is usually called to nonpoint pollution sources. In this reason, the Ministry of Environment are programing the total maximum daily load for four major large rivers in order to improve the water quality by controlling the watershed area. Therefore, this research was performed to estimate the total pollutant input from watershed areas to lakes of Ganwol and Boonam located in Chungnamdo. The AGNPS water quality model and monitoring were used to estimate the pollutant loading rates with unit pollutant concentration of each land use. The main landuse of the research area are forest, wet and dry paddy field and small urban area. The research shows that the pollutant sources in Ganwol and Boonam lakes are from the various landuses. In this manuscripts, the results will provide important informations for mitigating the pollutants to the lakes.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.271-276
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• 2006

The outbreak cases of Cryptosporidium or Giardia from drinking water in abroad have drawn attentions on the public health. It is well known that Cryptosporidium is the most resistant organism against chlorine disinfection. To guesstimate the levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Korean surface water, 1~2 samples from 22 drinking water sources in four Korean major rivers of Han, Keum, Nakdong, and Youngsan were monitored. In addition, two sites in Kyunganchon, a contaminated river were monitored for comparison. In source waters, detection rates of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 15% (6/39) and 21% (5/24) with the range of 1~3 oocysts/10 L and 1~6 cysts/10 L, respectively. In Kyunganchon, they were 60% (6/10) and 70% (7/10) in the range of 1~9 oocysts/10 L and 10~72 cysts/10 L, respectively. When one of the source waters in Han river was monitored monthly, Cryptosporidium were found mostly in cold season. Matrix of the samples gave influence on the recoveries of the spiked protozoa. The recoveries of both Cryptosporidium and Giardia increased in the samples of Kyunganchon, known as contaminated area. However, protozoan recovery did not show significant relation with turbidity, the index of matrix contamination, which implies that there are additional unveiled features of matrix affecting the recoveries of the protozoa. The protozoan distribution in Kyunganchon showed significant relations with Cl. perfringens, anaerobic and spore forming indicator bacteria of fecal contamination by regression analysis, but not with turbidity, the general indicator of water quality.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.209-221
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• 2016

The section from water source to 2.6km upper stream of Hantan River is protected as the drinking water quality protection area according to guidelines of Ministry of Environment, because water source of the Gwanin water intake plant has been known the river. However, opinions were consistently brought up that the standard of water source protection zone must be changed with using underground water as water source because of contribution possibility of underground water as the water source of Gwanin water intake facility. In this regard, hydrogeologic investigation including resistivity survey and hydrogeochemical investigation were carried out to assess water source and infiltration of contaminant for the plant. Quaternary basaltic rocks (50m thick with four layers) covered most of the study area on the granite basement. As the result of the resistivity survey, it is revealed that permeable aquifer is distributed in the boundary of two layers: the basaltic layer with low resistivity; and the granite with high resistivity. Considering of outflow from Gwanin water intake facility, the area possessing underground water was estimated at least $5.7km^2$. The underground water recharged from Cheorwon plain was presumed to outflow along the surface of unconformity plane of basalt and granite. Based on field parameters and major dissolved constituents, groundwater and river water clearly distinguished and the spring water was similar to groundwater from the basaltic aquifer. Temporal variation of $SiO_2$, Mg, $NO_3$, and $SO_4$ concentrations indicated that spring water and nearby groundwater were originated from the basaltic aquifer and other groundwater from granitic aquifer. In conclusion, the spring of the Gwanin water intake plant was distinguished from river water in terms of hydrogeochemical characteristics and mainly contributed from the basaltic aquifer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2016

Objectives: Exposure to volatile organic compounds such as trichloroethylene(TCE) and perchloroethylene(PCE), along with Agent Orange, that were issued around Camp Carroll US Army Base situated in Waegwan, Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, Korea. The main objective of this study was to assess the exposure to TCE and PCE of residents of the area surrounding Camp Carroll. Methods: The TCE, PCE and trichloroethanol(TCEOH) concentrations in blood and trichlroroacetic acid(TCA) and TCEOH concentrations in urine were measured and analyzed in a total of 1,033 residents around Camp Carroll. TCA and TCEOH are metabolites of TCE and PCE, respectively. The information on demographic characteristics and exposure variables in relation to underground water were obtained through a questionnaire completed by the subjects. Results: TCE, PCE and TCEOH concentrations were not detected in blood. Detection rates of TCA and TECOH concentrations in urine were 98.5% and 36.6%, respectively. Creatinine-corrected average TCA and TCEOH concentrations were $12.23{\pm}23.81{\mu}g/g$ and $0.66{\pm}4.31{\mu}g/g$, respectively. A significant difference was not shown between the drinking group and no drinking group for underground water, which was assumed as a potential route of exposure to TCE and PCE through the consumption of ground water. However, females drinking ground water showed a significantly higher mean level of TCA in urine than did males. There was no significant difference according to drinking ground water as a potential source of exposure to TCE and PCE in residents around Camp Carroll. Conclusions: Considering the statistical analysis of factors affecting exposure to TCE and PCE in ground water along with previous reports, TCA in urine as exposure to TCE and PCE might not be appropriate because it is found in chlorinated drinking water. Therefore, TCA concentration in urine may be the result of drinking of chlorinated water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.363-370
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• 2005

