• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.281-288
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• 1983

Heparinization is an essential step in extracorporeal circulation for open heart surgery. But wide individual variation to heparin effect sometimes makes it difficult to anticoagulate safely or neutralize appropriately. Because the conventional set protocol of heparinization did not consider this individual variation, a new method of control of heparinization was proposed by Dr. Brian Bull in 1974. We compared the group in which a conventional set protocol was used [Control group] with the other in which a new protocol modified from that of Bull was used [ACT group], on the aspects of the dosages of heparin and protamine administered and postoperative bleeding. Our conventional protocol [Control group] consisted of: 1. Initial heparin was given at dose of 350U/Kg into the right atrium prior to bypass. 2. Additional heparin was given every hour during E.C.C., as much as a half of the Initial dose. 3. 600U of heparin was mixed into every 100ml. of priming solution. 4. The protamine dose was calculated by totalling the units of heparin given to the patient and giving 1 .8mg. of protamine per 100 units of heparin. ACT protocol [ACT group] consisted of: 1. Initial heparinization was same as that of conventional protocol. 2. ACT`s were checked before [A point] and 10 minutes after initial heparinization [B point]. With these 2 points, a dose response curve was drawn. 3. Heparin for the priming solution was same as in control group. 4. Every 30 minutes during E.C.C., ACT`s were checked with Hemochron [International Technidyne Corp.]. ACT between 450 and 600 seconds was regarded as safety zone. If ACT checked at a time was below 450 seconds, heparin dose was calculated on the dose-response curve to lengthen ACT to 480 seconds and was given into the oxygenator. 5. About 10 minutes before the term of E.C.C., ACT was checked to estimate the blood heparin level at the time. Then, protamine dose was calculated at dose of 1.Stag per 100 units of heparin. The calculated dose of protamine was mixed into 50 to lO0ml of 5% Dextrose Water and dripped intravenously during the period of 15 minutes. Compared these two groups mentioned above, results were obtained as follows: 1. Mean value of normal ACT checked with Hemochron on 30 preoperative patients was 124 seconds [range 95-145 sec.]. 2. Doses of heparin and protamine given to the patient were decreased in ACT group as much as 32.2% and 62.2% respectively. 3. Postoperative bleeding and transfusion were also decreased in ACT group in 60.5% and 67.1% respectively. 4. Our modified dose-response curve did not cause any problems in the control of heparinization. 5. Initial heparinization [Heparin 350U/Kg] was sufficient for the most patients until 60 minutes under extracorporeal circulation. 6. We used 1.5mg of protamine to neutralize 100 units of heparin. But smaller dose of protamine may be sufficient for appropriate neutralization.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.259-263
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• 2005

혈류량은 자외선 조사량 증가에 비례하여 증가되는 양상을 보였다. 홍반을 유발하는데 필요한 자외선량(MED)의 차이가 혈류량의 변화와 어떠한 관계가 있는지를 알아본 실험에서, MED가 30 mJ로 비교적 낮았던 피험자들의 경우, 혈류량은 MED를 지나서 급격하게 증가되는 양상을 관찰하였으나 30 mJ 이상에서 MED가 관찰되었던 피험자들의 경우에는 자외선 조사에 따른 혈류량의 변화가 급격한 변화 없이 계속 완만하게 증가되는 양상을 보였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2014

The chances of accidental exposure are augmented as the application of ionizing radiation increases in various fields. Such accidental exposures may occur at nuclear power plants, laboratories, and hospitals. Cytogenetic assays have been used for estimating radiation dose in the situation of the accidents. The micronucleus assay has several advantages over the other cytogenetic methods as it is simple and fast. The present study aimed at investigation of the micronuclei frequencies in cytokinesis-block cells in human blood lymphocytes after ${\gamma}$-irradiation and at establishment of a standard dose response relationship. The samples of peripheral blood were obtained from 6 different donors aged between 24 and 30 years old. The bloods were irradiated in vitro with 0-5 Gy. A linear quadratic dose-response equation was obtained by scoring the micronuclei in binucleated cells; $y=27.87x^2+46.13x+2.08$ ($r^2=0.99$). Irradiation caused a significant decrease in the nuclear division index. Necrotic and apoptotic cells increased in number after irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the conventional cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay has proven to be the great technique in biological dosimetry. Dose-response calibration curve derived from CMBN assay could be used to estimate the exposure dose during a radiological emergency.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.92-99
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• 2007

