• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.52-52
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• 2001

Many nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the exchange of ${\gamma}$-phosphates between tri- and diphosphonucleosides. The catalytic Many nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the exchange of ${\gamma}$-phosphates between tri- and diphosphonucleosides. The catalytic reaction follows a ping-pong mechanism in which the enzyme is transiently phosphorylated on a histidine residue conserved in all nucleoside diphosphate kinases. Beside their role in nucleotide synthesis, these enzymes present additional functions, possibly independent of catalysis, in processes such as differentiation, cell growth, tumor progression, metastasis and development. To clone murine nm23-M5, several expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the GenBank data base, selected according to their homology to nm23-H5 cDNA, reconstituted a complete open reading frame (GenBank AF222750). To test whether murine NDPKs (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) can inhibit Bax-mediated toxicity in yeast, co-transformation was performed respectively. The yeast S.cerevisiae was transformed with a copy expression plasmid containing the histidine selection marker and expressing murine Bax under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. Several clones were selected and found to be growth inhibited when Bax expression was induced with galactose. A representative clone was transformed again with a copy expression plasmid containing the tryptophane selection marker and expressing either murine Bcl-xL or NDPK under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. Several subclones of the double-transformants were selected and characterized. The ability of Bcl-xL and NDPKs to suppress Bax-mediated toxicity was determined by growing yeast cells overnight in galactose media and spot-testing on galactose plates starting with an equal number of yeast cells as determined by taking the OD$_{600}$. Ten-fold serial dilutions were used in the spot-test. Plates were grown at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 2-3 days. All murine NDPKs suppressed Bax dependent apoptosis. Futher study will be peformed whether Bax-toxicity inhibition was caused by NDP kinase activity or additional function.n.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.860-870
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• 2023

Objective: The intra-parotid facial nerve (FN) can be visualized using three-dimensional double-echo steady-state water-excitation sequence magnetic resonance imaging (3D-DESS-WE-MRI). However, the clinical impact of FN imaging using 3D-DESS-WE-MRI before parotidectomy has not yet been explored. We compared the clinical outcomes of parotidectomy in patients with and without preoperative 3D-DESS-WE-MRI. Materials and Methods: This prospective, non-randomized, single-institution study included 296 adult patients who underwent parotidectomy for parotid tumors, excluding superficial and mobile tumors. Preoperative evaluation with 3D-DESS-WE-MRI was performed in 122 patients, and not performed in 174 patients. FN visibility and tumor location relative to FN on 3D-DESS-WE-MRI were evaluated in 120 patients. Rates of FN palsy (FNP) and operation times were compared between patients with and without 3D-DESS-WE-MRI; propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were used to adjust for surgical and tumor factors. Results: The main trunk, temporofacial branch, and cervicofacial branch of the intra-parotid FN were identified using 3D-DESS-WE-MRI in approximately 97.5% (117/120), 44.2% (53/120), and 25.0% (30/120) of cases, respectively. The tumor location relative to FN, as assessed on magnetic resonance imaging, concurred with surgical findings in 90.8% (109/120) of cases. Rates of temporary and permanent FNP did not vary between patients with and without 3D-DESS-WE-MRI according to PSM (odds ratio, 2.29 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.64-8.25] and 2.02 [95% CI: 0.32-12.90], respectively) and IPTW (odds ratio, 1.76 [95% CI: 0.19-16.75] and 1.94 [95% CI: 0.20-18.49], respectively). Conversely, operation time for surgical identification of FN was significantly shorter with 3D-DESS-WE-MRI (median, 25 vs. 35 min for PSM and 25 vs. 30 min for IPTW, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Preoperative FN imaging with 3D-DESS-WE-MRI facilitated anatomical identification of FN and its relationship to the tumor during parotidectomy. This modality reduced operation time for FN identification, but did not significantly affect postoperative FNP rates.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2007

