• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1311-1316
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• 2005

To better define the relationship between dermal regeneration and wound contraction and scar formation, the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) loaded in collagen sponge matrix on the fibroblast cell proliferation rate and the dermal mechanical strength were investigated. Collagen sponges with acid-soluble fraction of pig skin were prepared and incorporated with EGF at 0, 4, and 8 $\mu$g/1.7 $cm^{2}$. Dermal fibroblasts were cultured to 80$\%$ confluence using DMEM, treated with the samples submerged, and the cell viability was estimated using MTT assay. A deep, $2^{nd}$ degree- burn of diameter 1 cm was prepared on the rabbit ear and the tested dressings were applied twice during the 15-day, post burn period. The processes of re-epithelialization and dermal regeneration were investigated until the complete wound closure day and histological analysis was performed with H-E staining. EGF increased the fibroblast cell proliferation rate. The histology showed well developed, weave-like collagen bundles and fibroblasts in EGF-treated wounds while open wounds showed irregular collagen bundles and impaired fibroblast growth. The breaking strength (944.1 $\pm$ 35.6 vs. 411.5 $\pm$ 57.0 Fmax, $gmm^{-2}$) and skin resilience (11.3 $\pm$ 1.4 vs. 6.5 $\pm$ 0.6 mJ/$mm^{2}$) were significantly increased with EGF­treated wounds as compared with open wounds, suggesting that EGF enhanced the dermal matrix formation and improved the wound mechanical strength. In conclusion, EGF-improved dermal matrix formation is related with a lower wound contraction rate. The impaired dermal regeneration observed in the open wounds could contribute to the formation of wound contraction and scar tissue development. An extraneous supply of EGF in the collagen dressing on deep, $2^{nd}$ degree-burns enhanced the dermal matrix formation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.541-553
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• 2020

Purpose: In spite of the recent application of a general infection control method, central line-associated infections is still relatively high in Korea. Central line bundle with Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) tegaderm dressing was reported to be effective in reducing catheter colonization and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). Therefore, this study aimed to examine the incidences of catheter colonization occurrence and CLABSI while using Tegaderm vs. CHG Tegaderm dressings. Methods: We used a descriptive design. 400 patients who had central venous catheters were selected from four hospitals in the Korean National Healthcare-associated Infections Surveillance System. Of all subjects, 200 used Tegaderm™ (Tegaderm group), and the remaining 200 used CHG Tegaderm (CHG Tegaderm group) dressing at the catheter insertion site. Data were analyzed using the χ² test or Fisher's exact test, t-test, and logistic regression analysis using SPSS WIN 21.0. Results: In the Tegaderm and CHG Tegaderm groups, CLABSI incidences were 5.89 and 1.79 per 1,000 catheter-days, catheter colonization incidences were 3.93 and 1.43 per 1,000 catheter-days, and central line bundle compliance rates were 26.0% and 49.0%, respectively. Catheter colonization risk factors were 'reinsertion after failure' and 'Tegaderm dressing' at the central line insertion site. CLABSI risk factors were 'incomplete performance of 7 central line bundle items' and 'Tegaderm dressing' at the central line insertion site. Conclusion: A further prospective study is needed to examine the effects of central line bundle with CHG Tegaderm dressing, avoiding central line reinsertion after failure, and improving the bundle compliance in reducing catheter colonization and CLABSI.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.20-30
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• 2017

This study was conducted for the optimization of ingredients in salad dressing using Hwangdo peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). The experiment was designed according to the D-optimal design of mixture design, which included 14 experimental points with 4 replicates for three independent variables (olive oil 40~65%, peach puree 27~50%, vinegar 8~20%). The linear regression models for pH, viscosity and color value and the quadratic regression models for emulsion stability, all sensory evaluation of the products were proven to be valid by the F-test for the overall significance of the regression model at a 5% level. Viscosity and pH of the products increased as olive oil content. Color value, viscosity and pH of the products increased as peach puree content. pH, viscosity, redness, and yellowness of the products decreased as vinegar content. Sensory evaluation result of the products showed that general preference for the products were increasingly affected by the increases in contents then decreased as they exceeded the optimum levels. In consequence, according to result from the first stage of the experiment, the optimum ingredients ratios of the raw materials were set in olive oil 52.43%, peach puree 35.07%, and vinegar 13.91% for ingredients of apricot dressing. These results provided the possibility that peach can be applied to the preparation of a dressing, and thereby present baseline data for the development of new dressings. This is also presumed to meet demands of customers who are always in pursuit of new products.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1973

