• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.57-75
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• 2007

Bulguk Temple, one of the national temples, sublimated the high formalism and symbolism into lovely art, and thus be called the pinnacle of Korean architecture. Of many characteristic structures of Bulguk Temple, the stone stereobate and stairs have a great importance in that we can read out the purpose of the architect through their relics. Especially, the stone stairs are noteworthy for they structuralize the intentional space division. The objects of this observation are Yeonwhagyo and Chilbogyo bridges at the entrance of Keungnakjeon precinct, and Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo stairs at the entrance of Daewoongjun precinct. All these relics are the structures that divide the precinct areas on the basis of Buddhist theory and have strong symbolic meanings as well. Although the diverse studies have made on the structures, there are many insufficient aspects for the manifestation of the meanings. In this study, I considered the Buddhist dogmatic meanings of the structures in the formalistic view of the Buddhist architecture. The study was proceeded in the way that the establishments of former studies were fully reflected in it. Through the study, I could confirm that the objects of consideration have the double formalistic meanings and they are strongly structuralizing the symbolism.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 1994

The first part of this study dealt with the determination of soil parameters for Lade's double work-hardening model using the raw data obtained from cubical and cylinderal triaxial tests At present, it should be investigated which test can simulated satisfactorily the behavior of soft clayey foundation. In this regard, plate bearing test on the 2-dimentional model foundation(218cm long, 40cm wide, 19&m high) was performed, and finite element analysis carried out to abtain the behavior of the foundation. Settlement, lateral displacement, displacement vector and mode of failure were measured and these values were compared with numerical values in order to validate the numerical program developed by authors. The FEM technique was based on Christain-Boehmer's method, in which the displacement is obtained at each nodal point while stress and pore water pressure at each element.In this research, Biot's equation, which explains was elahorately the phisical meaning of consolidation, was selected, as a governing equation, coupled with Lade's double surface work-hardening constitutive model.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.22
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• pp.355-375
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• 2011

This paper investigates multiple marking of evidentials in Korean. Korean has 4 evidential markers: Present Sensory -ney, Past Sensory -te-, Inference -keyss-, Reported -ay. Korean allows evidential marked more than once in the same clause. Not all the possible combinations of evidential markers are, however, observed in Korean. Only five combinations of evidential markers are allowed: Inference followed by Past Sensory (-keysste-), Inference followed by Present Sensory (-keyssney), Past Sensory followed by Reported (-teray), Inference followed by Reported (-keysstay), Inference followed by Past Sensory and Reported (-keyssteray). Multiple making of evidentials in Korean seems to follow combination restrictions: i) Inference comes before Direct Knowledge, ii) Present Sensory and Reported cannot be marked in the same clause, iii) Reported must come after other evidential markers, iv) Past Sensory and Present Sensory cannot be marked in the same clause. Because of these restrictions, only 5 out of dozens possible multiple evidential marking combinations are observed in Korean. This paper takes inflectional suffixes including evidential markers in Korean as syntatic markers and argues that syntactic markers have their own scope and contribute semantic meaning to the scope not to the full sentence. Evidential markers in double marking have different syntactic scope and add not contradictory but complementary meanings to the preposition to express subtle and delicate evidential-related meanings.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.44-51
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• 2009

Various and complex cultural phenomena have led to many changes in the space. The concept of unconsciousness, among others, and experimental expression technique and the concepts from surrealism that rather attaches great importance to contingency than intentional attempt have been employed in the space. The abstract expression as expressional characteristics of surrealism makes the space ambiguous through the concept of automatism using the approach of indeterminism and double image expression, and represents the space providing diversity through the dualism. In contrast, objective expression, which was based on depaysement, generates the tension and expresses the dramatic situation in such a way and manner which are intentional, distorted transformed, together with heterogenous meanings aligned through the reversal appeared in the techniques of collage and paranoiac-critical method. However if such space accommodating the expressional characteristics of surrealism is approached as superficial concept in analyzing the human's inner consciousness and imaginary society, expression of the ultimate concept contained in the expressional characteristics of surrealism can hardly be achieved. Hence, the spatial analysis from the semiotic approach, instead of unilateral method aimed to convey the meaning only, which creates the signification, was adopted. The study, as effective approach to the space accommodating the expressional characteristics of surrealism, was intended systematically evaluate the concreteness of understanding and generation of meaning through the semiotic method. Greimas' semiotic square analysis to the space plays the important role in generating the spatial meaning, as well as is needed for objective analysis of the importance of various characteristics and methodology which the space contains through the expressional characteristics of surrealism.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.36
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• pp.169-184
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• 2018

This paper reveals the double meaning of the temporal background and spatial background on Shimchungga. Its temporal background is the fictional and romantic time of the story, while the time of the weary lives of ordinary people is realistic and historical in the late Joseon Dynasty. The spatial background has a dual meaning that reminds us of the ancient capital of China and Seoul of the Joseon Dynasty. Namgyeong, a spatial background is fictional and romantic where the daughter of the public, Simcheong, becomes "The mother of all the people." In addition, Namgyeong reminds us of Seoul, the capital of Joseon Dynasty. Shimchungga is based on the customs and manners of the late Joseon Dynasty, and it is embodied by borrowing time and space from China. It is recalled Joseon's as backgrounds of China First of all, Namgyeong on Shimchungga is the ultimate attraction of the free imagination of the ordinary people as well as Shin, Jae-hyo in the late Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 2023

