• Toxicological Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.203-207
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• 2009

Present study was conducted to investigate potential effects of epichlorohydrin on testicular and epididymal function in male rats. The test chemical was administered to adult male rats by gavage at dose levels of 0, 3.125, 12.5, and 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Testicular and epididymal function were assessed by measurement of reproductive organ weight, testicular spermatid count, epididymal sperm count, motility and morphology, and histopathology in rats. At 50 mg/kg, a decrease in the sperm motility and an increase in the incidence of sperm abnormalities were observed. Histopathological examinations revealed an increase in the incidence of histopathological changes including cell debris in the ducts, vacuolization of the epithelial cells, oligospermia, and epithelial disruption in the proximal caput epididymidis. At 12.5 mg/kg, an increase in the incidence of histopathological changes of the epididymidis was found. There were no treatment-related effects at 3.125 mg/kg. These results show that 7-day repeated oral administration of epichlorohydrin to male rats results in adverse effects on sperm motility, sperm morphology, and epididymal histology at $\geq$ 12.5 mg/kg/day.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.847-852
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the effects of KH204 on the relaxation response and reproductive function in male. Strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were prepared for mounting and isometric tension measurement in an organ bath. On cavernosal strips contracted with $1{\times}10^{-6}$ phenylephrine and KH204 was applied in increasing concentrations from 0, 61, 183 and 549 mg/L, causing dose-dependent relaxation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with 61, 183 and 549 mg/kg/day of KH204 for 10 weeks. We examined organ weights, testicular sperm head counts, epididymal sperm counts, motility and morphology. KH204 relaxed rabbit corpus cavernosal strip contracted by $1{\times}10^{-6}$ phenylephrine in a dose-dependent manner. In the male rat, testicular weight was increased significantly in the KH204 treated groups compared with control group. Also in the testicular sperm head counts, epididymal sperm counts were increased significantly in the KH204-treated rats. In conclusion, the data suggest that KH204 could enhance erectile and reproductive function.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.600-606
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• 2023

Dengue virus (DENV) is a widespread arbovirus. To efficiently establish infection, DENV evolves multiple strategies to hijack the host innate immune response. Herein, we examined the inhibitory effects of DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) nonstructural proteins on RIG-I-directed antiviral immune response. We found that DENV2 NS2A, NS2B, NS4A, and NS4B significantly inhibited RIG-I-mediated IFN-β promoter activation. The roles of NS2B in RIG-I-directed antiviral immune response are unknown. Our study further showed that NS2B could dose-dependently suppress RIG-I/MAVS-induced activation of IFN-β promoter. Consistently, NS2B significantly decreased RIG-I- and MAVS-induced transcription of IFNB1, ISG15, and ISG56. Mechanistically, NS2B was found to interact with MAVS and IKKε to impair RIG-I-directed antiviral response. Our findings demonstrated a previously uncharacterized function of NS2B in RIG-I-mediated antiviral response, making it a promising drug target for anti-DENV treatments.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.140-150
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• 2018

In this study, effects of microground coffee on the quality characteristics and acceptability of instant coffee with probiotics were investigated. A central composite design with two factors (roasting degree and dose of microground coffee) was used and ranges of roasting degree and dose were 30~50 (L value) and 5~10% respectively. Aroma preference, sweetness intensity, bitterness intensity, acidity intensity, body intensity and overall acceptability were evaluated as sensory characteristics and quadratic regression models of all the properties were significant. Especially in aroma preference and overall acceptability, the higher roasting degree and dose of microground coffee, the more aroma preference and overall acceptability of the coffee increased. And this results accorded with the object of this study to increase aroma preference and overall acceptability by blending microground coffee with instant coffee. On the other hand, 129 of aroma compounds were detected in instant coffee with microground coffee but 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, ethyl-pyrazine and furfural were significant in quadratic regression models. The optimal conditions were predicted by response surface methodology and desirability function approach and the optimal conditions of roasting degree and dose of microground coffee were 30(L value), 8.4%(w/w) respectively to maximize 2 sensory characteristics (overall preference, aroma preference) and 3 aroma components (2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, ethyl-pyrazine, furfural).

