• 제목/요약/키워드: Dosing

검색결과 529건 처리시간 0.026초

비글견을 이용한 GST 추출물의 단회 경구투여 용량증가 독성시험 (A Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of GST in Beagle Dogs)

  • 이철화;양원경;정인철;진미림;김승형;박양춘
    • 대한한방내과학회지
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    • 제37권1호
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    • pp.8-15
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    • 2016
  • Objectives: To provide information on the safety of GST (Gami-Sasangja-tang), we carried out a single oral dose-increasing toxicity test of GST in beagle dogs.Materials and Methods: Six beagle dogs (three males and three females) were randomly assigned to two groups (experimental group: n=4, control group: n=2). The experimental group (two males, two females) was given oral doses of GST in increasing order (1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg) at three-day intervals. After administration, the participants’ mortality, clinical signs, and body weight changes were monitored for two weeks. After two weeks, all dogs were sacrificed for autopsy.Results: Temporary vomiting was observed according to increasing dosage (n=1, 250 mg/kg; n=4, 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg). Transient diarrhea was observed on the second and third dosing day (n=1, 2,500 mg/kg; n=2, 5,000 mg/kg). Temporary salivation was noted on the third dosing day (n=3, 5,000 mg/kg). Compound-colored stool was observed in all dogs fed the GST on all dosing days and also on the following days. We found no mortality and no abnormalities in the clinical signs, body weight, and gross findings in any of the dogs tested.Conclusions: The maximum tolerated dose was over 5,000 mg/kg for both male and female dogs.

국내 3차 병원의 비만 암환자에서 각각 다른 체중 측정 공식들을 적용한 piperacillin/tazobactam의 용량 적절성 비교 연구 (Comparison of Appropriate Piperacillin/Tazobactam Doses in Korean Obese Patients with Cancer Based on Different Body Size Descriptor Equations in a Tertiary Care Hospital)

  • 김지현;양영모;윤현옥;최은주
    • 한국임상약학회지
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    • 제27권2호
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    • pp.83-91
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    • 2017
  • Background: Piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) is an antibiotic against a broad spectrum of gram-positive, gram-negative, and aerobic and anaerobic strains of bacteria. Due to changes in its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters by TZP-treated patients' renal functions and obesity, it is important to administrate and monitor TZP based on their renal functions and Body Mass Index (BMI) levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriateness of administration doses of TZP based on renal functions of obese cancer patients in a tertiary hospital. Methods: This study was retrospectively conducted with obese cancer patients with $BMI{\geq}30kg/m^2$ in a tertiary hospital, Korea from September 2004 to August 2014. Data were collected through Electronic Medical Record (EMR) which contained laboratory data and TZP dosing of each patient. Results: Among 7,058 patients during the study period, 102 prescriptions were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and classified by their renal functions. Although TZP should be used based on patients' renal functions to adjust its dose, its initial dose and dosing interval were consistently used without considering patients' renal functions on a regular basis. Especially, in the comparison with FDA dosing standard of TZP, approximately twice patients with $20mL/min{\leq}CrCl{\leq}40mL/min$ received domestically 4.5 g instead of 2.25 g as the TZP starting dose. Conclusion: The appropriate doses of TZP were administered to almost all of obese cancer patients; however, the recommended TZP dose was different between Korea and other countries by twice the amount. Further related studies are necessary to clearly determine the results, to optimize TZP treatment for obese patients with cancer in clinical practice, and to design and develop new TZP formulations for them in pharmaceutical industry.

Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin according to initial dosing regimen in pediatric patients

  • Kim, Dae-Il;Im, Mi-Sun;Choi, Jin-Hyoung;Lee, Jin-A;Choi, Eun Hwa;Lee, Hoan-Jong
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • 제53권12호
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    • pp.1000-1005
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: This study aimed to determine the optimal initial vancomycin dose to achieve appropriate trough levels in pediatric patients. Methods: We analyzed clinical data for 309 children treated with intravenous vancomycin between 2004 and 2009 at 2 different hospitals in South Korea. The patients were 1-16 years old and exhibited normal renal function. Patient data, including reason for treatment and initial dosing regimen, were reviewed. Two subgroups were identified and compared according to initial vancomycin dose: 40 (35-45) mg/kg/day and 60 (55-65) mg/kg/day. Trough levels were obtained at steady state after at least 4 doses of vancomycin. Results: Patients who received vancomycin had post-operation or wound-related infections (37.2%), localized infection (12.9%), catheter-related infections (9.4%), meningitis (8.7%), or endocarditis (6.8%). Pathogens were confirmed in 79 cases: 28 cases of methicillin-resistant $Staphylococcus$ $epidermidis$ (35.4%) and 25 of methicillin-resistant $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ (31.6%). Out of the 309 patients, 201 (65%) received vancomycin at 40 mg/kg/day and 108 (35%) at 60 mg/kg/day. Average trough concentrations were significantly different between the groups ($P$<0.001). Trough levels over 10 mg/L were less likely to be achieved in the 40 mg/kg/day group (14%) than in the 60 mg/kg/day group (49%) ($P$<0.001). There were no differences in renal function deterioration between the groups. Conclusion: A common vancomycin dosing regimen, 40 mg/kg/day, was not high enough to achieve trough levels of over 10 mg/L in pediatric patients. Careful drug monitoring must be performed, and increasing initial dose of vancomycin should be considered in pediatric patients.