There are approximately 2,000 metallic mines which have been abandoned in Korea. Most of the mines are located in the watershed area, which is main source of drinking water for Seoul Metropolitan area. Untreated mining wastes are remained around abandoned mines in study area. These mining wastes, flowing into farmland and stream in the downstream of abandoned mines, would cause water and soil pollution. The mining waste samples from Guedo mine, Manjung mine and Joil mine recently abandoned were collected for the evaluation of the potential of water pollution by mine waste. Index of geoaccumulation($M\"{u}ller$, 1979), fractional composition and removal efficiency of some heavy metals by different concentration of HCl treatment were analyzed. Index of geoaccumulation of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr are 6, $4{\sim}6,\;0{\sim}6,\;4{\sim}5$, 2 and 0 respectively. Index of geoaccumulation of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu reveals the mining wastes has high pollution pottential in the area. Organic fraction of Cu, reducible fraction of Pb, residual fraction of Ni and Zn were the most abundant fraction of heavy metals in mining wastes.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.236-241
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find out the source(s) and distribution of boron in Nak-dong River. In the year of 2002, the boron has been adopted as a toxic constituent for Korean drinking water standard. In this study, the analytical samples were collected at 11 stations in March, June, September and December 2002. These samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass (ICP-MS) method. The recovery, relative standard deviation and method detection limit of the ICP-MS method for boron was $89{\sim}111.3%$, $2.21{\sim}3.81%$ and $5{\mu}g/L$, respectively. The distribution of boron was ranged $65{\sim}155{\mu}g/L$ in March, $26{\sim}125{\mu}g/L$ in June, $22{\sim}140{\mu}g/L$ in September and $50{\sim}162{\mu}g/L$ in December. The higher levels of boron were found at Kum-ho river nearby the industrial complex, which seemed to be greatly affected by domestic sewages and wastewater from the upper streams. Thus, the concentration of boron and that of other components showed strong statistical correlation in this area. In the Nak-dong River, industrial wastewater and domestic sewages is thought to be the sources of boron.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1991

This study was carried out for 5 years between 1984 and 1986 and 1989 and 1990. This interviewers visited 292 households to evaluate the perception of the residents using .the. Simple Piped Water Supply (SPWS), and examined the pollution source surrounding 42 SPWS facilities and water quality by the chemical and microbiological method. The purpose of this study was to find out problems linked with SPWS and to investigate more efficient way of improvement in rural water supply. The results of the study are surmnarized as follows: 1) Approximately 55% of the sampled population have been served by simple piped water supply. 2) The drinking water was mostly taken from the springs in 16 sites and valley water in 26 sites. 3) Considering the type of distribution of the SPWS, there are 28 natural gravity systems and 14 pumping systems. 4) Out of the 180 SPWS in Chun Sung Area, 74% of the SPWS facilities were used more than ten years. In addition, 40% of residents expressed the need for repairs of old facilities. 5) 48% of the SPWS facilities are neighbored with pollution source. 6) 50% of the maintenance crews were not committed totheir job but instead, the facilities were operated by some residents or community leaders who were personally concerned about quality of the facilities. 7) About 85% of the residents answered that SPWS was convenient and helpful. 8) About 57% of the residents complaind that the amount of daily water supply is not adequate. 9) About 74% of the residents felt that the water quality is high for dringking water and therefore, 52% of the facilities were not properly chlorinated. But in contrast, the biochemical tests indicated that only 28% of the SPWS met the dringking water quality standards. 10) Maintenance cost per a household ranges form 500 to 2, 000Won (1 $ = 700 Won) a month. Most of the cost was to cover the power electric charge. For the effective maintenance and arrangement of the facilities, gorvermental financial support for the maintenance is strongly recommended.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

Manure recycling as fertilizer is one of solutions for the environmental problem related with livestock manure treatment as well as the ocean dumping ban act prohibiting manure disposal to the ocean. For the manure disposal, forest area can be a candidate place because the area has a wide range of applicable sites. However, the manure application to the forest has a possibility of causing environmental impacts including water quality problems due to nutrient loading. Therefore it is necessary to investigate water quality impact from manure disposal to the forestry plantation. In this study, ground and soil water quality had been monitored in the bio-circulation experimental forest where low concentration liquid manure (LCLM) was applied. Soil and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed weekly from April to October in 2008 and 2009. The mean and variation of NO3-N concentration in soil water of LCLM treatment places showed higher concentration than the reference places declining during growing season. In the case of groundwater from monitoring well in the downstream of disposal site, the $NO_3$-N concentration was 3.59 mg/L in 2008 and 3.26 mg/L in 2009 in average showing higher concentration than the reference well although the concentration was not exceed the national drinking water standard. To investigate the source of nitrate, $\delta^{15}N$ isotope analysis was also implemented. Its result showed that the LCLM application could be the nitrate source requiring further long-term monitoring soil and water quality.