Background: A correlation between a T-type voltage activated calcium channel (VACC) and pain mechanism has not yet been established. The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of ethosuximide and mibefradil, representative selective T-type VACC blockers on postoperative pain using an incisional pain model of rats. Methods: After performing a plantar incision, rats were stabilized on plastic mesh for 2 hours. Then, the rats were injected with ethosuximide or mibefradil, intraperitoneally and intrathecally. The level of withdrawal threshold to the von Frey filament near the incision site was determined and the dose response curves were obtained. Results: After an intraperitoneal ethosuximide or mibefradil injection, the dose-response curve showed a dose-dependent increase of the threshold in a withdrawal reaction. After an intrathecal injection of ethosuximide, the threshold of a withdrawal reaction to mechanical stimulation increased and the increase was dose-dependent. After an intrathecal injection of mibefradil, no change occurred in either the threshold of a withdrawal reaction to mechanical stimulation or a dose-response curve. Conclusions: The T-type VACC blockers in a rat model of postoperative pain showed the antihyperalgesic effect. This effect might be due to blockade of T-type VACC, which was distributed in the peripheral nociceptors or at the supraspinal level. Further studies of the effect of T-type VACC on a pain transmission mechanism at the spinal cord level would be needed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.223-229
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• 1978

인슈린방사면역측정(IRIA)에서 흔히 목격하는 비정상적인 표준투여응답곡선 (standard dose response curve)을 정온유지 (incubation) 조건을 변화시킴으로써 해석 하였다. 그와 같은 이상(abnormality)의 원인은 두 반응물질간의 불안전한 평형에 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 인슈린측정용 혈청시료의 온도를 조절함으로써 혈청시료에 대한 B/F 값이 표준 곡선의 측정가능범위로부터 크게 벗어나는 원인을 조사할 수 있었다. 이들 두 실패요인은 주로 정온유지조건에 관계되었으므로 4$^{\circ}C$에서 48시간 실시하는 정온유지조건이 IRIA를 위하여 강조되었다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 1986

Co-60 치료기로 마우스 전신에 다분할조사(단일 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 16회 분할 조사)후 공장소 낭선세포측정법으로 소낭선세포의 재생능력에 대한 선량반응 곡선을 작성하고, 단일선량생존곡선을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 분할조사회수가 증가함에 따라 생존곡선은 고선량으로 이동하고 경사도는 점차 낮아졌다. 2) 단일선량생존곡선에서 Dq=460 cGy로 비교적 broad shoulder를 가지며 initial slope$(^1Do)$는 475 cGy이 었다. 3) $180\~450cGy$까지 분할 조사한 경우 분할조사간격당 평균회복선량은 분할조사선량의 약 $50\%$이었다. 4) 등가효과를 나타내는 분할조사선량과 이에 해당하는 총선량의 역수를 산출하여 선형회귀분석한 $\alpha/\beta$ 값은 8.3Gy로 조기반응조직의 범위(6-l4Gy)에 속하였다. 5) LQ model은 방사선치료에 사용되고 있는 모든 선량에 적용이 가능하고, $\alpha,\;\beta$ 두 요소만 필요하므로, 실질적으로 편리하게 적응할 수 없다. 다분할조사에 대한 stem cell의 반응을 이해함으로써, 실제방사선치료시 위장관에 대한 급성손상을 극소화시키는 변형된 치료방법을 도입하고 다른 조직에도 응용할 수 있는 방사선생물학적 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

