• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.391-404
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• 1991

Three anticncer agents which are different in time or dosage dependence as well as in phase specificity, namely mitomycin and adriamycin from natural products, and widely different cancer cell lines_Four epidermoid carcinomas originated from larynx, cervix, skin and gut were used toghether with one osteosarcoma as the target cell of single and combined administration of anticancer drugs. Semiautomated tetrazolium dye assay(MTT) appears to offer an attractive option for chemosensitivity of head and neck cancers since it is a simple, valid and inexpensive method of assessing chemosensitivity for large samples in a short time. The results obtained form this study were as follows. 1. Good correlations were obtained with the results of the MTT test and those of $^3H$ thymidine uptake assay. 2. $LD_{50}$ values of HIST and St.Ca. which showed relatively high doubling time on adriamycin were $30{\mu}g/ml$ and $15{\mu}g/ml$ while those of HeLa, Hep-2 and KHOS/NP were $2.1{\mu}g/ml$, $4.8{\mu}g/ml$, and $6.8{\mu}g/ml$ respectively. 3. The $LD_{50}$ value of 5-FU on five cancer cells were very high ranging from 15mg/ml to almost indefinite number, which means 5-FU is very resistant to epidermoid carcinomas or osteosarcoma examined in this study. 4. Mitomycin was relatively effective showing 80% cancer killing effect on HeLa, 70% on St. Ca. and 50% on Hep-2 at the high concentrations used. 5. Adriamycin was the most effective showing 90% cancer cell killing effect on KHOS/NP, 98% on HeLa, 80% both on Hep-2 and St. Ca. The least susceptible cancer cells toward adriamycin was HIST having only 55% cell killing effect at the high cincentration. 6. Combined therapy of adriamycin and 5-FU was more effective than single administration in all the cases examined. Most effective synergism was observed on St. Ca. at the low concentration, showing 21 times higher than each single administration.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2020

메트포르민은 제2형 당뇨병의 1차 치료제로 사용되는 약물로 다른 당뇨병 치료제에 비해 투여 용량이 크고 용해도는 높으나 위장관 투과도가 낮은 특성을 갖고 있으며 주로 위장관 상부에서만 흡수되는 이유로 생체이용률이 40~60%로 낮은 편이다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 위체류 약물전달시스템을 적용하여 제제가 위에 머무르는 시간을 증가시키고 제제로부터 방출된 약물을 서서히 소장으로 이동시킨다면 생체이용률을 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 팽윤성 시스템은 다른 위체류 약물전달시스템에 비해 안정성이 높아 개발목표기술로 선정하였고, 팽윤성 기제로는 기존의 연구와 다르게 카라기난과 히프로멜로오스를 병용하여 차별성을 확보하였다. 카라기난과 히프로멜로오스 병용 시스템은 각각의 함량이 15/110 질량분율일 때 가장 높은 팽윤성과 적절한 서방성 용출패턴을 나타내었다. 또한 각각의 함량이 15 %와 14 %가 되도록 제조한 메트포르민 정제를 시판 정제와 비교 시 더 우수한 팽윤성이 나타남을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 본 연구 결과에 의해 메트포르민의 서방출을 위한 새로운 팽윤성 위체류 약물전달시스템이 개발되었으며 다양한 주성분에 대한 추가적인 연구가 수행되면 의약품, 화장품, 건강기능식품 등의 분야에서 효과적인 약물전달시스템으로 응용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.187-192
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• 1996

The matrix tablet containing sodium alginate and $CaHPO_4$ can release drugs in a controlled fashion from hydrogel with gelling and swelling due to their interaction as water penetrates the matrices of the tablet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate release characteristics of the matrix tablet varying the amount of sodium alginate, $CaHPO_4$ and other excipients such as chitosan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ RS100 in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. The practically soluble ibuprofen was used as a model drug. The release profiles of matrix tablet in the gastric fluid as a function of sodium alginate/$CaHPO_4$ ratio was not pronounced because of low solubility of drug and stability of alginate matrices. However, release rate of drug from the matrix tablet in the intestinal fluid was largely changed when sodium alginate/$CaHPO_4$ ratio was increased, suggesting that the ratio of sodium alginate/$CaHPO_4$ was an important factor to control the gelling and swelling of the matrix tablet. The incorporation of other excipients into the matrix tablet also influenced the release rate of drug. The chitosan and HPMC decreased the release rate of drug. No release of drug was occurred when $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ RS100 was added into the tablet. The retarded release of matrix tablet when excipients were added resulted from the hindrance of swelling and gelling of the matrix tablet containing sodium alginate and $CaHPO_4$. The hardness and bulk density of the matrix tablet was not correlated with release rate of drug in the study. From these findings, the ratio of sodium alginate and $CaHPO_4$ in the matrix tablet in addition to incorporation of excipients could be very important to control the release rate of drug in dosage form design.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.298-306
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• 2006

