• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2015

Objectives l: This study is to investigate the emergence of herbal medicine during Japanese colonial period by reviewing newspaper advertisements and brochures about patient medicine of Chosun Maiyak Corporation. Methods : 69 kinds of patent medications and 584 newspaper advertisements are throughly reviewed to investigate dosage form, drug effect, sales unit and method, price, and advertisement pattern. Results : Lyungsinwhan represented more than half of the total advertisements, followed by Yungmihwan, Sahyangsohabwon, Yeollyeonggobondan, and Chiljehyangbuhwan. Lyungsinwhan was advertised mostly in spring and summer whereas Yungmihwan and Yeollyeonggobondan were advertised in spring and fall. Dosage form included pill(丸), mixture(膏), powder(散), and liquid(水, 液), while pill and mixture prevailed over other forms. Drug effect included dermatological, pediatric, digestive, and gynecological effects in the increasing order of drug numbers. Sales unit and price were found to vary significantly. Sales method included nationwide network distribution of medicine through postcards and stores. Conclusion : Herbal medicine during the colonial period was distributed in various kinds of forms with different effects and advertisement patterns through diverse sales unit and price.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.263-272
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• 2011

Tablet dosage forms have been preferred over other formulations for the oral drug administration due to their low manufacturing costs and ease of administrations, especially controlled-release applications. Controlled-release tablets are oral dosage forms from which the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is released over an intended or extended period of time upon ingestion. This may allow a decrease in the dosing frequency and a reduction in peak plasma concentrations and hence improves patient compliance while reducing the risk of undesirable side effects. Conventional singlelayered matrix tablets have been extensively utilized to deliver APIs into the body. However, these conventional single-layered matrix tablets present suboptimal delivery properties, such as non-linear drug delivery profiles which may cause higher side effects. Recently, a multi-layered technology has been developed to overcome or eliminate the limitations of the singlelayered tablet with more flexibility. This technology can give a good opportunity in formulating new products and help pharmaceutical companies enhancing their life cycle management. In this review, a brief overview on the multi-layered tablets is given focusing on the various tablet designs, manufacturing issues and drug release profiles.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.425-431
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• 1991

Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin$({\gamma}BST)$ on mineral composition of milk were investigated in Twenty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows. Recombinant BST was administered by two different routes; intramusculary(12.5mg and 25mg/day) and subcutaneously (500mg and 750mg) in sustained-release vehicle every 2 weeks beginning 4 week postpartum and continuing for 7 months. Milks were collected 0,1,2,3,5 and 7 months after beginning of treatments in control and ${\gamma}BST$-administered groups. Mineral composition, such as Ca, Pi, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn, in milk were not affected by the administration of ${\gamma}BST$ regardless of dose and dosage forms. It is concluded from the observations of these experiments that the dose and dosage forms of ${\gamma}BST$ employed in this work might not affect milk mineral composition in dairy cows under the normal sanitary condition and adequate nutrient balance.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 1995

The steady shear flow properties of six kinds of commercial toothpastes were measured using a concentric cylinder type rheometer. In this paper, the shear rate and temperature dependencies of their flow behavior were investigated and the validity of the Casson and Herschel-Bulkley models was examined. Further, the flow properties over a wide temperature range were quantitatively evaluated by calculating the various material parameters. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) Toothpastes are plastic fluids with a yield stress and their flow behavior shows shear-thinning characteristics. (2) With increasing temperature, the degree of shear-thinning becomes weaker and the Newtonian flow behavior occurs at a lower shear rate range. (3) The Herschel-Bulkley model is more effective than the Casson model in predicting their flow behavior. (4) As the temperature increases, the yield stress, plastic viscosity and consistency index become smaller, on the contrary, the flow behavior index becomes larger.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1995

The study was carried out to develop useful formulation for omeprazole(OMP) through OMP-ethylendiamine complex(OMPED), and the pharmaceutical properties of formula were tested to find out the difference in vivo behaviors of formulations between the free and complexed OMP. Oral and suppository dosage forms were also formulated and the dissolution profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters were measured to observe the difference in bioavailability between the free and complex form, and the correlation between dissolution rate and bioavailability was evaluated. The results are summarized as follows; In the case of formulation for oral administration, the release of OMP from enteric OMPED pellets was found satisfactory to the requirement standard and no decomposition of OMP in the pellets was found in acidic solution. Therefore the enteric OMPED pellets are anticipated to be a stable formulation. The release of OMP from OMPED tablet with chitosan as excipient and coated with cellulose acetate phthalate was found to be significantly retarded. The results of bioavailability test for OMP and OMPED tablets with lactose-excipient showed that the AUC value of OMP tablet was $116.89\;{\mu}g\;{\cdot}\;min/ml$, that of OMPED tablet was $161.10\;{\mu}g\;{\cdot}\;min/ml$, respectively. The reason why was thought that OMP decomposes more readily in body than OMPED, and the AUC of the tablet with chitosan-excipient and coated with cellulose acetate phthalate was most enhanced. In the case of bioavailability for suppositories with OMP, $OMP-{\beta}\;-cyclodextrin$ complex and OMPED, the AUC of OMPED suppository was most increased. From the above results, it is thought that the more stable and bioavailable oral or rectal dosage forms could be developed by using the OMPED as a potential OMP complex.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2008