CT 촬영 장치를 기반으로 한 MAGAT (Methacrylic Acid, Gelatin gel And THPC) 정상 산소 중합체 겔 선량계의 화합물 조성비와 CT 영상 스캔 인자의 변화에 따른 선량 반응성을 평가하였다. 다양한 농도의 메타크릴산(MAA, MethAcrylic Acid)과 젤라틴을 조성하여 MAGAT 선량계를 제작하고 20 Gy까지의 방사선을 조사하였다. 조사된 겔 선량계는 CT 촬영 장치(Brilliance Big bore scanner, Phillps, Netherlands)를 이용하여 다양한 스캔 인자(관전압, 관전류, 단면두께)로 같은 위치에서 20회까지의 CT 영상을 획득하였다. 획득된 영상으로 $N_{CT}$-선량 반응곡선($N_{CT}$-dose response), 선량 감도(dose sensitivity), 선량 분해능(dose resolution)을 측정, 평가하였다. 각 조성비 별 MAGAT 선량계의 $N_{CT}$-선량 반응곡선에서 메타크릴산과 젤라틴의 양이 증가함에 따라 기울기와 절편이 증가하였다. 선량 감도는 $0.338{\pm}0.08$에서 $0.859{\pm}0.1$까지 나타났고 메타크릴산이 증가, 젤라틴이 감소할수록 증가하였으나 그 변화는 메타크릴산 농도의 증가에 따라 감도가 증가되는 것에 비해 아주 작은 변화를 보였다. 선량 분해능은 약 2.6에서 6 Gy까지 다양하게 나타났으며 감도와 영상 내의 노이즈에 의해 큰 변화를 보였다. 영상 스캔 인자의 변화에 대한 반응곡선은 관전압, 관전류, 단면두께의 변화에 따른 곡선의 기울기와 감도는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았으나 영상 내의 노이즈(평균 CT number의 표준편차)는 위의 3개의 인자가 증가할수록 감소함을 보였다. 본 연구는 CT 촬영장치를 이용한 MAGAT 중합체 겔의 선량 반응성을 평가하여 적정한 조성비와 스캔 인자를 얻을 수 있었으며 CT를 기반으로 한 3차원 선량계를 간단하고 효율적으로 임상에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.341-350
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• 1998

연구배경: 기도가 수축제에 노출되어 좁아지는 성질이 증가된 상태를 기관지 과민성 (airway hyperresponsiveness)이라 하며, 메타콜린 기관지 수축 유발검사에 의한 기관지 과민성 검사는 천식환자의 진단에 널리 이용되고 있다. 기관지 감수성 (bronchial sensitivity)은 주어진 기도 반응, 즉 기관지 수축을 일으키기 시작하는데 요구되는 기관지 수축제의 농도로 표시되며, 기관지 반응성 (bronchial reactivity)은 기관지 수축제의 연속적 흡입에 따르는 기도 수축 반응의 증가로, 용량반응곡선의 기울기로 표현된다. 천식환자는 기관지 감수성 뿐만 아니라 기관지 반응성도 정상인과 큰 차이가 있으며 기관지 반응성이 기관지 감수성보다 더 두드러진 특정으로 지적되기도 한다. 이에 저자는 천식환자에서 임상양상의 경중도와 기관지 감수성 및 기관지 반응성 사이의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 1996년 1월부터 12월까지 이대 부속병원에서 메타콜린 기관지 수축 유발검사를 시행 받은 천식환자 56명을 대상으로 임상상태에 따라 경증, 중등증 및 중증으로 구분하였다. FEV1이 20% 감소하는 PC20에 도달한 후, 메타콜린 농도를 1회 더 높여 FEV1이 40% 감소하는 PC40을 측정 또는 유추하였으며 용량반응곡선에서 PC20와 PC40을 연결한 직선의 기울기를 기관지 반응성으로 측정하였다. 결 과: PC20는 경증군, 중등증군, 중증군에서 각각 1.83mg/ml, 0.96mg/ml, 0.34mg/ml이었다. PC40는 경증군, 중등증군, 중증군에서 각각 7.17mg/ml, 2.34mg/ml, 0.75mg/ml이었다. Reactivity(A)는 경증군, 중등증군, 중증군에서 각각 $24.7{\pm}17.06$, $46.1{\pm}22.10$, $59.0{\pm}5.82$였다. PC20와 Reactivity사이에는 유의한 역상관관계가 있었다.(r= -0.70, P<0.01) 결 론: 이상의 결과로 기관지 천식환자는 임상증상이 심할수록 PC20가 낮을 뿐 아니라 반응곡선의 기울기도 커서 기관지 감수성과 반응성 사이에는 유의한 역상관관계를 보였다. 그러나 일부 PC20가 유사한 환자 중에서 기관지 반응성이 큰 차이를 보이는 경우가 있으며 이에 따라 임상경과도 큰 차이를 보였다. 따라서 메타콜린 기관지 수축 유발 검시를 시행할 때 PC20와 기관지 반응성을 함께 측정하면 환자 상태의 평가와 임상 경과의 예측에 있어서 더 많은 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.526-530
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• 2018