순수 형태 또는 약제 중 네오마이신과 스트렙토마이신을 신속하게 분석하는 인증된 분광광도법적 방법을 기술하였다. 이 방법은 산성 용액 속에서 기지 과량의 과망간산포타슘으로 약품을 산화시킨 다음 미반응의 과망간산을 아마란스(방법 A), 산성 오렌지 II(방법 B), 인디고카민(방법 C) 및 메틸렌블루(방법 D) 색소로 각각 lmax=521, 485, 610 및 664 nm에서 흡광도를 측정하여 정량하는 방법이다. 네오마이신과 스트렙토마이신의 농도 범위 5-10 및 2-7 mg mL-1에서 Beer의 법칙이 성립되었으며 겉보기 몰흡수계수와 sendell 감도 값은 네오마이신과 스트렙토마이신에 대하여 각각 5.47-6.20´104, 2.35-2.91´105 L mol-1 cm-1 및 7.57-8.59, 5.01-6.2 ng cm-2 였다. 반응에 영향을 미치는 여러 변수를 조사하여 최적화하였으며 이 방법을 순수 Çü태 × 약제 Çü태의 약품에 적용하여 좋은 Á확도와 정밀도로 정량하였다. á제의 방해는 관찰되지 않았으며 얻어진 결과는 공인 석법을 사용하여 얻은 aacute;과와 잘 일치하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 1999

Solid dispersions were prepared to increase the dissolution rate of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB) using water-soluble carriers such as povidone, copolyvidone, $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin (HPCD)$, sodium salicylate or sodium benzoate by solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions were characterized by infrared spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffractometry, dissolution and permeation studies. DDB tablets (7.5 mg) were prepared by compressing the powder mixtures composed of solid dispersions, lactose, com starch, crospovidone and magnesium stearate using a single-punch press. DDB capsules (7.5 mg) were also prepared by filling the mixtures in empty hard gelatin capsules (size No.1). From the DSC and powder x-ray diffractometric studies, it was found that DDB was amorphous in the HPCD or copolyvidone solid dispersions. Dissolution rates after 10 min of DDB alone and solid dispersions (1 : 10) in sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and copolyvidone were 11.8, 23.5, 22.8 and 82.5%, respectively. Dissolution rates of DDB after 30 min from 1 : 10 and 1 : 20 copolyvidone solid dispersions were 80.5 and 95.0%, respectively. For the DDB tablets prepared using solid dispersions (1 : 20), the initial dissolution rate was dependent on carrier material, and was ranked in order, $Kollidon\;30\;{\ll}$ copolyvidone < HPCD. For the HPCD solid dispersion tablets, dissolution rate reached 97.4% after 15 min, but thereafter slowly decreased to 80.7% after 2 hr due to the precipitation of DDB. However, in the case of copolyvidone solid dispersion tablets, dissolution increased linearly and reached 93.4% after 2 hr. Reducing the volume of test medium from 900 to 300 ml markedly decreased the dissolution rate of the tablets containing 1 : 20 HPCD solid dispersions and 1 : 10 copolyvidone solid dispersion. For 1 : 20 copolyvidone solid dispersion tablets, there was no significant change in dissolution rate up to 1 hr with different volumes of test medium. Preparation of the copolyvidone solid dispersion (1 : 20) in capsules markedly delayed the dissolution (31.2 % after 2hr) due to the limited diffusion within capsules. The permeation rate $(13.4\;g/cm^2\;after\;8\;hr)$ of DDB through rabbit duodenal mucosa from copolyvidone solid dispersion (1 : 10) was markedly enhanced, when compared with drug alone or physical mixtures. From overall findings, DDB formulations containing copolyvidone solid dispersions (1 : 20) could be used to remarkably improve the dissolution rate in dosage form of powders and tablets.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2022