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.16 no.6 s.111
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• pp.658-664
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• 2006

Shock vibrations are usually experienced in vehicles excited by impulsive input, such as bumps. The frequency weighting functions of the current standards in ISO 2631 and BS 6841 are to help objectively predict the amount of discomfort of stationary vibration. This experimental study was designed to develop frequency weighting shape for shock vibration having various fundamental frequencies from 0.5 to 16Hz. The specks were produced from the response of single. degree-of-freedom model to a half-sine force input. Fifteen subjects used the magnitude estimation method to judge the discomfort of vertical shock vibration generated on the rigid seat mounted on the simulator. The magnitudes of the shocks, expressed in terms of both peak-to-peak value and un-weighted vibration dose values (VDVs) , were correlated with magnitude estimates of the discomfort. The frequency weighting shapes from the correlation were developed and investigated having nonlinearity due to the magnitude of the shock.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.176-188
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• 1999

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of alcohol on neurocognitive function, psychomotor performance and subjective response in healthy Korean adults with different ALDH2 genotypes. Method : A total of 24 males, half with active $ALDH2^*1/2^*1$ and the other with inactive $ALDH2^*1/2^*2$, was selected through genotyping using restriction fragment length polymorphism. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design, each subject consumed 0.5g/kg dose of alcohol, given as a mixture of 40% vodka and orange juice, and placebo(orange juice) on two separate occasions on an average of weekly intervals. The blood alcohol concentrations(BACs) were measured using a breath analyzer at baseline and at 30, 60 minutes after drinking. P300s were measured at baseline and at 30 minutes after alcohol and placebo intake. Vital signs and psychomotor performance[Critical Flicker Fusion Threshold(CFFT), Choice Reaction Time (CRT), Digit Symbol Substitution(DSS)] were measured at baseline and at 60 minutes after alcohol and placebo intake. Subjective responses were measured at the end of the study. The statistical analysis focused on whether there were any differences between groups with different ALDH2 genotypes. Results : The major results are as follows. 1) BACs in the inactive group were overall equivalent to those in the active group. Only in terms of time, BACs were significantly higher overall at 30 minutes than at 60 minutes after alcohol intake. 2) Pulse rates were significantly increased after alcohol intake compared with placebo, and the increase was greater in the inactive than in the active group. 3) P300 latencies in leads Fz(frontal), Cz(cental) and Pz(parietal) were significantly increased after alcohol intake compared to placebo, and the increase was greater in the inactive than in the active group. P300 amplitudes in leads Cz and Pz were significantly decreased overall after alcohol intake compared to placebo. 4) Compared with placebo, alcohol produced significant effect on the psychomotor performance : impairment in the inactive group, improvement in the active group. 5) Compared with placebo, alcohol significantly induced a negative or an intense effect on the subjective responses in the inactive group, but little negative and even a somewhat positive effect in the active group. Conclusions : These results suggest that ALDH isozyme variance might be an important factor to determine the effects of acute dose of alcohol on the various psychobehavioural functions and also to determine the alcohol use pattern and to predict the future development of alcohol overuse and/or abuse.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.183-198
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• 1998

This study was done in order to present clinical trial method for safety of herb-acupuncture. The results were summerized as follow: In case of western medicine, clinical trial divides into four phase 1. Phase I: Investigate safety and drug movement for health people. 2. The first phase II: Investigate safety, effectiveness for the limited patient. The late phase II: Investigate propriety of an applicable disease, the way to use and dose. 3. Phase III: Through the comparative, public trial, investigate a final, applicable disease and side effect. 4. Phase IV: After NDA, investigate safety and effectiveness for the wide patients. In case of herb-acupuncture, we have to investigate the following for safety and effectiveness 1. Drug dose: Decide with 1/2 or 1/3 of oral dosage or a basis of animal's of maximum dosage or a ratio of man and animal. 2. Toxicity: Examine blood, urine, liver function, EKG, after herb-acupuncture during acertain period of time. 3. Regional response: Estimate response of swelling, redness, pruritus. etc 4. Treatment effectiveness: After exactly diagnosis, estimate effectiveness with a objective guide post.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.170-176
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• 2007