생쥐의 난자는 특별한 첨가물이나 난구세포 없이 체외 배양해도 성숙율이 높은 반면 돼지 난자의 체외성숙율은 매우 낮다. 본 연구는 이러한 차이의 원인을 연구하기 위하여 생쥐와 돼지 난자의 에너지 생성에 관여하는 유전자인 malate dehydrogenase(Mor2)의 기능을 RNAi를 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 생쥐와 돼지 각각의 Mor2 double-stranded RNA(dsRNA)를 제작하고, 생쥐는 난구세포를 제거한 미성숙(GV) 난자의 세포질에 mMor2 dsRNA를 미세 주입한 후 16시간 동안 배양하였고, 돼지는 난구세포를 제거하거나(DO) 혹은 그대로인 상태(COCs)로 pMor2 dsRNA를 미세 주입한 후 48시간 동안 배양하였다. 사용한 배양액은 M199에 10%의 porcine follicular fluid, pyruvate, p-FSH, EGF, cystein, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 등이 첨가된 배양액을 사용하였고, 배양 후 난자의 형태학적 변화를 관찰하고, Mor2 mRNA양의 변화를 RT-PCR로 확인하여 RNAi 결과, 염기서열 특이적으로 Mor2 발현이 억제됨을 확인하였다. 돼지 난자의 pMor2 RNAi 결과, DO 난자에서는 약 58%의 난자가 MI에서 성숙이 억제되었으나, COCs에선 84.4%가 MII로 성숙하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이는 돼지의 난구세포가 난자 성숙에 매우 중요하며, 특히 malate 공급에 관여할 것임을 시사한다. 선행 연구 Mor2 RNAi 결과, 생쥐는 GV에서, 본 연구에서 돼지는 MI에서 성숙이 정지되었기 때문에 이러한 차이가 배양액의 차이인지 다시 mMor2 RNAi 후 생쥐 난자를 M199 배양액에 16시간 동안 배양한 후 성숙율을 관찰하였더니 MII로의 성숙율은 62%로 대조군과 비교하여 큰 차이가 없었다(non-injected: 76.8%, buffer-injected: 73.3%). 이는 mMor2 RNAi 결과가 배양액의 조성에 의해 극복될 수 있음을 보여준 결과다. 생쥐와 돼지에서 서로 다른 대사과정을 갖고 있음은 바로 이 두 종에서의 체외성숙율 차이의 원인이 될 수 있을 것이며, 앞으로 두 종에서의 난자와 난구세포간의 상호작용 및 대사 경로 등에 관한 심도 깊은 비교 분석 연구를 통하여 돼지의 체외성숙율을 증가시킬 수 있는 배양 시스템의 개발이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.118-138
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• 1996

