• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2006

In this study, the large scaled model test improved by sand drain was carried out to clarify the internal behavior of the three-dimensional consolidation under different secondary consolidation periods. From the results of model test, the void ratio in the undrained side was lager than in the drained side. In addition, the unconfined compressive strength in the long-term consolidated specimen was larger than that in the short-term consolidated one. It was also found that the unconfined compressive strength was larger in the drained side than in the undrained side. These reasons are considered to be due to the large effective stress by quick pore water pressure dissipation by the short drainage distance in the drained side. Furthermore, in order to investigate the three-dimensional consolidation behavior of clay ground improved by the vertical drain method, the numerical analysis obtained from the three-dimensional elasto-viscous consolidation theory proposed by author (2006) were compared with the test results. It was found that during the three-dimensional consolidation process not only vertical displacement but also radial displacement occurs inside the specimen.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2006

Environment friendly agriculture is nowadays a major fiend to sustain balanced agricultural ecosystem, keeping its productivity. This study was conducted to determine the optimum levels of nitrogen (N) application for improving rice productivity and reducing N loss through N application based on soil diagnosis. four levels of N were applied with 0, 50, 100 and 150% of recommended levels by soil testing in 4 different paddy soils (i.e. normal, sandy, ill-drained and immature soils). Across N treatments, the greatest grain yield was observed in sandy soil and the lowest in ill-drained soil. The grain yield tended to decrease with increasing N application from 50% to 150% of recommended levels, except ill-drained soil. To ensure maximum yield the optimum levels of N application were estimated at 120 kg, 153 kg and 173 kg $ha^{-1}$ in normal, immature and sandy soil, respectively.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 1996

Silage comkv, suwwn 19). sorghum $\times$ sudangrass(p. 988) and winter ryeNaton) were cultivated on imperfectly drained paddy field under two different draining methods, subsurface darinage by PVC pipes and open ditsched surface drainage. The crops were harvested at the stage of hard dough for corn and soft dough for wrghum and rye. The soil physical properties. soil colors. soil structure and soil wetness were improved in the subsurface drainage. Gravitational water table occured depth in 110 cm(dry season)~75cm(rain season). In soil profile description, yellowish brown with yellowish red mottles and well developed granular structure were found in the surface A horizon. The portion of solid phase in subsoils(B horizon) was reduced from 48.6%(undrained) to 43.7 %. A blocky structure with dark gray to gray were described in the open ditsched surface drainage. Severe wet depression of the crops was observed due to it's higher moisture contents, where the gravitational water occured depth in 25~37cm during the rainy season. The chemical properties of paddy soils were less affected by drainage methods. The concentration of available phosphate. organic matter and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg were decreased in the subsurface drained soils. The annual dry matter yields of com-rye cropping were 17.8 ton in the undrained, 21.6 ton in the open ditsch drainage and 35.9 ton/ha in the subsurface drainage.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.435-445
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• 2019

A series of element tests with different drainage conditions and strain rates were performed on compacted unsaturated non-plastic silt in unconfined conditions. Soil samples were compacted at water contents from dry to wet of optimum with the degree of saturation varying from 24 to 59.5% while maintaining the degree of compaction at 80%. The tests performed were shear infiltration tests in which specimens had constant net confining pressure, pore air pressure was kept drained and constant, just before the shear process pore water pressure was increased (and kept constant afterwards) to decrease matric suction and to start water infiltration. In constant water content tests, specimens had constant net confining pressure, pore air pressure was kept drained and constant whereas pore water pressure was kept undrained. As a result, the matric suction varied with increase in axial strain throughout the shearing process. In both cases, maximum shear strength was obtained for specimens prepared on dry side of optimum moisture content. Moreover, the gradient of stress path was not affected under different strain rates whereas the intercept of failure was changed due to the drainage conditions implied in this study.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.652-656
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• 2004

Both surface wash and backwash are considered as one of the most important methods that can improve the filtration efficiency in the existing water treatment plant. This study has mainly focused on the improvement of filtering efficiency by controlling surface wash and backwash time, and water level before backwash (when drained up to the trough, when drained up to 10 cm above filter bed, and when drained below 10 cm filter bed). Filtration efficiency was shown a little bit of differences depending on the operating conditions like surface wash injection pressure, the distance control between filter bed and the facility, and the types of surface wash. When the water level before backwash was reached up to 10 cm below filter bed after draining, however, the filtration velocity and the turbidity removal efficiency in the filter bed was improved. When the surface wash followed by backwash is longer, it showed a similar result. Because the proper adjustment of surface washing time makes filtration efficiency higher, therefore, it is necessary to set up the backwash time moderately.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.669-685
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• 2015

A three-dimensional elastoplastic constitutive model, also known as a UH model (Yao et al. 2009), was developed to describe the stress-strain relationship for normally consolidated and over-consolidated soils. In this paper, an acoustic tensor and discriminator of bifurcation for the UH model are derived for the strain localization of saturated clays under undrained and fully and partially drained conditions. Analytical analysis is performed to illustrate the points of bifurcation for the UH model with different three-dimensional stress paths. Numerical analyses of cubic specimens for the bifurcation of saturated clays under undrained and fully and partially drained conditions are conducted using ABAQUS with the UH model. Analytical and numerical analyses show the similar bifurcation behaviour of overconsolidated clays in three-dimensional stress states and various drainage conditions. The results of analytical and numerical analyses show that (1) the occurrence of bifurcation is dependent on the stress path and drainage condition; and (2) bifurcation can appear in either a strain-hardening or strain-softening regime.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.493-503
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• 2022