랫드에서 fluoroquinolone 항균제 DW-116의 단회 경구투여에 의한 태반통과와 약물동태연구 (Placental Transfer and Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of the Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial DW-116 in Rats)

  • 김종춘;신호철;허정두;이종화;정문구;윤효인
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.43-49
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    • 2002
  • The present study was conducted to investigate the placental transfer and pharmacokinetics of the flu-oroquinolone antibacterial DW-116 in pregnant rats. The placental transfer and pharmacokinetics of DW-116 were examined after a single oral dose of 500 mg $^{14}C$ DW-116/kg on gestational day 18. Maternal and fetal tissues were collected at 0.17 0.5,1,2,4,8, and 24 h after dosing. Maximum radioactivity was detected in maternal plasma, placenta, and whole fetus at 1 h, and in amniotic plasma at 4 h after dosing. Thereafter, radioactivity gradually disappeared from these tissues and was 16~28% of maximum levels at 24 h after dosing. Radioactivity in whole fetus were higher than those in the maternal plasma and placenta. The $T_{1/2,abs}$, $T_{1/2,{\beta}},$ AUC, $T_{max},$ and $C_{max}$ in the maternal plasma were approximately 6 min, 13.3 h, 1620 $ug^*hr/ml,$ 0.5 h, and 136 ug/ml, respectively. Those in the placenta were approximately 20 min, 12.3 h, 2150 $ug^*h/$m\ell$,$ 1.0 h, and 172 ug/ml, respectively. Those in the whole fetus were 13 min, 12.8 h,2549 $ug^*h/$m\ell$,$ 1 h, and 191 ug/ml, respectively. In the amniotic fluid of maternal uterus, the 4T_1/2,abs}$, $T1/2,{\beta},$ AUC, $T_{max},$ and $C_{max}$ were approximately 1.3 h,9.3 h,2508 $ug^*h/$m\ell$,$ 4.4 h, and 135 ug/ml, respectively. While DW-116 disappeared biphasically from maternal plasma, whole fetus and placenta, it was eliminated monophasically from amniotic fluid. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the absorption and distribution of DW-116 in maternal plasma and placenta were extensively rapid, and that the test chemical well passed the blood-placenta barrier and was transferred to the fetus.

반하사심탕(半夏瀉心湯)이 Doxorubicin에 의해 유발(誘發)된 간장(肝臟) 및 비장(脾臟) 독성(毒性)에 미치는 영향(影響) (Effect of Banhasasim-tang on the Hepatic and Splenic Toxicity induced by Doxorubicin)

  • 황희정;신민규;곽민아;이윤희;김상찬;변준석
    • 대한한방종양학회지
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.9-21
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    • 2002
  • Object The effect of Banhasasim-tang extracts on the hepatic, splenic toxicity and induced by Doxorubicin administration(Three injection protocol) were monitored using male ICR mice. Method The changes of body weigh, organ weights of liver and spleen were observed with blood GOT and GPT level. Results 1. Increase of absolute and relative liver weight observed in Doxorubicin treatment group were dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-tang extracts. In addition, the degrees of liver congestion and necrotic spot were significantly and dose-dependently decreased after Banhasasim-tang extracts dosing groups compared to that of Doxorubicin treatment group. It is also demonstrated that elevated serum GOT and GPT levels in Doxorubicin treatment group were significantly decreased in Banhasasim-tang extracts dosing groups. 2. Decrease of absolute and relative spleen weight observed in Doxorubicin treatment group were dose dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-tang extracts. In addition, the degrees of splenic atrophy were significantly and dose-dependently decreased after Banhasasim-tang extracts dosing groups compared to that of Doxorubicin treatment group.