Purpose: To determine the role of radiotherapy for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 70 patients that had been diagnosed with HCC and were treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) for the PVT. The radiation dose ranged from 40 Gy to 60 Gy (median dose: 48 Gy) and the biological effective dose (BED) ranged from 31.3 Gy to 78.0 $Gy_{10}$ (median dose: 61.6 $Gy_{10}$). Response was determined by measuring the extent of the PVT on a CT image at 0, 1 and 3 months after completion of the radiotherapy. The median follow-up period was 9 months. Results: The response rate was 47.1% (33 patients), with two patients (2.9%) showing a complete response, 31 patients (44.3%) showing a partial response, and 35 patients (50%) showing stable disease or no response. The 1-year progression-free survival rate was 60%, and the median progression-free survival time was 17 months. The median overall survival time was 11 months, the median survival time in the responders was 15 months and in the nonresponders was 8 months (p=0.032). Four patients (5.7%) had transient liver function impairment during treatment. Radiation induced liver disease (RILD) was observed in only one patient (1.4%). Conclusion: Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for the treatment of PVT from advanced HCC was a relatively effective and safe method.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1981

In order to determine the dose-response relationship of ethanol on blood pressure and renal function, 2 doses of ethanol were intubated into albino rats. For a direct measurement of arterial blood pressure, a polyethylene catheter(PE 10) was implanted in the abdominal aorta, and the other end of the catheter was pulled out of the back of the neck. The experiment was conducted after the rats recovered from the surgery. After emptying their bladders, the rats were placed in a metabolism cage. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured and arterial blood samples were collected through the catheter. Following the collection of the control urine sample, 1 ml of 10 g% (low dose), or 30 g% (high dose) of ethanol/100 g BW was intubated. 1 ml of water/100 g BW was intubated into the control group. MAP and blood samples were taken every hour, and urine samples were collected every 90 min for 3 hours. Blood alcohol concentrations reached a peak at 1 hour (low dose: $105.0{\pm}7.5$, high dose: $214.7{\pm}20.2\;mg%$) and decreased linearly thereafter. Following alcohol ingestion, MAP began to decrease at 15 min and remained at a significantly low level thoughout the 3 hours experimental period(low dose: $112{\pm}2{\rightarrow}102{\pm}4$, high dose: $117{\pm}2{\rightarrow}100{\pm}8\;mmHg$). Urine Flow increased markedly during the first 90 min of ethanol ingestion (low dose: $0.88{\pm}0.20{\rightarrow}1.04{\pm}0.22$, high dose: $0.56{\pm}0.11{\rightarrow}1.35{\pm}0.18\;ml/1.5\;hr$) and decreased during the second 90 min period(low dose: $0.25{\pm}0.06$, high dose: $0.22{\pm}0.06\;ml/1.5\;hr$). Urine flow of the control group decreased gradually during the experiment $(0.88{\pm}0.10{\longrightarrow}0.59{\pm}0.09{\rightarrow}0.45{\pm}0.09\;ml/1.5\;hr)$. These results indicate that the blood-pressure-lowering and diuretic effects of ethanol are dose-related: higher doses of ethanol produce a greater decrease in blood pressure and greater diuresis.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1990

The effects of panaxytrion as known to be a cytotoxic substance isolated from Panax ginseng on the immune responses were examined. The i.p. administration of panaxytriol to normal mice for 6 consecutive days as doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg suppressed the increase of body weight dose-dependently but did not affect the weight ratio of immunoorgans to body weight, No significant changes were observed in the humoral immune responses as measured by Arthus reaction and plaque forming cells and in the cellular immune response as measured by delayed hypersensitivity as well as phagocytic activity of reticuloendotherial system. These results suggested that panaxytriol, a cytotoxic substance to cancer cells, has no detrimental effects on the immune function in normal mice.