Bacterial cultures of the transfer forceps, 4"$\times$4"mesh gauze and polluted air of nursing units of general surgery, internal medicine, gynecology and pediatrics of S.N.U.H. were carried on for S consecutive days (from 17th to 21s1 August, 1972) to investigate the degree of contamination of such instruments which were used in dressing the patients. 1. The average hospitalized patients for each nursing unit were 24 persons. 2. The frequency of dressing, and using forceps and gauze in surgical nursing unit were 25,316 and 66 times respectively. Actually the forceps were used most frequently. There was no dressing in the nursing unit of internal median. 3. Most of dressing were carried on from 11 : 00 to 13 : 59 o′clock. 4. Averagely 121.5 persons passed through each nursing unit. 549 visitors dropped in the nursing unit of gynecology in maximum, and 219 visitors in the nursing of internal medicine in minimum. The visitors rushed in from 11 : 00 to 13 : 59 o′clock to he 142.5 persons for each nursing unit in average. 5. Colony counts after the bacterial cultures of the forceps and gauze disclosed 1098.44 and 704.51 per plate respectively. 6. The degree of contamination was parallel to the duration and frequency of dressings. 7. The degree of contamination of the instruments was severest in the nursing unit of internal medicine, and !east in the nursing unit of gynecology. On the matter of gauze, the contamination was most extreme in the pediatric nursing unit. 8. There was no significant daily differences in terms of contamination throughout the week. 9. It was disclosed that empty forceps jars were less contaminated than the jars with solution of any kind. 10. Bacterial cultures of the polluted air in corridor showed 73,88 colony counts per plate.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.607-612
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• 2005

A traditional tie-over dressing may be applied to support the take of a skin graft. Although there are many advantage of this method, it has significant disadvantages, including time-consuming application. Furthermore, when the dressing is changed, the gauze becomes hard and can be stuck to the graft, causing damage and pain upon removal. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the effect of semi-occlusive dressing using polyurethane foam and film dressing($Allevyn^{(R)}$, $Opsite^{(R)}$) after full thickness skin graft. The authors treated 45 cases including burn scar contracture(n=38), syndactyly (n=1), absence of nipple-areolar complex(n=4), traumatic skin defect(n=1) and contact burn(n=1) with authors' method and 39 patients including burn scar contracture (n=39) with the tie-over dressing between 2000 and 2004. The patients in polyurethane foam and film dressing group ranged from 1 to 62 years of age (mean age, 15.1 years) and the patients in tie-over dressing group ranged from 2 to 60 years of age(mean age, 21.3 years). The postoperative results were analyzed according to the following measures: (1) the duration of graft-taking, (2) the admission period, (3) complications. Compared with the traditional tie-over dressing, polyurethane foam and film dressing was shown to be more successful in a reduced duration of graft-taking, in which was similar to the former in the rate of graft-taking, a reduced admission period and patient's discomfort. We concluded that semi-occlusive dressing using $Allevyn^{(R)}$ and $Opsite^{(R)}$ was an effective method after full thickness skin graft, which was easy to shape to difficult body locations, such as web spaces, fingers and maintains a moist environment for wound healing and does not stick to the wound.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.687-690
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• 2011

Purpose: Pemphigus vulgaris, a rare autoimmune blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes remains a challenging disease to treat. Management is focused on immunotherapy against autoimmune antibodies that target keratinocyte cell adhesion molecules, and antibiotics preventing secondary infections. There is no established dressing protocol and skin is usually manipulated the least amount possible in order to minimize irritation. The authors suggest that early initiation of aggressive bathing and debridement of skin lesions, with nutritional support, is essential in accelerating resolution. Methods: A 40 year-old male previously diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris was admitted due to exacerbation of mucocutaneous lesions involving the epidermis and mucosa of the whole body. Steroids, immunosuppressants, intravenous immunoglobulin and antibiotics were administrated, but infection and de-epithelialization progressed, while his general condition deteriorated with a weight loss of over 20 kilograms. The plastic surgery department intervened with daily bathing, debridement of unhealthy debris and non-traumatizing coverage of growing epithelium. Total parenteral nutrition and mobilization with rehabilitation therapy was initiated as early as possible. Results: After bathing, healthy epithelium gradually covered the patient's entire body, while his general condition improved with a corresponding weight gain of 14 kgs. Conclusion: Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris focuses on immunotherapy and infection control. However, an equal amount of attention should be laid on early intervention with daily dressings including bathing and irrigation, nutritional support, and exercise as this accelerates resolution of existing infections, promotes healthy epithelialization and leads to faster recovery.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.266-270
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• 2018