Human fingernails were used to estimate the radiation dose via electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of radiation-induced radicals. The limiting factors in this research were mechanically induced electron paramagnetic resonance signals due to the mechanical stress during the preparation of the samples. Therefore, different treatment methods of fingernails were used to reduce the mechanically induced signals. The results demonstrate that the mechanically induced and radiation-induced signals have apparently different microwave power saturation behaviors. In addition, the mechanically induced signal shows a fading evolution over time and reaches a constant value. Chemical treatment using the different reagents showed that the minimum mechanically induced signal was obtained using the dithiothreitol reagent. The dose-response curves of the samples treated with dithiothreitol for 30 minutes demonstrated a greater linearity than those of samples treated for 5 minutes. Therefore, to find an unknown absorbed dose in a fingernail sample using a calibration curve, we recommend adopting the mentioned chemical treatment procedure to reduce the uncertainty.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.54-62
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• 1968

The effect of gamma-ray on yeast cells Sacch. cerevisiae, and the leakage of cellular constituents such as carbohydrates, ribose, amino acids, inorganic phosphates and organic phosphates have been studied. The samples of yeast cells washed throughly and starved intensively, radiation effects were compared with those of control (un-starved), the irradiation dose rates are in the range from 24 Kr. up. to 480, Kr. The loss of 260m$\mu$. absorbing material, are also observed. Mechanisms of membrane damage by gamma-irradiation are discussed corelating to permeability changes and loss of substances, then active and passive transport process are also under considerations in discussion. The experimental results are as follows, 1. Carbohydrates of yeast cell leak out by gamma-irradiation, and amounts of loss increase proportionally as the increasing of radiation dose, curve of carbohydrates loss in starved cells is parallel with those of non-starved cells. 2. Ribose leak out less than that of carbohydrate from irradiated cell, the dose response curve of loss is straight and proportional to the increasing of radiation doses, slope of the curve is much lower than of carbohydrates. 3. Amino acids also leak out and the curve of losses to radiation is not proportional, it is revealed that there are little losses from yeast at lower doses of irradiation. 4. The losses of inorganic phosphates increase unproportionally to the increasing of irradiation doses, there are little leakage at the lower doses of irradiation. The losses of organic phosphates increase proportionally to the increasing of irradiation doses, and the amount of losses are much more than that of inorganic phosphate at lower doses of irradiation. 5. Leakage from irradiated yeast cells was shown to be due to passive transport process not an energy requiring process of ion transport. 6. Loss of 260 m$\mu$. absorbing material is little more than that of control yeast by the gamma-irradiation dose of 120K.r. and 240K.r.