Because of accelerated urbanization public body visiting nursing project that started according as matter of health on urban class in the lower brackets of income was concentrated on Social interests has a unsatisfied points to propel project efficiently from the lack of rating materials. Therefore centering around written contents in documentary literature of citizen health by household in five years from starting year of project to now. visiting frequency by medical manpower was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively in aspect of management hereupon. for the sake of giving a basic materials for public health project of this field. This research presents documentary literature of citizen health which become materials is that as one person's charged region of nurse in duty scale. district is Kang-Buck Gu. the object is resident in the lower brackets of income grounded livelihood protection law and who is admitted by the head of organ~chief of health care). and the number of material centering around the head of a household is 415 copy. The result of research is summarized. as follow. 1. Average visiting frequency examinated by medical manpower show difference according to valuables of supervision characteristics namely average visiting. Frequency of nurse has long term residence in case registration season is early and supervision season is the first year and is high incase a kind of house is unlicdnsed mountain town. Average visiting frequency with doctor is high incase supervision season is the first year and the medical insurance system is admitted by chief of health care. That shows that a man of discomfort behavior left alone are yet many in local society. The meaning of this result shows that the continuity of official relation about class in the lowest brackets of income of long term residence goes well between househole who is a user of visiting nursing service of the object according to midway income under management influences a given duty of nurse s and so causes quantitative decrease. 2. In case behavier and condition of health that nurse diagnoses are bad. as the type matter is a lack of health and the number of patient is large. the average visiting frequency of nurse is high. because average visiting frequency with doctor is high as the condition of health is bad and the number of patient is large. That is similar with that of nurse. CD Average visiting frequency of nurse s seen by matter of disease is very high only in apoplexy by 39.50 and is confined within limits from 7.63 to 11.36 in other disease. But average visiting frequency with doctor is double as many as that of nurse but defined in apoplexy hypertension and articulate. (1) Average visiting frequency of nurse by existence in inoculation of hepatitis is low by 6.73 in unidentified group and very high by 26.89 in group of non-inoculation and the case of the antigenic positive man of B type hepatitis or epileptic who can't be inoculated shows 13.00 and that even family nursing service is needed to them. That result shows that though one person nurse of local charge has a large scale of duty. as visting nursing service is given a class who has a large demand preferentially by respectively accurate nursing diagnosis. the number of diagnosis service is similar with it. 3. During five years. average visiting frequency of nurse is 10.84 and average visiting frequency with doctor is 76.50 seeing from the official scale of nurse. visiting by household is performed two more per year to the average. Seeing this by type of service. average visiting frequency of nurse is higher in indirectly nursing than in directly nursing and that suggests that at the time of visiting household nurse performs education of protection lively save patient but at the time of contrastedly visiting with doctor. directly nursing is more contents of service show no difference by man power and medication dressing by demand is 14.3 and 18.6 the aid of hardship term of doctor and nurse is high by 18.7 and 17.00 in the request of hospitalization when seeing by demands. 4. Action by turns exemplified 1994 is well in sequence of 2/4 turn. 3/4 turn. 1/4 turn. 4/4 turn. When seen by average visiting frequency of nurse but gradually is even. Without difference by turns. average visiting frequency of doctor is much higher in 1/4 turn than other turns. Type of service by turns is all even but directly nursing is inactive in 4/4 and indirectly nursing. Very increases in 4/4 and so. Nurse's quantity of duty is plentiful that shows that by evaluation of last turn and plan of project. Contents of service follows that medication and dressing is the highest by' 5.57 in 1/4turn. goes down gradually by turn. becomes 3.57 in 3/4 turn. and increases again by 4.83 in 4/4 turn. the rest service is higher in 2/4 turn than other turns. 5. Total visiting frequency of nurse is explained to total $37.5\%$ by six valuables of visiting frequency of doctor. nursing demand. demand of diagnosis. condition of behavior. year. Special terms and magnitude of influential power is the same as sequence of enumerated valuables. Namely. the higher the visiting frequency of doctor. the bigger nursing and demand of diagnosis is. the worse the condition of behavior is. the older the object is and the more the household of special terms is. the high total visiting frequency of nurse is.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 2차원 바코드를 이용한 오디오 워터마킹 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 삽입되는 워터마크 정보로는 2차원 바코드인 QR 코드를 변형하여 이용하였다. 2차원 바코드가 1차원 바코드에 비하여 많은 정보를 표현할 수 있고, 코드자체가 에러 보정능력을 내재하고 있는 장점을 이용하여 워터마킹 알고리즘의 견고성을 높였다. 또한 부분적인 워터마크 정보의 손실에 대응하기 위하여 직교코드를 이용하여 삽입대역을 확산했으며, 삽입강도 0.7에서 50dB 이상의 우수한 품질을 확보할 수 있었다.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 1995년도 Proceedings of special lectures on Molecular Biological Approaches to Plant Disease National Agricultural Science and Technology Institute Suwon, Korea
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• pp.77-96
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• 1995