Cavity expansion is a classical problem in the field of solid mechanics with a wide range of applications in geotechnical and petroleum engineering. A drained solution is developed for cylindrical cavity expansion in anisotropic soils under biaxial in-situ stresses using a K0-based anisotropic modified Cam-clay model (K0-AMCC). The problem is formulated by solving differential equations using an auxiliary variable, which provides analytical expressions for the volume and four stress components of the soil around the cylindrical cavity. The solution is validated by comparisons with existing well-developed solutions. The results show that the present solution well captures the cavity expansion responses in anisotropic soils under biaxial in-situ stresses, and removes limiting assumptions that the cylindrical cavity expands under uniform in-situ stress in isotropic soils. The elastic-plastic boundary of the expanding cylindrical cavity in K0-consolidated anisotropic soils under biaxial in-situ stresses is a circle rather than an ellipse in isotropic soils, and the mathematical proof is provided in detail.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2012

사질토의 전단강도정수 중의 하나인 내부마찰각은 일반적으로 직접전단시험 또는 삼축압축시험으로 구할 수 있다. 한편 삼축압축시험 결과는 구속압, 전단속도, 공시체의 직경이나 높이, 단부조건 등과 같은 다양한 공시체 및 실험조건에 의해 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강모래로 직경이 5, 7, 10cm인 느슨한(상대밀도 40%) 및 조밀한(상대밀도 80%) 공시체를 만든 다음 배수 및 비배수 전단시험을 실시하여 공시체의 직경이 모래의 배수 및 비배수 전단강도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. Mohr응력원으로부터 구한 마찰각은 상대밀도에 관계없이 비배수 전응력마찰각, 비배수 유효응력마찰각 및 배수마찰각 모두 공시체의 직경이 5, 7, 10cm로 증가함에 따라 약간 증가하다가 다시 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 앞서 언급한 세 종류 마찰각에서 공시체 직경에 따른 각각의 마찰각 차이는 비배수시험에서 얻은 조밀한 공시체의 전응력마찰각이 4.5도로 가장 큰 차이를 보였으나, 나머지는 2도 이내의 미미한 차이를 나타내었다. 한편 비배수시험에서 얻은 유효응력마찰각과 배수시험에서 얻은 배수마찰각을 비교하였을 때 느슨한 공시체의 경우에는 최대 7도 정도 차이가 났으나 조밀한 공시체의 경우에는 거의 차이가 나지 않았다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2022

국내 내진설계의 경우, 일반적으로 비배수 조건 해석을 통해 구조물과 지반의 변형을 검토하여 이를 설계 및 유지보수에 적용한다. 하지만 지진과 같은 동적하중에 의해 발생한 액상화 현상 이후 과잉간극수압의 소산과정을 거치게 되면 추가적인 지반의 침하가 발생하고 그에 따른 더 큰 피해가 발생한다. 그러므로 배수조건의 해석이 추가적으로 요구되는 실정이며, 지진이 끝난 후 소산과정을 거친 지반의 침하량을 산정하고 검토하는 등의 정확한 지반의 거동을 파악해 이를 설계 및 유지보수에 함께 적용해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 순수 사질토 지반을 Dr=30%의 느슨한 지반과 Dr=70%의 조밀한 지반으로 구분하여 비배수조건과 배수조건을 가정해 수치해석을 실시하였다. 특히, 지진과 같은 동적하중이 작용할 때, 지반의 배수조건을 고려하여 느슨한 지반과 조밀한 지반의 침하량 및 과잉간극수압비를 비교하고, 지진이 끝난 후 지반의 소산과정에서 나타나는 침하량 및 과잉간극수압비를 비교, 분석하는 부분에 초점을 맞췄다. 그 결과 지진 시 발생한 지반의 침하량 보다 소산과정을 거친 지반의 침하량이 약 30~60배 큰 결과를 얻었다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2019

순환식 수경재배 시스템을 이용한 배액의 재활용은 수자원 및 생산비 절감, 환경오염 방지를 위하여 중요하다. 따라서 일반 토마토인 'Bonus'를 110일간 반촉성 수경재배하면서 생육 단계별 식물체, 공급액 및 배액의 무기원소 농도 분석을 통하여 순환식 수경재배 시스템 개발을 위한 기초 자료를 확보하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 착과절위에 따른 엽의 T-N 함량은 생육 초기에 약 4.1%로 높았으나 생육 후기로 갈수록 낮아져 8화방 개화기에는 3.9%로 낮아졌다. P 함량은 초기에 높았으며, 3-7화방까지는 비슷하였고, 8화방에서 낮았다. Ca, Mg 및 Na은 생육초기보다 후기로 갈수록 함량이 높아져 8화방 개화기에 가장 높았다. 토마토 생육 기간이 경과할수록 공급 양액과 배액의 $NO_3-N$, P, K, Ca 및 Mg 농도는 정식 5주 후까지의 생육 초기에는 비슷하였으나 생육 후기로 갈수록 공급액보다 배액에서 농도가 높아지는 경향이었다. B, Fe 및 Na의 경우 생육 초기에는 배액의 농도가 약간 높았으며 중기 이후부터 공급액보다 배액의 농도가 높았다. 이상의 결과는 토마토 순환식 반촉성 수경재배 시 배액의 무기원소 농도를 교정하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.