Background Skin grafting is a commonly performed operation in plastic and reconstructive surgery. The tie-over dressing is an effective technique to secure the grafted skin by delivering persistent downward pressure. However, if an additional dressing is required due to incomplete graft healing, the process of re-implementing the tie-over dressing may be frustrating for both patients and surgeons. Therefore, we introduce the double tie-over dressing, which readily allows for an additional tie-over dressing after the first dressing, and we present a comparison of its effectiveness with that of the simpler bolster dressing. Methods Of 128 patients with a skin defect, 69 received a double tie-over dressing and 59 patients received a simple bolster dressing. Using the independent t-test, the mean healing time, which was defined as the mean time it took for the wound to heal completely so that no additional dressing was required and it was washable with tap water, was compared between the 2 groups in both the head and neck region and in other areas. Results The mean healing time for the head and neck region in the double tie-over dressing group was $9.19{\pm}1.78days$, while it was $11.05{\pm}3.85days$ in the bolster dressing group. The comparison of the 2 groups by the independent t-test revealed a P-value of 0.003 for the mean healing time. Conclusions In the head and neck area, the double tie-over dressing required less time to heal than the simple bolster dressing.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the current state of home health nursing (HHN) for elders and to provide basic data on policy alternatives for establishing home medical care in the advanced general hospital. Methods: This study was conducted as a secondary data analysis, using electronic medical record (EMR) data of older patients who received HHN more than once from the S advanced general hospital between January 2016 and December 2018. Results: A total of 1,790 patients received HHN visits, with 22,477 visits being made. The mean age was 76.8±7.3 years old, 96.0% of elders had health insurance and 24.6% had orthopedics problems. Of the 1,168 people who visited emergency rooms, the most frequent symptom was pain (23.4%) and all patients visited the hospital at least once and at most 163 times outpatient care during HHN. Causative diseases were degenerative knee joint osteoarthritis (0.6%), surgery for right knee replacement (4.0%), and for dressings (9.7%) in the HHN service content analysis. Conclusion: The progress towards an aging society and the introduction of community care are expected to further enhance the need for HHN which should be able to provide comprehensive and continuous visiting health care services to the older patients. The results of this study are expected to help doctors solve problems not solved by HHN, reduce unnecessary emergency room or outpatient visits, and readmission, while at the same time contributing to the improvement of patient quality of life through efficient patient health care.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2019

This study is a descriptive research of paramedic students who could be exposed to blood and body fluids during the clinical practicum to analyze the risk factors. From June 1 to June 30, 2018, 172 paramedic students who attended the University in Jeolla-do region were analyzed. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS WIN 21.0 program. The general characteristics of subjects, the exposure level of blood and body fluids, and etc were obtained for frequency and percentage analysis. The study found that 72.7 percent of students had experience to blood or body fluids exposure during the clinical practicum. Except for any needle injury, 70.4 percent of student were exposed to blood or body fluids. 28.8 percent of them which was the highest percentage of injection injury were exposed during the venous blood draw. 36.5 percent of exposure were related to wound dressings which was the highest percentage related to clinical procedures. 71.2 percent of students mentioned that they did not report this exposure because 68.5 percent students thought that it has no danger. According to the survey on hepatitis B, 50.6% of students had antibodies, but 31.8 percent of students did not confirm that the antibodies were formed. Even though paramedic students do practical training in a hazardous environment with repeated exposure to blood and body fluids due to the nature of job characteristics, the systemic infection control education program is insufficient. In order to prevent exposure and to protect paramedic students who do practical training with patients, it is necessary to make more systematic and active efforts in the continuous monitoring and the preventive education.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2019

Background Full-thickness nail bed defects with significant exposure of the distal phalanx are typically challenging to reconstruct. We describe a novel method of nail bed defect reconstruction using a thenar fascial flap combined with nail bed grafting. Methods Full-thickness nail bed defects were reconstructed in a 2-stage operation involving the placement of a thenar fascial flap and subsequent nail bed grafting. A proximally-based skin flap was designed on the thenar eminence. The flap was elevated distally to proximally, and the fascial layer covering the thenar muscle was dissected proximally to distally. The skin flap was then closed and the dissected fascial flap was turned over (proximal to distal) and inset onto the defect. The finger was immobilized for 2 weeks, and the flap was dressed with wet and ointment dressings. After 2 weeks, the flap was divided and covered with a split-thickness nail bed graft from the great toe. Subsequent nail growth was evaluated on follow-up. Results Nine patients (9 fingers) treated with the novel procedure were evaluated at follow-up examinations. Complete flap survival was noted in all cases, and all nail bed grafts took successfully. Five outcomes (55.6%) were graded as excellent, three (33.3%) as very good, and one (11.1%) as fair. No donor site morbidities of the thenar area or great toe were observed. Conclusions When used in combination with a nail bed graft, the thenar fascial flap provides an excellent means of nail bed reconstruction.