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Bioaugmentation이 간헐폭기 오수처리장치의 운전효율에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Bioaugmentation on Performance of Intermittently Aerated Sewage Treatment Plant)

  • 정병곤
    • 한국환경보건학회지
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.233-239
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    • 2008
  • In order to improve reactor performance of existing sewage treatment plants, the feasibility of enhancing reactor performance by bioaugmentation using EM as bioaugmentation agent and the effects of anoxic: oxic time ratio on reactor performance were investigated. Continuous and intermittent aeration modes were compared under the 6 hr of HRT. Three different types of intermittent aeration modes, that is, 15 min, of anoxic:45 min of oxic, 30 min of anoxic: 30 min of oxic, and 45 min of anoxic: 15 min oxic respectively were chosen as test modes to study the effects of anoxic : oxic time ratios on reactor performance. The optimum anoxic: oxic time ratio was 30 min:30 min when considering simultaneous removal of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus. When applying EM into a continuously aerated reactor under the varying dosing rates of 50-200 ppm, reactor performance in terms of organic and nitrogen removal efficiencies was not improved at all. Nitrogen removal efficiency was increase when the EM dosing rate was increased. However the degree of improvement was slight when the EM was injected above 100 ppm. However optimum phosphorus removal was found at the EM dosing of 200 ppm. Thus it was found that optimum injection concentration of EM is 200 ppm. It is apparent that putting EM into a sewage treatment plant significantly affects the T-N removal efficiency of the reactor by enhancing denitrification efficiency especially in operational conditions of relatively long anoxic periods. To achieve reciprocal condition in a reactor with intermittent aeration it is necessary to enhance the reactor performance by EM injection. In the case of modifying existing continuously aerated reactors into intermittent aerated reactors, it is obvious that operating costs of aeration would be reduced by reducing aeration time when compared with existing conventional sewage treatment plants.

신경회로망을 이용한 상수처리시스템의 응집제 주입공정 최적화 (Optimization of coagulant dosing process in water purification system using neural network)

  • 남의석;박종진;장석호;차상엽;우광방;이봉국;한태환;고택범
    • 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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    • 제3권6호
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    • pp.644-651
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    • 1997
  • In the water purification plant, chemicals are injected for quick purification of raw water. It is clear that the amount of chemicals intrinsically depends on water quality such as turbidity, temperature, pH and alkalinity. However, the process of chemical reaction to improve water quality (e.g., turbidity) by chemicals is not yet fully clarified nor quantified. The feedback signal in the process of coagulant dosage, which should be measured (through the sensor of the plant) to compute the appropriate amount of chemicals, is also not available. Most traditional methods focus on judging the conditions of purifying reaction and determine the amounts of chemicals through manual operation of field experts using Jar-test data. In this paper, a systematic control strategy is proposed to derive the optimum dosage of coagulant, PAC(Polymerized Aluminium Chloride), using Jar-test results. A neural network model is developed for coagulant dosing and purifying process by means of six input variables (turbidity, temperature, pH, alkalinity of raw water, PAC feed rate, turbidity in flocculation) and one output variable, while considering the relationships to the reaction of coagulation and flocculation. The model is utilized to derive the optimum coagulant dosage (in the sense of minimizing turbidity of water in flocculator). The ability of the proposed control scheme validated through the field test has proved to be of considerable practical value.

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A Simple Dosing Scheme for Intravenous Busulfan Based on Retrospective Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis in Korean Patients

  • Choe, Sang-Min;Kim, Gayeong;Lim, Hyeong-Seok;Cho, Sang-Heon;Ghim, Jong-Lyul;Jung, Jin-Ah;Kim, Un-Jib;Noh, Gyu-Jeong;Bae, Kyun-Seop;Lee, Dong-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제16권4호
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    • pp.273-279
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    • 2012
  • Busulfan is an antineoplastic agent with a narrow therapeutic window. A post-hoc population pharmacokinetic analysis of a prospective randomized trial for comparison of four-times daily versus once-daily intravenous busulfan was carried out to search for predictive factors of intravenous busulfan (iBu) pharmacokinetics (PK). In this study the population PK of iBu was characterized to provide suitable dosing recommendations. Patients were randomized to receive iBu, either as 0.8 mg/kg every 6 h or 3.2 mg/kg daily over 4 days prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In total, 295 busulfan concentrations were analyzed with NONMEM. Actual body weight and sex were significant covariates affecting the PK of iBu. Sixty patients were included in the study (all Korean; 23 women, 37 men; mean [SD] age, 36.5 [10.9] years; weight, 66.5 [11.3] kg). Population estimates for a typical patient weighing 65 kg were: clearance (CL) 7.6 l/h and volume of distribution (Vd) 32.2 l for men and 29.1 L for women. Inter-individual random variabilities of CL and $V_d$ were 16% and 9%. Based on a CL estimate from the final PK model, a simple dosage scheme to achieve the target $AUC_{0-inf}$ (defined as median AUC0-inf with a once-daily dosage) of 26.18 $mg/l{\cdot}hr$, was proposed: $24.79{\cdot}ABW^{0.5}mg$ q24h, where ABW represents the actual body weight in kilograms. The dosing scheme reduced the unexplained interindividual variabilities of CL and Vd of iBu with ABW being a significant covariate affecting clearance of iBU. We propose a new simple dosing scheme for iBu based only on ABW.