Due to a mistranslation of Sanskrit to Chinese, East Asian Buddhist community misunderstands the original meaning of the fundamental word, 'sachal(寺刹)'. Sanskrit chattra, a parasol on top of a venerated Indian stupa buried with Buddha's sarira, became the symbol of majesty. The Indian stupa was transformed into a pagoda in China, and the highlighted parasol on the summit was transliterated into chaldara(刹多羅), an abbreviation for chal (刹), and finally designated the whole pagoda(塔). Sachal consists with lying low monastery and high-rise pagoda. Tapsa(塔寺), an archaic word of temple, is exactly the same as sachal, because chal means tap, pagoda. However, during the 7th century a Buddhist monk erroneously double-transliterated the Sanskrit 'kshetra,' meaning of land, into the same word as chal, even despite phonetic disaccord. Thereafter, sutra translators followed and copied the error for long centuries. It was the Japanese pioneer scholars that worsen the situation 100 years ago, to publish Sanskrit dictionaries with the errors insisting on phonetic transliteration, though pronunciation of 'kshe-' which is quite different from 'cha-.' Thereafter, upcoming scholars followed their fallacy without any verification. Fallacy of chal, meaning of land, dominates Buddhist community broadly, falling into conviction of collective fixed dogma in East Asia up to now. In the Buddhist community, it is the most important matter to recognize that the same language has become to refer completely different objects due to translation errors. As a research method, searching for corresponding Sanskrit words in translated sutras and dictionaries of Buddhism is predominant. Then, after analyzing the authenticity, the fallacy toward the truth will be corrected.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.91-104
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• 2010

Korea's stone buildings are varied in their types such as stone pagodas, stone lanterns, stone bridges, stoneworks, etc. These account for more than 30% over the entire cultural properties, but research achievements are lacking compared to wooden buildings. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the shape, role and transition of Tapgu, which had been used to set up boundary at a stone pagoda, one of the stone buildings. The 20th stone pagodas, which have relative accuracy in its forming year, have been studied around national treasure or treasure between 7th century and 9th century. There are a lot of different opinions about the role and meaning of Tapgu, and at this writer's option, Tapgu is defined as follows: First, each structure plays a different role. A structure to pass the load in the upper part to the ground can be seen as a stair or a pedestal, but a structure to form double foundations can be considered as Tapgu. Second, Tapgu can be used to divide areas with stones or stepping stones. As a result, the shape, role and transition of Tapgu is as follows: Firstly, when it comes to its shape, Tapgu includes flagstone type, belt type, double foundation type, compound type. Flagstone type had been used to set up boundary at stone pagodas by using foundation stone, belt type by keeping apart from stone pagodas, and double foundation stone by installing dual foundation stones. Secondly, Tapgu is considered to set up boundary in the case of flagstone and plate stone, and acts like a structure which can prevent surrounding area of stone pagoda from coming up while being stuck around stone pagodas. Belt type was installed only for the purpose of forming boundary. At the bottom, double foundation stone had been used to pass the load in the upper part to the ground in the same way as the foundation stone in the upper part, and the boundaries were set varying the size. Thirdly, when it comes to the transition of Tapgu, flagstone type of boundary stone had been installed in the 7th century, and belt type of boundary stone had been mainly installed in the 8th century. And double foundation stone had been installed in the 9th century. Comprehensively, flagstone type and belt type had been made around the 7th and 8th century when Tapgu was regarded important and stone pagoda started to be built. At the turn to the 9th century, the role of Tapgu had been increasingly losing in the construction of stone pagoda, and foundation stone started to appear.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.223-238
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• 2001

Decimal fractions are the practical system of notations representing real numbers. The set of decimal fractions with the definition of comparison of decimal fractions and the identification of their double representations is essentially the field of real numbers. Therefore, we have to clarify the concept of decimal fractions. However, there are problematics that the aquisition of the concept of decimal fractions is not easy. In this paper, we attempt to eradicate the problematics relevant to the acquisition of decimal fractions discussed above and find the desirable direction of instruction of meaning for mathematical symbols: The case of decimal fractions. In J. Hiebert & decimal fractions. First of all, we clarify the essence of them - ratio, operator and linearity. And we compare and analyse the theories about decimal fractions of Resnick, Drexel, Brousseau and Hiebert and the contents of texts about decimal fractions in Korea. Finally, we suggest the efficient instruction methods which are faithful to the essence of decimal fractions and choose some methods among them to plan the classroom instruction and implement the methods in the classroom.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to provide a executive guideline of humor in Print advertising by analyzing the copy style. For this aim, in-depth analysis about the copy style of humor in Print advertising collected by the web-site of TV cf from 2005 to 2008 was performed. In conclusion, findings showed that the copy style in the pattern of expression was focused on the psychological arousal and incongruity and the pattern of damaging and attacking someone's prestige was considered to be significant in some degree. It was also found that the copy style of humor in Print advertising in the method of expression was focused on the factor of pun, jokes, double-meaning but the factor of satire, irony and turns of phrase was a minority.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.8
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• pp.15-27
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• 1984

A costume study is a part of the cultural history and also has the greatest relation to life's senses as a concrete culture. Korean costume that consists a double structure with Chinese one through Chosun Dynasty five hundred years, has recently changed up to the Western Form. In this respect Korean Costume has a important meaning in relation to Western costume. Traditional costume, generally speaking, has tendency to keep up by the common people than the higher classes. Then there were four classes. They are aristocratic classes common people, those who are engaged in the form, industry, trade and low classes. Merchant of them partially took charge of the cultural exchange about contacting with tradition and new one. Because it's easy to flow in one's character the new civilization. So there is an important significance to research of the merchant's costume in Gae Hwa Gi changing age of civilization in politics, economic, and social system. The records appeared about the merchant's costume in the age of civilization through literature study and natural photo at that time.