• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2016

The ultimate research goal of the current study was a development of hydrolyzed whey protein powder (7%-GNANA) manufactured with normal content of sialic acid, a marker compound, that is naturally occurring at 7% concentration in GMP obtained from the milk protein. GMP is a safe food, used worldwide in infant and baby foods, etc. The test substance was prepared using (7% sialic acid containing) GMP as a raw material, and then using alcalase, an enzyme approved as a food additive, after separation of sialic acid with 100% efficiency and 7%-GNANA (containing 7% sialic acid and protein; product name: HELICOBACTROL-7) provided by MEDINUTROL Inc. (Korea). Bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test was conducted in accordance with GLP Guideline using the test substance specified above. To identify its mutagenic potential against microorganisms, histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella Typhimurium, TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, and tryptophan auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli, WP2uvrA, were used. The bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test was performed by dividing the test substances into five different concentration groups (0, 61.7, 185, 556, 1,670, $5,000{\mu}g/plate$). Results of this experiment did not reveal repetitive increase of colony generating values or positive criteria for reverse mutagenicity for any concentration of test substances in any of the five strains, regardless of the presence of a metabolic activation system, and no dose-dependency was identified. In conclusion, the safety of 7%-GNANA test substance was verified by bacterial reverse mutation test conducted before registration of 7%-GNANA as a food additive.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to develop hydrolyzed whey protein powder (23%-GNANA) manufactured with high content of sialic acid, a marker compound that is usually present at 7% concentration in GMP obtained from the milk protein. It is a safe food, used worldwide in infant and baby foods, etc. The test substance was prepared using (7% sialic acid containing) GMP as a raw material. Alcalase, an enzyme approved as a food additive, was used after separating sialic acid, with 100% efficiency, and 23%-GNANA (composed of 23% sialic acid and protein; product name: HELICOBACTROL-23), provided by MEDINUTROL Inc. (Korea), manufactured to have high (23%) content through ethanol soaking and enrichment. Bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test was conducted in accordance with the GLP Guideline using the test substance specified above. To detect its mutagenicity potential in microorganisms, histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, and tryptophan auxotrophic Escherichia coli strain, WP2uvrA, were used. The bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test was performed using five concentrations of the test substances (0, 61.7, 185, 556, 1,670, $5,000{\mu}g/plate$). The evaluation did not reveal repetitive increase of colony generating values and positive criteria for reverse mutagenicity for any tested concentration in the five strains regardless of the presence of metabolic activation system, and no dose-dependency. In conclusion, the safety of 23%-GNANA test substance was verified by the bacterial reverse mutation test conducted before registration of 23%-GNANA as a food additive.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.165-194
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• 2005

This study is to explore how TV drama describes divorce process by the reason of extramarital relationship in the drama. To explore this subject, 30 drama synopses delineating extramarital relationship were analyzed. The results revealed that most of the couples had difficulties in emotional relationship and communication. The couples relationship was described traditionally patriarchal: husbands showed their authorities and wives showed dependency on their husbands. The partners of extramarital relationship were the lovers before current marriage. The patterns of extramarital relationship included 'intention to look for vitality despite satisfying current marriage' for the husbands and 'intention to avoid dissatisfied current marriage temporally' or 'to maintain marriage despite dissatisfaction' for the wives. For those who married 6 years and longer, more extramarital relationship was accepted as a terminator of the marriage. And in many cases, the divorce dose not mean to maintain the relationship with extramarital partner but to collapse of trust in partner. The results imply that the social work needs to be more sensitive to middle-class couples' communication and relationship problems. This will lead to the development of the social work intervention program for the couples.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2005

The quality factors for cylindrical ionization chambers for kV X-rays were determined by Monte Carlo calculation and measurement. In this study, the X-rays of 60-300 kV beam (lSO-4037) installed in KFDA and specified in energy spectra and beam qualities, and the chambers of PTW N23333 and N30001 were investigated. In calculations, the $R_{\mu}\;and\;R_{Q,Q_{0}}$ in IAEA dosimetry protocols were determined from the air kerma and the cavity dose obtained by theoretical and Monte Carlo calculations. It is shown that the N30001 chamber has a flat response of $\pm1.7\%$ in $110\~300kV$ region, while the response range of two chambers were shown to $\pm3\~4\%$ in $80\~250kV$ region. From this work we have discussed dosimetry protocol for the kV X-rays and we have found that the estimation of energy dependency is more important to apply dosimetry protocol for kV X-rays.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.211-219
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• 2004