To obtain basic informations for the improvement of seed potato production in Korea, some etiological properties of potato virus Y(PVY) distributed in the major seed potato production area(Daekwanryeong) were characterized, and the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the coat protein gene of the PVY strains isolated were analyzed. PVY strains in Daekwonryeong, an alpine area, were identified to be two strains, PVYo and PVYN by symptoms of indicator plants, and their distribution in potato fields was similar. Major symptom on potato varieties by PVY was grouped as either mosaic alone or mosaic accompanied with veinal necrosis in the lower leaves. The symptom occurrence of the two symptoms was similar with Irish Cobbler, but Superior showed a higher rate of mosaic symptom than the other. The PVY strain which was isolated from potato cv. Superior showing typical mosaic symptoms produced symptoms of PVY-O on the indicator plants of Chenopodium amaranticolor, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc and Physalis floridana, but no symptom o Capsicum annum cv. Ace. Moreover, results from the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies showed that the isolated PVY reacts strongly with PYV-O antibodies but does not react specifically with PVY-T antibodies. The purified virus particles were flexious with a size of 730$\times$11nm. On the basis of the above characteristics, the strain was identified to be a PVY-O and named as of PVY-K strain. The flight of vector aphids was observed in late May, however, the first occurrence of infected plants was in mid June with the bait plants surrounded with PVY-infected potato plants and early July with the bait plants surrounded with PVY-free potato plants. PVY infection rates by counting symptoms on bait plants (White Burley) were 1.1% with the field surrounded with PVY-free potato plants and 13.7% the fields surrounded with PVY-infected potato plants, showing the effect of infection pressure. The propagated PVY-K strain on tobacco(N. sylvestris) was purified, and the RNA of the virus was extracted by the method of phenol extraction. The size of PVY-K RNA was measured to be 9, 500 nucleotides on agarose gel electrophoresis. The double-stranded cDNAs of PVY-K coat protein(CP) gene derived by the method of polymerase chain reaction were transformed into the competent cells of E. coli JM 109, and 2 clones(pYK6 and pYK17) among 11 clones were confirmed to contain the full-length cDNA. Purified plasmids from pYK17 were cut with Sph I and Xba I were deleted with exonuclease III and were used for sequencing analysis. The PVY-K CP gene was comprised of 801 nucleotides when counted from the clevage site of CAG(Gln)-GCA(Ala) to the stop codon of TGA and encoded 267 amino acids. The molecular weight of the encoded polypeptides was calculated to be 34, 630 daltons. The base composition of the CP gene was 33.3% of adenine, 25.2% of guanine, 20.1% of cytosine and 21.4% of uracil. The polypeptide encoded by PVY-K CP gene was comprised of 22 alanines, 20 threonines, 19 glutamic acids and 18 glycines in order. The homology of nucleotide sequence of PVY-K CP gene with those of PVY-O(Japan), PVY-T(Japan), PVY-TH(Japan), PVYN(the Netherlands), and PVYN(France) was represented as 97.3%, 88.9%, 89.3%, 89.6% and 98.5%, respectively. The amino acid sequence homology of the polypeptide encoded by PVY-K CP gene with those encoded by viruses was represented as 97.4%, 92.5%, 92.9%, 92.9%, and 98.5%, respectively.

• 식물병연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.276-285
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• 2023

본 연구는 국내 대추나무 바이러스 감염실태를 구명하기 위하여 시험포장 및 농가포장에서 다양한 이상증상을 나타내는 시료 61점을 채집하였다. 이후 채집한 시료는 메타전사체 분석, reverse transcription polymerase chain reac tion 진단, 염기서열 분석에 사용하였다. 그 결과 국내 대추나무에서는 2종의 DNA 바이러스, jujube associated badnavirus (JuBV), jujube mosaic-associated virus (JuMaV)와 1종의 RNA 바이러스, jujube yellow mottle-associated virus (JYMaV)를 동정하였다. 채집된 모든 시료는 3종 바이러스에 단독 또는 복합감염되어 있음을 확인하였다. 바이러스별 검출은 JuBV 100%, JYMaV 90.2%, JuMaV 8.2%로 나타났다. 3종 바이러스의 감염조합은 JuBV 단독감염 9.8%, JuBV+JYMaV 2종 복합감염 82.0%, JuBV+JYMaV+JuMaV 3종 복합감염 8.2%로 나타났다. 국내 대추나무에서 검출된 3종 바이러스의 염기서열 분석결과 중국에서 보고된 각각의 바이러스 분리주와 매우 높은 상동성을 나타내었다. 본 논문은 대추나무 바이러스 무병묘 생산을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되며, 국내 대추나무에서 바이러스 감염실태와 JuBV와 JuMaV에 대한 첫 보고이다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2000

