• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2002

In this study, a stress analysis is made fur an ankle foot orthosis (AFO) in the view point of structural stability. The investigated AFO is a solid and standard type. To analyze the stress distribution on the neck of AFO, the maximum AFO angular translation data is obtained by gait analysis. The material test of polypropylene is made to obtain the mechanical properties of AFO. The maximum dorsiflexion appears at the midstance in the gait analysis. The experimental angular translation at the top of AFO is about 10.3$^{\circ}$ at mid stance. Three models of AFO with different width of neck are made and analyzed with ABAQUS 6.1. The stress levels and distributions of 3 different width(W$_1$, W$_2$=0.85W$_1$, W$_3$=0.60W$_1$) AFO are investigated. As a result, the standard type(W$_1$) appears to the maximum stresses at the medial edge of cutout area surrounding ankle joint. The maximum stresses of the narrower type(W$_2$) are occured on medial edge and center of ankle. The narrowest type(W$_3$) appears to the maximum stresses at center of ankle. The maximum stresses become smaller as ankle width of AFO is narrower.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.757-763
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of elasticity of taping on ankle muscles'activity and endurance after plyometric training that easily causes ankle injury, and provide baseline data for physical therapy intervention methods. The study subjects are 24 male students in their 20s who attend N University in Choongnam. They were divided into three groups; 8 subjects in the elastic taping group, 8 in the non-elastic taping group, and 8 in the non-taping group(control group). They had plyometric training for 6 weeks. After the training, this study measured their maximum voluntary isometric contraction(MVIC) and muscle endurance of the muscles around ankle joint. The experiment result is as follows. After the training, all three groups showed improvement in muscle strength and endurance. The elastic taping group showed insignificant improvement in muscle strength but significant increase in muscle endurance in plantarflexion. In dorsiflexion, both muscle strength and endurance increased significantly. The non-elastic taping group showed insignificant improvement in muscle strength but significant increase in muscle endurance in plantarflexion. Taping during plyometric training had a little or insignificant effect on muscle endurance and strength compared to the non-taping group.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.738-742
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of FES and ankle mobilization on the ankle motion and the quality of gait of chronic hemiplegic patients with limited ankle joint motions. As research subjects, 24 chronic hemiplegic patients who could walk independently, regardless of assistive aids, were selected. Then, 8 subjects received mobilization randomly and 8 subjects received FES and 8 subjects received mobilization and FES, at the same time. The dorsiflexion PROM significantly increased in the group of mobilization therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.01). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.01). The 10m walking test significantly decreased in the group of mobilization therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.01). The gait velocity significantly increased in the group of mobilization therapy, FES therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.01). The stride length significantly increased in the group of mobilization therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.05). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that rather than only using one treatment technique, applying mobilization and FES together brings a more satisfactory result to hemiplegic patients with limited ankle joint motions.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1997