The effects of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and ATP analogs, P/sub 2y/ purinoceptor agonists, on growth of normal mouse mammary epithelial cells (NMuMG) were examined. Cells were plated onto 24 well plates in DMEM supplemented with 10 % fetal calf serum. After serum starvation for 24 hours, ATP, P/sub 2y/ purinoceptor agonists (AdoPP[NH]P, ATP-α-S, ATP-γ-S, β, γ-me-ATP and 2me-S-ATP), P/sub 2u/ purinoceptor agonist (UTP) and P/sub 2y/ purinoceptor antagonists (Reactive Blue 2, more selective to P/sub 2y/ receptor than PPADS; PPADS) were added. DNA synthesis was estimated as incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA (1 hour pulse with 1 μ Ci/ml, 18～19 hours after treatment). ATP, Adopp[NH]P, ATP-α-S or ATP-γ-S, significantly increased DNA synthesis at 1, 10 and 100 μM concentrations with dose-dependency (P<0.05), and the maximum responses of ATP and ATP analogs were shown at 100 μM concentration (P<0.05). The potency order of DNA synthesis was ATP≥ATP- γ -S>Adopp [NH]P>ATP-α-S. β, γ -me-ATP, 2me-S-ATP and UTP did not increase DNA synthesis. In autoradiographic analysis of percentage of S-phase cells, similar results were observed to those of DNA synthesis. Addition of 1, 10 or 100 μM Reactive Blue 2 or PPADS significantly decreased ATP (100 μM)-induced DNA synthesis, however, PPADS was less effective than Reactive Blue 2. In Elvax 40P implant experiment, ATP directly stimulated mammary endbud growth in situ suggesting the physiological regulator of ATP in mammary growth. ATP 100 μM rapidly increased MAPK activity, reaching a maximum at 5 min and then gradually decreasing to the base level in 30 min. ATP analogs, Adopp[NH]P and ATP-γ-S also increased MAPK activity, however, β, γ-me-ATP and 2me-S-ATP did not. The inhibitor of the upstream MAPK kinase (MEK), PD 98059 (25 μM), effectively reduced ATP (100 μM) or EGF(10 ng/ml, as positive control)-induced MAPK activity and DNA synthesis (P<0.05). These results indicate that ATP-induced DNA synthesis was prevented from the direct inhibition of MAPK kinase pathway. Overall results support the hypothesis that the stimulatory effects of normal mouse mammary epithelial growth by addition of ATP or ATP analogs are mediated through mammary tissue specific P/sub 2y/ purinoceptor subtype, and MAPK activation is necessary for the ATP-induced cell growth.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.290-295
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• 2002

Among 12 lactic acid bacteria examined for their abilities to activate the complement system by hemolytic complement assay $(TCH_{50})$, Lactobacillus plantarum previously isolated from Kimchi showed high anti-complementary activity. The anti-complementary activity of the cell wall fraction of L. plantarum was more potent than that of the cytosol fraction, and both activities showed dose dependency. These high activities of the cytosol and the cell wall fractions were relatively resistant to the digestion with pronase, but sharply decreased after the treatment of $NaIO_4$. These results suggested that the complement activation by the cytosol and the cell wall fractions was mainly due to their polysaccharides. By the cross-immunoelectrophoresis using anti-human C3, the C3 activation products from both fractions were identified in $Ca^{++}$-free condition. Anti-complementary activity $(ITCH_{50})$ of the cell wall fraction was retained under the same condition, whereas that of the cytosol fraction was reduced considerably. From these results, it was inferred that the mode of complement activation by the cell wall fraction was mainly via alternative pathway, and that of the cytosol fraction was via both alternative and classical pathways.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 2010

Malassezia furfur is an important causal factor for seborrheic dermatitis. Nowadays, the drugs available to treat this fungal infection are few. Several studies have documented the biological activity of essential oils. However, its antifungal properties are not completely understood, especially its anti-Malassezia activity. The aim of this study were to evaluate the effect of the plant essential oils on the growth of M. furfur using disk diffusion method and analyze by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) most active essential oils. In first screening, the 17 plant essential oils have possesses inhibitory activity against M. furfur at 2 mg/mL. Among the plant essential oils, oil of Citrus auranifoli was most active against M. furfur and its activity showed dose dependency. This anti-malassezial activity was high than that of itraconazole at 2 mg/mL. Oil of Citrus auranifolia also was phytochemically examined by GC-MS analysis, its main constituents were identified as limonene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene and terpinolene. It can be concluded that essential oils of Citrus auranifolia may have interesting applications to control fungal-derived diseases.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2002