목적 : 근치적 수술을 시행받은 직장암 환자에서 수술 후 보조치료로서 화학요법과 방사선치료를 시행시, 방사선 치료와 화학요법의 시행 시점에 따른 부작용과 치료 실패양상, 생존율을 비교하고자 전향적 무작위 3상 임상연구를 시행하여 가장 적절한 화학요법과 방사선치료 순서를 결정하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1996년 1월부터 1999년 3월까지 근치적 절제술을 시행 받은 이CC 병기 2기 및 3기의 직장암 환자 313명을 대상으로 조기 방사선치료군(arm I)과 지연 방사선치료군(arm II)으로 나누어 방사선치료와 화학요법 병용치료를 시행하였다. 화학요법은 5-FU 375 mg/m$^{2}$/day와 leucovorin 20 mg/m$^{2}$/day를 방사선치료와 동시치료 기간에는 3일간씩, 화학요법 단독 기간 동안에는 5일간씩 총 8회를 정맥주사하였고 방사선치료는 전골반 영역에 45 Gy/fractions/5 weeks를 시험하였다. 이 중 1998년 6월까지 등록된 228명을 대상으로 중간 분석을 시행하였고 228명중 두명의 환자는 이차적인 원발종양의 발생으로 분석에서 제외되었다. Arm I은 1회차 화학요법과 동시에 방사선치료를 시행하였고, arm II는 화학요법을 2회 마친 후 3회차와 동시에 시행하였다. 중앙추적관찰기간은 23개월이었다. 결과 : 국소재발은 arm I에서 11명(9.7$\%$), arm II에서 9명(8$\%$)이었고 두 군간에 통계적으로 의미있는 차이는 없었으나 원격전이는 arm I에서 22명(19.5$\%$), arm II에서 35명(31$\%$)으로 의미있게 arm 1에서 낮게 나타났다(p=0.046). 그러나 3년 무병생존율(70.2$\%$ vs 59.2$\%$, p=0.2)과 3년 생존율(89.4$\%$ vs 88.0$\%$, p=0.47)은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 방사선 치료중 RTOG grade 1 이상의 백혈구 감소는 78.3$\%$에서 관찰되었고 방사선치료 후 화학요법 기간 동안에는 79.9$\%$에서 관찰되었으나, RTOG grade 3 이상의 백혈구 감소증은 각각 2.1$\%$, 6$\%$로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 저위전방절제술을 시행받은 환자중 하루 10회 이상의 설사를 한 환자는 arm I에서 71.2%$\%$ arm II에서 42.6$\%$로 의미있게 arm I에서 높았으나(p=0.02) 이러한 부작용은 보조적인 치료로 회복되었다. 결론 : 근치적 절제술 후 그 순서에 관계없이 방사선치료와 화학요법을 시행함으로써 국소재발율을 낮출 수 있었다. 원격전이는 수술 후 조기 방사선치료군에서 더 낮은 것으로 나타났는데 뚜렷한 원인은 밝힐 수 없었고 향후추적 관찰이 더 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 본 치료는 대부분의 환자가 큰 부작용 없이 마쳐 비교적 안전한 치료임을 확인할 수 있었지만, 치료순응도는 좀 더 높아져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 1978