Hallux valgus has been characterized by a valgus deformity of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint, along with medial deviation of the first metatarsal, and by three components. First, there is a valgus angle more than $20^{\circ}$ at the first, metatarsophalangeal joint. Second, there is a greater angle than $9^{\circ}$ between the first. and second metatarsals. Third, there is bursal hypertrophy at the medial eminence of the first metatarsals head. The etiology is multifactorial and many procedures have been reported in the treatment of hallux valgus. Most of the procedures are directed towards pain relief, correction of deformity, and preservation of dorsiflexion in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. One such treatment is the Modified chevron osteotomy. It is technically simple, and provides greater stability than a standard osteotomy, and allows early ambulation after surgery. We a reviewed 19 cases with 13 patients of hallux valgus deformity. They were all treated with the Modified chevron osteotomy at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Choong ang Gil Hospital, between June 1988 and May 1994. The results of the study were as follows; 1. The mean age was 36 years. Three patients(5 case) were male and ten patients(14 cases) were female. 2. The mean value of the hallux valgus angle was $34.1^{\circ}$, and the first to second intermetatarsal angle was $12.1^{\circ}$, preoperatively. These angles were corrected to $15.8^{\circ}$ and $8.5^{\circ}$, respectively. 3. The metatarsalgia subsided in 17 cases (89.5%). avascular necrosis, non union, and dorsal angulation complicatious were nonexistant. Early bone healing occurred in all cases. 4. The Modified chevron osteotomy is technically simple. It provides excellent pain relief, early ambulation, increased mechanical stability, and many avoids many complications such as AVN, non-union, and dorsal angulation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to present the basic reference data of age and specipic gait parameters for Hemiplegia Patients. The basic gait parameters were extracted from 30 Adult Hemiplegia Patients and 30 normal adult, 50 to 60 years of age using VICON 512 Motion Analyzer. The results were as follows; 1) The mean Cadence of the adult to the hemiplegia were $108.50\pm11.67$ steps/min, to $77.57\pm22.71$ steps/min. 2) The mean Walking Speed of the adult to the hemiplegia were $1.07\pm0.18m/s$, to $0.44\pm0.14m/s.$. 3) The mean Stride Length of the adult to the hemiplegia were $1.17\pm0.12m$, to $0.69\pm0.21m.$ 4) The mean maximal angles of joint on the pelvic tilt for different adult or hemiplegia Were $7.60\pm3.91.,\;to\;9.63\pm4.94.\;(P<0.05)$ 5) The mean maximal angles of joint on the hip flexion motion for different adult or hemiplegia were $29.53\pm5.03.,\;to\;25.30\pm9.94.\;(p<0.05)$ 6) The mean maximal angles of joint on the knee flexion motion for different adult or hemiplegia were $56.36\pm5.81.,\;to\; 41.64\pm17.21.(P<0.05)$ 7) The mean maximal angles of joint on the ankle dorsiflexion motion for different adult or hemiplegia were $16.65\pm2.72.,\;to\;16.53\pm7.45$(P>0.05) 8) The mean maximal angles of joint on the ankle plantarflexion motion for different adult or hemiplegia were $7.11\pm5.42.,\;to\;2.81\pm6.14.$(p<0.05)

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.45-51
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• 2011