뇌졸중 환자군의 Warfarin Nomogram 설정을 위한 실제 처방전 평가 (Evaluation of Prescription Data for Development of Warfarin Nomogram in Korean Patients with Cerebral Infarction)

  • 장주영;고경미;윤지연;한옥연;임성실
    • 약학회지
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    • 제53권2호
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    • pp.83-88
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    • 2009
  • Warfarin is the most widely used oral anticoagulant in the world but maintenance of proper therapeutic range and prevention of adverse drug events always need to be careful. Especially, in Korea, warfarin dosing for patients with cerebral infarction is currently based on the nomogram which is done by foreign clinical trials not for the Korean. Therefore we evaluate warfarin dose of patients in the neurology and eventually get the base data of warfarin nomogram for Korean with stroke. We performed this study retrospectively on reviewing the medical charts to evaluate the prescribed loading dose (LD) and maintenance dose (MD) of warfarin and each responding International Normalized Ratio (INR) with any bleeding adverse drug reaction including of patient's characteristics for total 75 patients with stroke in the department of neurology of Kangnam ST. Mary's Hospital from January 2005 to June 2008. All evaluated patients should not be treated with warfarin in the past at all and should be initiated warfarin therapy first.ly at this time. All evaluated patients were divided as two classes by wafarin LD which is; 1) HDG - a high loading dosing group prescribed over 5mg, and 2) LDG - a low loading dosing group prescribed 5mg or below. As a result, average LD was $9.34{\pm}0.22$ mg (p=0.000) in HDG and $4.25{\pm}0.39$ mg (p=0.000) in LDG. Average baseline INR was $0.91{\pm}0.05$ (p=0.161) in HDG and $1.26{\pm}0.14$ (p=0.002) in LDG. On the first and second week, daily MD was $4.21{\pm}0.14$ mg (p=0.000) and $2.96{\pm}0.19$ mg (p=0.696) in HDG and also in LDG, $2.95{\pm}0.29$ mg (p=0.000) and $3.14{\pm}0.36$ mg (p=0.696). Also average reacting daily INR was respectively $2.53{\pm}0.12$ (p=0.141) and $2.51{\pm}0.16$ (p=0.678) in HDG, and in LDG, $2.11{\pm}0.17$ (p=0.141) and $2.42{\pm}0.14$ (p=0.678). After the second week, INR was not measured in regularly. Also most of underlying diseases were hypertension (n=38), diabetes mellitus (n=14), dyslipidemia (n=8) in order. Four ADRs with simple hemorrhage were occurred and those were due to drug interaction by comedication. In the conclusion, proper starting LD for Korean with stroke is 10 mg if baseline INR is around 1.0 or 5 mg if over 1.3. Proper MD need to be more evaluated in the future for setting up warfarin nomogram to make prospective study.

신경회로망을 이용한 상수처리설비의 약품주입 성능개선에 관한 연구 (A Study on the improvement of Chemicals Dosing Performance using Neural network in a Purification Plant)

  • 류승기;최도혁;홍규장;문학룡;한태환;유정웅
    • 조명전기설비학회논문지
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.104-113
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    • 1998
  • 일반적으로 수처리시설은 상수처리장, 하수처리장 등을 포함하며, 이중에서 상수처리공정은 취수, 응집, 침전, 여파, 살균소독처리 과정으로 구성되어 있다. 그리고, 응집.침선 처리공정은 상수처리시스템에서 가장 핵심부분 으로, 탁도의 처리에 가장 크게 영향을 주게 되며, 이에 따른 응집제의 주입공정을 개선하기 위한 노력이 필요하다. 응집제 주입공정은 응집 반응과정에 관여하는 여러 외부요소들과 탁도와의 관계가 명확히 규정되어 있지 않고, 외부환경조건에 따라 다양하게 변하는 원수로부터 적절한 응집제의 양을 간단하게 결정할 수 없는 상황이다. 따라서, 전반적인 원수처리 공정의 자동화를 위해서는 응집제 주입공정 자동화와 수처과시설의 유지관리기 능을 갖춘 운용지원시스템을 관리자에게 제공하는 것이 요구되었다. 본 논문에서는 수처리시설의 설비유지관리와 응집제 주입공정을 자동화하는 운용지원시스템의 프로토타입올 구현하고자 한다. 응집제 주업공정의 자동화를 위해서 실제 수처리공정에서 1년간 수행된 웅집제 투입양과 원수 의 수질을 결정하는 여러 요소들과의 데이터를 이용하여 신경회로망을 학습시카고, 이를 이용하여 응집제 주업량을 결정하도록 하였다. 이렇게 구축된 웅집제 주입공정 자동화는 운영지원 시스템내 에서 운영되며, 운영지원 시스템은 상수처리설비의 유지분수뜰 위한 설비관리와 상태감시를 하는 환경을 구축하였다.

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