• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1877-1889
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• 1992

Upsetting is performed in open-die press forging to deform metal in all directions in order to enhance soundness of a product and reduce directionality of properties caused by casting. It is necessary to ensure sufficient forging ratio for subsequent cogging operations and consolidate the void along the centerline. To obtain these benefits, the upper die shape (dome and dished shape) is considered as an upsetting parameter. Thermo-viscoplastic finite element analysis has been carried out so as to understand the influence of upper die shape on the effective strain, hydrostatic stress and temperature in the upset-forged ingots without internal defects. The analysis is focused on the investigation into internal void closure in ingots with pipe holes and circular voids. The computational results have shown that the volume fraction of the void is independent of the circular void size and the closure of internal voids is much more influenced by the effective strain than the hydrostatic stress around the void. It is finally suggested that the height reduction must be over 35% for consolidation of internal voids.