Purpose: To determine the correct measurement methods of the ankle joint complex range of motion for measuring the neutral position and evaluate the rater reliability. In addition, the impact of training on the rater reliability was also assessed. Methods: The subjects were eleven healthy women, who were evaluated by two physical therapists and one physical therapist recorded the results of the study. Standard goniometer was used as the measurement tool. The ankle and subtalar joint neutral position and the active range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joint were measured. Intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability measures were analyzed with intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: Intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability ranged from high to medium for the neutral position of the ankle joint complex. Intra-rater reliability for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion measurements was medium, while the inter-rater reliability was high. The range of motion of the subtalar joint was measured, and the intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability were low and medium, respectively Also, the intra-rater reliability was increased with formal training of the measurement techniques. Intra-rater reliability was reduced in case the raters had not undertaken the training. Conclusion: In summary, the results obtained with the measurement tools and joint measurement of position, indicate the consistency of repeated measurements made by the same observers. Under the same circumstances along with repetition of the same measurement technique during training caused an increase in the rater reliability of formally trained raters.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine how gaze angle affects muscle activity and kinematic variables during treadmill walking and to offer scientific information for effective and safe treadmill training environment. Method: Ten male subjects who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited. Eight pairs of surface electrodes were attached to the right side of the body to monitor the upper trapezius (UT), rectus abdominis (RA), erector spinae (ES), rectus femoris (RF), bicep femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), medialis gastrocnemius (MG), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG). Two digital camcorders were used to obtain 3-D kinematics of the lower extremity. Each subject walked on a treadmill with a TV monitor at three different heights (eye level; EL, 20% above eye level; AE, 20% below eye level; BE) at speed of 5.0 km/h. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants and four phases were identified from the video recording. For each dependent variable, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine whether there were significant differences among three different conditions (p<.05). When a significant difference was found, post hoc analyses were performed using the contrast procedure. Results: This study found that average and peak IEMG values for EL were generally smaller than the corresponding values for AE and BE but the differences were not statically significant. There were also no significant changes in kinematic variables among three different gaze angles. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, gaze angle does not affect muscle activity and kinematic variables during treadmill walking. However, it is interesting to note that walking with BE may increase the muscle activity of the trapezius and the lower extremity. Moreover, it may hinder proper dorsiflexion during landing phase. Thus, it seems to reasonable to suggest that inappropriate gaze angle should be avoided in treadmill walking. It is obvious that increased walking speed may cause a significant changes in biomechanical parameters used in this study. It is recommended that future studies be conducted which are similar to the present investigation but using different walking speed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the 8.5seconds cut-off of the 8-foot up-and-go test as a predictor of falling and a good discriminator of fallers and non-fallers in women in their 60s to 80s. METHODS: The final subjects of this study were 98 elderly women from six senior centers of B metropolitan city. The 8-foot up-and-go test evaluated agility and dynamic balance. The chair-stand test measured the muscle strength for of the lower body. Ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion were measured to assess the ankle mobility of the subjects in this study. RESULTS: The below 8.5seconds group showed significantly low values in age and high values in chair-stand (times/30 s), plantar flexion ($^{\circ}$), and K-MMSE (score) compared to the over 8.5seconds group. This group was significantly faster compared to the over 8.5seconds group. In the below 8.5seconds group, only plantar flexion ($^{\circ}$) of all the items showed significantly higher values among those in their 60s compared to those in their 70s and 80s. CONCLUSION: The 8.5seconds cut-off on the 8-foot up-and-go test as a good discriminator and predictor of falling showed differences among fall risk factors (age, lower extremity strength, cognition, and ankle mobility) in women in their 60s to 80s without having regular exercise and a fall experience over the past ones year.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.129-134
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to present the basic reference data of age and specipic gait parameters for Hemiplegia Patients. The basic gait parameters were extracted from 10 Adult Hemiplegia Patients, 5 left Hemiplegia Patients and 5 right Hemiplegia Patients, 50 to 60 years of age using VICON 512 Motion Analyzer. The results were as follows; 1) The mean Cadence of the left to the right hemiplegia were $75.81{\pm}28.10\;steps/min$, to $68.47{\pm}9.93\;steps/min$. 2) The mean Walking Speed of the left to the right hemiplegia were $0.45{\pm}0.28\;m/s$, to $0.44{\pm}0.14\;m/s$. 3) The mean Stride Length of the left to the right hemiplegia were $0.66{\pm}0.31\;m$, to $0.76{\pm}0.17m$. 4) The mean. maximal angles of joint on the pelvic tilt for different right or left hemiplegia were $8.59{\pm}5.13^{\circ}$, to $11.85{\pm}5.23^{\circ}$.(p>0.05) 5) The mean maximal angles of joint on the hip flexion motion for different right or left hemiplegia were $23.98{\pm}8.45^{\circ}$, to $25.81{\pm}5.39^{\circ}$.(p>0.05) 6) The mean maximal angles of joint on the knee flexion motion for different right or left hemiplegia were $29.52{\pm}10.24^{\circ}$, to $28.38{\pm}14.48^{\circ}$.(p>0.05) 7) The mean maximal angles of joint on the ankle dorsiflexion motion for different right or left hemiplegia were $14.68{\pm}5.03^{\circ}$, to $9.90{\pm}7.26^{\circ}$.(p>0.05) 8) The mean maximal angles of joint on the ankle plantarflexion motion for different right or left hemiplegia were $2.10{\pm}5.17^{\circ}$, to $8.63{\pm}5.81^{\circ}$.(p>0.05)

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2009

In dancers, intact muscular coordination is a well balanced antagonist, which could be a decisive factor in protection against injury as dancers often have hypermobile joints and their ankle joints often bear their full body weight in extreme positions. The purposes of this study were to identify the isokinetic strength to the knee and ankle and the isometric strength of the trunk in female collegiate dancers and controls. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the peak torque ratio of knee extension to flexion, ankle plantarflexion (PF) to dorsiflexion (DF), and dominant legs to nondominant. Twenty-one female collegiate dancers (20.0 years of age) and twenty-one female collegiate students (19.3 years of age) performed isokinetic maximum efforts of the knee extensors and flexors at $60^{\circ}/sec$ and $120^{\circ}/sec$, the ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors at $30^{\circ}/sec$ and $120^{\circ}/sec$ and isometric maximum efforts of the lumbar extensors at $0^{\circ}$, $12^{\circ}$, $24^{\circ}$, $36^{\circ}$, $48^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $72^{\circ}$. The results were as follows: The isokinetic peak torque of the knee extensors and the ratio of knee extensors to flexors of dancers were significantly higher than those of controls (p<.01). However, the isometric peak torque of the back extensors (p<.01) and isokinetic peak torque of the ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors (p<.05) of dancers were significantly lower than those of controls. Further studies are needed to identify the difference in proprioception of the joints between dancers and controls.