Background and objective: The Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) implemented ward-based clinical pharmacy system with designated pharmacists in 10 general wards. Designated pharmacists conduct inpatient medication review, medication intervention, and medication consultation, and provide drug information for health care providers. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical pharmacy services and to examine the perception and expectations of health care providers on the services provided by the designated pharmacists in general wards. Methods: A survey was constructed to include questions on the health care providers' recognition, satisfaction, and perceived needs of designated pharmacists. We determined the frequency and type of interventions of ward pharmacist and their acceptance rate through a retrospective observational study using electronic medical records. Results: A total of 59 health care providers responded the questionnaire and 79.7% of the respondents reported moderate to high levels of satisfaction. Satisfaction with the services was positively associated with clinical interventions and nutrition support team (81.4%). Of 59 respondents, 88.1% agreed that preventing drug-related problems by designated pharmacists' activities were effective. The most common interventions included inadequate dosage (27.4%), omission and additional prescription (14.6%) and inadequate drug form (9.6%). The acceptance rate of intervention was 91.5%, and 151 potentially serious risks and 523 significant risks were prevented by the intervention. Conclusion: Positive results were confirmed in the awareness, satisfaction, and perceived needs of the health care providers for designated pharmacists. Expansion of the ward-based clinical pharmacy system with designated pharmacists to other wards may be considered.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.529-540
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• 2023

Objective: To compare the diagnostic performance and clinical outcomes of 2-mSv computed tomography (CT) and conventional-dose CT (CDCT), following radiology residents' interpretation of CT examinations for suspected appendicitis. Materials and Methods: Altogether, 3074 patients with suspected appendicitis aged 15-44 years (28 ± 9 years, 1672 females) from 20 hospitals were randomly assigned to the 2-mSv CT (n = 1535) or CDCT (n = 1539) groups in a pragmatic trial from December 2013 and August 2016. Overall, 107 radiology residents participated in the trial as readers in the form of daily practice after online training for 2-mSv CT. They made preliminary CT reports, which were later finalized by attending radiologists via addendum reports, for 640 and 657 patients in the 2-mSv CT and CDCT groups, respectively. We compared the diagnostic performance of the residents, discrepancies between preliminary and addendum reports, and clinical outcomes between the two groups. Results: Patient characteristics were similar between the 640 and 657 patients. Residents' diagnostic performance was not significantly different between the 2-mSv CT and CDCT groups, with a sensitivity of 96.0% and 97.1%, respectively (difference [95% confidence interval {CI}], -1.1% [-4.9%, 2.6%]; P = 0.69) and specificity of 93.2% and 93.1%, respectively (0.1% [-3.6%, 3.7%]; P > 0.99). The 2-mSv CT and CDCT groups did not significantly differ in discrepancies between the preliminary and addendum reports regarding the presence of appendicitis (3.3% vs. 5.2%; -1.9% [-4.2%, 0.4%]; P = 0.12) and alternative diagnosis (5.5% vs. 6.4%; -0.9% [-3.6%, 1.8%]; P = 0.56). The rates of perforated appendicitis (12.0% vs. 12.6%; -0.6% [-4.3%, 3.1%]; P = 0.81) and negative appendectomies (1.9% vs. 1.1%; 0.8% [-0.7%, 2.3%]; P = 0.33) were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Diagnostic performance and clinical outcomes were not significantly different between the 2-mSv CT and CDCT groups following radiology residents' CT readings for suspected appendicitis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 1993