A practical calculation algorithm which calculates the relative output factor(ROF) for irregular shaped electron field has been developed and evaluated the accuracy of the algorithm. The algorithm adapted two-source model, which assumes that the electron dose can be express as sum of the primary source component and the scattered component from the shielding block. Original two-source model has been modified in order to make the algorithm simpler and to reduce the number of parameters needed in the calculation, while the calculation error remains within clinical tolerance range. The primary source is assumed to have Gaussian distribution, while the scattered component follows the inverse square law. Depth and angular dependency of the primary and the scattered are ignored ROF can be calculated with three parameters such as, the effective source distance, the variance of primary source, and the scattering power of the block. The coefficients are obtained from the square shaped-block measurements and the algorithm is confirmed from the rectangular or irregular shaped-fields used in the clinic. The results showed less than 1.0 ％ difference between the calculation and measurements for most cases. None of cases which have bigger than 2.1 ％ have been found. By improving the algorithm for the aperture region which shows the largest error, the algorithm could be practically used in the clinic, since one can acquire the 1011 parameter's with minimum measurements(5∼6 measurements per cones) and generates accurate results within the clinically acceptable range.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2024

Even though MR can reveal excellent soft-tissue contrast and functional information, CT is also required for electron density information for accurate dose calculation in Radiotherapy. For the fusion of MRI and CT images in RT treatment planning workflow, patients are normally scanned on both MRI and CT imaging modalities. Recently deep-learning-based generations of CT images from MR images became possible owing to machine learning technology. This eliminated CT scanning work. This study implemented a CycleGan deep-learning-based CT image generation from MR images. Three CT generators whose learning is based on T1- , T2- , or T1-&T2-weighted MR images were created, respectively. We found that the T1-weighted MR image-based generator can generate better than other CT generators when T1-weighted MR images are input. In contrast, a T2-weighted MR image-based generator can generate better than other CT generators do when T2-weighted MR images are input. The results say that the CT generator from MR images is just outside the practical clinics and the specific weight MR image-based machine-learning generator can generate better CT images than other sequence MR image-based generators do.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 1986

The characteristics of anion exchange with internal $HCO_3\;^{-}\;(or\;OH^-)$ was studied by determining the time course of hemolysis in isoosmotic ammonium salt solution in human erythrocytes. The effects of inhibitors, pH and temperature on the exchange between internal $HCO_3\;^-\;(or\;OH^-)$ and external $Cl^-$ were observed and the permeabilities of various organic and inorganic anions were also measured. The results were compared with data previously reported from the experiments using radioisotopes. The results are as follows; 1) SITS $H_2DIDS$ and furosemide inhibited the hemolysis of erythrocytes in isoosmotic $NH_4Cl$ solution in a dose·dependent manner, and the concentrations for lengthening twice the time for $half-hemloysis(t_{1/2})\;were\;2.3{\times}10^{-7},\;1.3{\times}10^{-7}\;and\;2.5{\times}10^{-5}M$, respectively. 2) Acetazolamide also shifted the time-dependent hemolytic curve to the right in a dose-dependent manner, and the concentrations for lengthening twice $t_{1/2}\;was\;2.4{\times}10^{-5}M$. 3) The time-dependent hemolysis was delayed by decreasing pH from 7.0 to 6.2, but w·as not affected by the change of pH in the range of 7.0 to 8.2. 4) The time for $half-hemloysis(t_{1/2})$ showed a temperature-dependency and Arrhenius plot exhibited a break point at $20^{\circ}C$. The apparent activation energy calculated from this plot was 18.1 kcal/mol between $2^{\circ}C-20^{\circ}C$ and 11.2 kcal/mol between $20^{\circ}C-37^{\circ}C$, respectively. 5) The apparent permeabilities of various inorganic anions based on $t_{1/2}$ were in the order of $Cl^->NO_{3}\;^->SCN^->SO_4\;^{2-}>SSO_3\;^{2-}>HPO_4\;^{2-}$. which was similar with the previous reports based on the experiment using radioisotopes. The results Obtained from this study are comparable with the previous data reported from the experiments using radioisotopes. This indicates that the hemolysis of erythrocytes in isoosmotic ammonium salt solution can be used as a simple and good method for the study of anion exchange in erythrocyte membrane.