Nelumbo nucifera root(NNR) is used to clear summerheat(暑熱), bear Yang(陽) upwards and stop bleeding as mentioned in traditional Korean medicine. Also, it has been known that NNR is effective for lowering blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. The rhizome is considered to be nutritive, demulcent, diuretic and cholagogue and is used to treat piles, dyspepsia and diarrhea. An increasingly growing market for nutraceuticals and functional foods has triggered the study on natural sources for nutraceuticals, health foods and functional foods. But rhizome was inconvenient to formulate liquid dosage form(extract) by way of hot water because of its limited storage. Also the majority of the consumers have a complaint against the dosage. The purpose of this study was to develop the functional materials from NNR without side effects. We formulated the solid dosage form viz tablet and granule from the lotus root. Sensory evaluation was performed in terms of smell, taste, color and overall of lotus root and all colored forms(brown, dark brown, light green and yellow) of tablet and granule to evaluate the acceptability of the formulated tablets and granules. In sensory evaluation, among the formulated tablets and granules, light green granules obtained best score overall and yellow tablets showed the overall improved acceptability. In conclusion, lotus rhizome could be recommended as functional food. Further studies to clarify bioactive functions of Nelumbo nucifera in experimental animal model on atopic dermatitis are in progress.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 1990

An automated, simple, and reliable method was developed for determining in vitro drug release rate from transdermal delivery dosage forms. The patch is held in position in the heating block by sandwiching it between the middle plate and the bottom plate of diffusion cell. The dissolution profile of the commercially available transdermal scopolamine patch was determined over a 72-h period, and the results were compared with those obtained with other methods; paddle-over-disk method, reciprocating method, and diffusion cell method. It was demonstrated that the flow-through method is equivalent in terms of release rate profile and accumulated released drug amount over the lifetime of the dosage form tested. Also this method is simple, reliable and reproducible. Therefore, this technique can be used in a quality control for assuring product uniformity.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.414.2-414.2
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• 2002

To secure the safety of drugs without compromising drug efficacy, it can not be more important to administer the exact intended amount of active ingredients to patients. Even if the correct amount of drugs are taken in the correct manner, drug can be overdosed or less-dosed without intention unless the content uniformity of the unit dose were secured. Especially, it can be a serious problem when it comes to drugs with narrow therapeutic windows or a strong pharmacological activity at a small dose. (omitted)

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.363-369
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• 2006

Granisetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that is used therapeutically for the prevention of vomiting and nausea associated with emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Although this drug is commercially available for intravenous and oral dosage, there is a need for intranasal delivery formulations in specific patient populations in which the use of these dosage forms may be unfeasible and/or inconvenient. A rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatography method with mass spectrometric detection(LC-MS) was developed and validated for the analysis of granisetron in plasma after nasal administration in rats. This method has been validated for concentrations ranging from 5 to 1000 ng/ml with simple treatment. This technique has high level reproducibility, accuracy, and sensitivity. The method described was found to be suitable for the analysis of all samples collected during preclinical pharmacokinetic investigations of granisetron in rats after nasal administration. This study was aimed to investigate the feasibility of nasal delivery of granisetron for the elimination of vomiting. The effects of osmolarity, dosage volume at the same dose and applied dose on the nasal absorption of granisetron in rats were observed. No significant difference in the effect of osmolarity and dosage volume at the same dose was observed. As the applied dose of granisetron in nasal formulation increased, the absorption increased linearly. Based on these results it appears that only the applied dose(drug mass) determines the nasal absorption of granisetron. The bioavailability of granisetron on nasal administration of 4 mg/kg appeared to be comparable to that of intravenous administration of the same dose. These results suggest that granisetron can be efficiently delivered nasally and the development of nasal formulation will be feasible.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.64-77
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• 2012

Donguibogam, Korea's cultural heritage and traditional Oriental medicine book listed in the World Heritage three years ago, is indeed great in its importance and value. Korea's posterity has sought treatment methods through the medical book and their researches on that book have continued. However, it is rare to make the concrete analysis on the medicines for prescriptions recorded in the book. In this study, we reviewed "Ears" in the Section "Bodily Appearance" among the five chapters of Donguibogam, and analyzed the 55 types of prescriptions for ear diseases, the medical characteristics, tastes, prime classification of medical herbs, and acupunctural effects, and the dosage forms depending on prescriptions. For insect-entering ear diseases and 20 kinds of a single-medicine prescription also, the treatments are presented in the book, but we presented the texts only and excluded them in the analysis. We also excluded overlapping prescriptions and adding and reducing prescriptions of the 55 prescriptions, and thus classified the left 42 proscriptions by dosage form. As a result: 1. With respect to medical characteristics, the medicine with warm characteristics reached 9 types(40.9%), the highest rate, followed by the medicine with cold characteristics 8 types (36.4%). 2. Concerning medical tastes, the medicine with bitter taste included 12 types (54.5%), the medicine with sour taste 10 types (45.5%), and the medicine with sweet taste 7 types (31.8%). It was unusual that of the 22 medicines used for multipurpose, no medicine with the taste was found. 3. For the acupunctural effects, the medicine with acupuncture effects for spleen medirian reached 12 types in total (54.5%). On the contrary, the medicine with the effects for pericardium meridian reached only one (4.5%) among the total of 22 medicines. 4. In the dosage form of 42 prescriptions, powder medicine was 15 types (35.7%), and decoction medicine was 14 (33.3%). Powder, dedoction, and pill medicines accounted for 90.4% of the total medicine type. It was found that in particular, for ear diseases powder medicine was used more frequently than decoction medicine.