향어의 장포자충증을 예방, 치료하기 위한 일환으로 fumagillin의 효과시험을 야외에서 수행하였다. 실험 1(치료)에서는 장포자충증의 종류가 중등도로 형성된 향어 (평균체중 830 발를 3군으로 나누어 가두리에 사육하였다. 하루에 처음 군은 10.62 mg, 두번째 군은 5.3 mg의 fumagillin을 8월 1일부터 한달동안 사료에 혼합하여 투여하였으며 세번째 군은 대조로 하였다. 실험 2(예방)에서는 장포자충중이 초기상태인 향어 (평균체중 484 g를 2군으로 나누어 가두리에 사육하였다. 처음 군에는 하루에 3.95 mg의 fumagillln을 7월 17일부터 45일 동안 역시 사료에 혼합하여 투여하였으며 다음 군은 대조로 하였다. 두 실험에서 향어의 누적 폐사율과 포자의 극사탈출율은 약제농도의 차이에 관계없이 대조군에 비하여 모두 의의있게 감소하였다. 약제에 의한 부작용은 전혀 관찰할 수 없었으며, 특히 실험 2에서 폐사어는 전혀 인정할 수 없었다. 약제 투여후 실험 1의 15일째와 실험 2의 7일째에 대부분 종류의 중앙부에 하나의 만원형 또는 작은 점 비슷한 함몰부가 형성되었으며, 실험 1의 15일째와 실험 2의 17일째에는 관상영양형의 횡단면이 전혀 인정되지 않았다. 실험 2의 24일째와 실험 1의 30일째에 있어서 종류의 조직학적 소견은 치유과정을 취하고 있었으며, 실험 2의 경우 24일이후에는 종류의 크기가 대조에 비하여 모두 현저하게 작았다. 이상의 실험결과로 미루어 보아 장포자충증을 예방, 치료하기 위하여 종류가 형성되기 전인 7월 상순에 체중 500 g 향어에 매일 3.95 mg의 fumagillin을 한달동안 경구투여하는 것이 가장 효과적이라고 하겠다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2023

요실금의 유병률은 전세계적으로 남성에서 3~11%, 여성에서 25~45%에 달할 정도로 매우 흔한 질환이며, 향후 고령화 진행에 따라 요실금은 더욱 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 요실금은 환자와 가족의 삶의 질을 현저히 떨어뜨리고, 우울감, 스트레스, 자존감 저하를 유발한다. 기존에 정신과 질환을 앓고있는 환자에서 요실금이 새로 발생할 때 정신과적 증상 악화, 치료 순응도 저하, 치료 효과 반감 등에 영향을 줄 수 있어 유의가 필요하다. 요실금은 대부분 방광 저장능력의 결함으로 일과성, 만성 요실금으로 구분된다. 일과성 요실금은 가역적인 요실금으로 delirium, infection, atrophic urethritis/vaginitis, psychological disorders, pharmaceuticals, excess urine output, restricted mobility, stool impaction (DIAPPERS)이 대표적인 원인이다. 만성 요실금은 복압성, 절박, 혼합, 일류성 또는 범람, 기능성, 그리고 지속성 요실금으로 구분된다. 약물 유발 요실금은 일과성 요실금의 한 종류로 임상에서 흔히 볼 수 있으며 여러 가지 정신과 약제에 의해서도 유발될 수 있다. 항정신병 약제가 가장 대표적으로 알려졌으며, 비정형 항정신병 약제의 알파 아드레날린성 차단효과로 인한 요도 괄약근 근긴장도 저하, 항콜린성작용에 의한 요폐, 세로토닌 길항 효과로 인한 pudendal nerve 반사 저하, 심한 진정효과, 약물유발 당뇨, 경련 등 여러가지 메커니즘이 작용하는 것으로 추정된다. 리튬은 요실금과 관련된 증례가 보고된 사례는 미미하나 신성 요붕증으로 인한 일류성 요실금과 연관될 수 있고, 발프로산도 명확하지 않은 기전으로 야뇨증을 유발할 수 있다. 항우울제의 경우 SSRI는 세로토닌 경로와 배뇨근 활성에 영향을 줌으로써, SNRI와 TCA는 요저류를 유발함으로써 요실금을 일으킬 수 있다. 부프로피온과 멀타자핀도 드물지만 요실금 사례가 보고된 바 있다. 벤조디아제핀의 경우 방광의 근이완으로 요저류와 요실금을 모두 유발할 수 있으며 항치매제로 쓰이는 아세틸콜린 분해효소 억제제는 말초의 아세틸콜린을 증가시켜 요실금을 유발한다. 이렇듯 요실금은 여러 정신과 약제로 인하여 발생될 수 있으므로, 요로 증상을 면밀히 확인하여 약물 선택과 조절에 주의해야 하며, 요실금이 약물로 인한 것임이 밝혀졌을 경우 원인 약물의 중단, 감량 또는 분복 변경이 필요하며 약물치료로는 desmopressin, oxybutynin, trihexyphenidyl, amitriptyline을 추가해볼 수 있다.