흑색(黑色) 화산회토(火山灰土)에 있어서 인산(燐酸)의 시비량(施肥量)과 시비법(施肥法) 그리고 규산(珪酸)의 시용효과(施用效果)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 제일작(第一作) 콩 파종시(播種時)에 처리(處理)하여 제이작(第二作) 보리 및 제삼작(第三作) 콩에서 잔효(殘效)를 보았는바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 인산(燐酸)의 한계시용량(限界施用量)은 대체(大體)로 콩에서는 10~20kg10a, 보리에서는 약(約) 100kg10a로 볼 수 있었다. 인산(燐酸)의 시용응수(施肥應酬)는 콩에서 낮고 보리에서 높기 때문에 보리 재배(栽培)를 위(爲)하여는 토양개량(土壤改良)이 우선(優先) 되어야 하며 인산(燐酸) 100kg/10a를 시용(施用)했을 때 생산력(生産力)은 2배(倍)로 증가(增加)되었다. 2. 유효인산(有效燐酸) 함량(含量)은 인산(燐酸) l00kg/10a를 시용(施用)했을 때 제일작(第一作) 수확후(收穫後) 토양(土壤)에서 175ppm이었으나 제이작(第二作) 수확후(收穫後) 토양(土壤)에서는 69ppm으로 떨어졌고 인산(燐酸) 흡수계수(吸收係數)는 1,146mg/100g에서 1,764mg/100g으로 높아졌다. 원토양(原土壤)의 유효인산(有效燐酸) 및 인산흡수계수(燐酸吸收係數)는 33ppm 및 2,290mg/100g이었다. 3. 인산(燐酸)의 가장 효율적(效率約)인 시용방법(施肥方法)은 퇴비혼용파조시용법(堆肥 混用播條施肥法)이었으며 그 잔효(殘效)는 제삼작(第三作)에 까지 크게 나타났다. 4. 충분량(充分量)의 인산시용(燐酸施用) 조건하(條件下)에서 검토(檢討)된 규회석(珪灰石)의 효과(效果)는 매우 컸고 그 잔효(殘效)도 삼작(三作)에 까지 크게 나타났다. 5. 규회석(珪灰石)의 효과(效果)는 보리에서 보다 콩에서 더욱 컸다. 즉 일작(一作) 콩에서 30% 이작(二作) 보리에서 12%(잔효(殘效)), 삼작(三作) 콩에서 20%(잔효(殘效))의 증수효과(增收效果)를 보였다. 최고수량(最高收量)은 콩에서 1,000kg/10a, 보리에서 500kg/10a 시용구(施用區)에서 나타났다.

• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.154-158
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• 2000

목적 : 정상견관절의 각기 다른 위치에 따른 관절와 상완 인대들의 해부학적 구조 변화를 관찰하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 정상 견관절 9례에 대하여 생리식염수를 주입하고 외전 및 외 회전의 위치를 달리하여(각각 $0^{\circ}$ 및 $0^{\circ},\;45^{\circ}$ 및 $25^{\circ},\;90^{\circ}$ 및 최대 외 회전) 자기공명 영상을 각각 촬영하고 이를 이용하여 3차원 영상을 재구성한 후 관절와상완 인대 특히 중 및 하 관절와 상완 인대를 관찰하였다. 결과:. 중 관절와 상완 인대는 $0^{\circ}$ 외전 및 $0^{\circ}$ 외 회전시 상완골 두의 전면 적도를 중심으로 상하부에 걸쳐 이중 곡선 모양으로 비스듬히 위치하였다가, 외전 및 외 회전이 점차 증가하여 $45^{\circ}$ 및 $25^{\circ}$에 이르면 점차 상완골 두의 전면 적도 부근에 신장되어 거의 직선에 가까운 비스듬한 주행을 보였으며, $90^{\circ}$ 외전 및 최대 외회전시 상완골 두의 전면 적도의 상부 위치에 다시 곡선 모양을 보였다. 반면 하 관절와 상완 인대는 $0^{\circ}$ 외전 및 $0^{\circ}$ 외 회전시 상완골 두의 전면 하부에서 완만한 곡선 모양으로 위치하였으며, 외전 및 외회전이 증가함에 따라 상완골 두의 전면 적도 아래에 위치하면서 아래쪽으로 볼록한 곡선 모양을 보였다가, $90^{\circ}$ 외전 및 최대 외 회전시 상완골 두의 전면 하부에 거의 직선에 가깝도록 신장되어 비스듬히 위치하였다. 결론 : 견관절을 $45^{\circ}$ 외전 및 $25^{\circ}$ 외 회전 할 때와 $90^{\circ}$ 외전 및 최대 외 회전 시 중 관절와 상완 인대 및 하 관절와 상완 인대가 각각 신장되어 관절와 상완 관절의 중요한 정적 안정화 구조물로서 작용한다고 사료된다.