• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.63-74
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• 1974

This study was carried out to observe the direct effect of hydrocortisone on renal function by infusing it into a renal artery. Hydrocortisone (5mg/kg) or saline (0.5 ml/kg) was infused directly into the left renal artery of the rabbit, the right kidney was left intact to serve as a control for general action of acetazolamide (10 mg/kg) or aminophylline (10 mg/kg), which was administered intravenously 30 minutes after the direct infusion of pretreated drugs (hydrocortisone or saline). The changes of urine volume, pH, urinary excretion rates of $Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-$, and the clearances of inulin and PAH were measured at an interval of 10 minutes for half an hour after the direct infusion of hydrocortisone or saline, and for one hour after intravenous administration of acetazolamide or aminophylline. The results of the experiment were as follows: 1. Significant changes in urine volume and urinary electrolytes (excreted rates of $Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-$) were observed in the hydrocortisone-infused group 10 minutes after the administration of acetazolamide, compared with the saline-infused group. Especially, the effect was more potent on the infused (left) side than on the contralateral (right) side. 2. Significant changes in urine volume and urinary electrolytes were also observed in all the aminophylline-treated groups, but no remarkable difference was noticed between the hydrocortisone-infused group and the saline-infused group, nor between the left and right sides. 3. No signicant changes in the clearances of inulin and PAH were in the infused (left) side of all the experimental groups, as compared with the contralateral (right) side. From the above results, it is obvious that hydrocortisone infused into a renal artery exerts diuretic action when administered in combination with acetazolamide, and the mechanism of action rests not on its hemodynamic change for renal blood flow, but on the potentiation of carbonic anhydrase inhibiting action. However, the exact mode of action remains yet to be clarified.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

We can understand "Shanghanlun(傷寒論)" and "Wenbingtiaobian(溫病條辨)" which are major books on externally contracted diseases well by making a comparative study of their similarities and differences. After studying etiological causes and characteristics of disease, disease pattern, syndrome differentiation, transmutation rules, following conclusions are derived. While cold is an etiological cause of Cold damage and harms Yang qi, heat is an etiological cause of Warm disease and harms Yin qi. Cold damage and Warm disease have something in common in the respect of damage to fluid and humor and Yang qi. Exuberant heat symptom of Yang brightness disease and lesser yin heat transformation pattern have similar damage to fluid and humor as Warm disease does. Warm disease can reach qi collapse syndrome through damage to Yang qi following fluid and humor damage. In the respect of water qi, as Cold damage makes water-dampness retain easily due to cold congealing, dampness-draining diuretic medicinal and warm yang medicinal are used together. As warm disease damages fluid and humor, yin-tonifying medicinal is used and dampness-draining diuretic medicinal can be used in the case of Warm disease with dampness. In the respect of disease pattern, cold syndromes arise mostly by Cold damage except heat syndrome of grater yang disease, chest bind syndrome, stuffiness syndrome, reverting yin disease and yang brightness disease. Warm disease is classified as pure heat syndrome and heat syndrome with bowel excess, damage to yin, qi collapse or damage to blood.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 1990

The interaction between a calcium channel blocker nifedipine and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was examined in normotensive and renal hypertensive rats. The infusion of either ANP or nifedipine produced a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP). The combined infusion of ANP with nifedipine resulted in a greater fall of MAP than did the infusion of each drug alone. ANP significantly increased urinary volume and excretion of sodium, while nifedipine was without effects. The diuretic/natriuretic effects of ANP were potentiated by the combined infusion with nifedipine. The vasodepressor and renal effects of ANP or nifedipine were qualitatively similar between the normotensive and hypertensive rats. Nifedipine caused an upward and leftward shift of the ANP dose-relaxation curve of the phenylephrine-precontracted thoracic aortic rings isolated from the normotensive rats , suggesting that the vasodilation sensitivity to ANP is increased in the presence of nifedipine. These results indicate that nifedipine enhances the vasodepressor effect of ANP, the likely mechanisms being attributable to a contraction of effective intravascular volume as a consequence of potentiated renal excretion and a greater peripheral vasodilation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.22-22
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• 2018

Based on medicinal plant references from Vietnam, 1884 flowering plant species (194 families, 956 genera) can be used to treat 30 diseases or have 4 valuable uses such as Tranquillizer, Detoxify, Galactopoietic and Diuretic. 23 species (15 families, 18 genera) for Tranquillizer, 94 species (50 families, 79 genera) for Vaginitis, 18 species (13 families, 15 genera) for Paralytic, 6 species (6 families, 6 genera) for Obese, 60 species (28 families, 50 genera) for Flu, 63 species (37 families, 56 genera) for Eyesore, 96 species (45 families, 77 genera) for Toothache, 97 species, (50 families, 86 genera) for Detoxify, 18 species (18 families, 18 genera) for Syphilis, 80 species (50 families, 71 genera) for Asthma, 17 species (8 families, 11 genera) for HIV AIDS, 56 species (41 families, 54 genera) for Gonorrhoea, 378 species (108 families, 56 genera) for Dysentery, 31 species (22 families, 29 genera) for Galactopoietic, 131 species (69 families, 116 genera) for Diuretic, 11 species (9 families, 9 genera) for Mump, 737 species (129 families, 626 genera) for "Snack bite", 23 species (18 families, 22 genera) for Urolithiasis, 134 species (56 families, 122 genera) for Malaria, 462 species (113 families, 323 genera) for Rheumatism, 55 species (34 families, 49 genera) for Diabetes, 87 species (42 families, 70 genera) for Heart and blood pressure diseases, 70 species (46 families, 63 genera) for Haemorrhoids, 21 species (16 families, 20 genera) for Cancer, 42 species (27 families, 38 genera) for Gastritis, 154 species (66 families, 129 genera) for Hepatitis, 5 species (5 families, 5 genera) for Keratitis, 81 species (42 families, 75 genera) for Sore throat, 11 families (9 families, 11 genera) for Encephalitis, 72 species (41 families, 66 genera) for Nephritis, 10 species (6 families, 8 genera) for Sinusitis, 22 species (17 families, 20 genera) for Sterile, 19 species (14 families, 17 genera) for Cirrhosis, 3 species (3 families, 3 genera) for Brain hemorrhage. Each species can be used to treat some diseases. The information of species can be used to orient researches fast and effectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 1980

In this paper, we studied what the drug name of Sang-Baik-Pi(桑白皮) Mori Cortex Radicis) is, how to collect it; and how the chief symptoms had changed in the chinese medical references and herbological literatures and formularies. Also we bibliographically analyzed in the herbological way the drugs combinated with Sang-Baik-Pi and their active principles among the prescriptions in the famous medical book; 'Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam', (東醫寶鑑) of our country. Finally, we concluded as foolow. Numerous names of botainical origin were described, but it was not recorded that San-Keun-Baik-Pi(桑根白皮) in old days is different from root bark of Morus sp. in this times. Sang-Baik-Pi has been a common designation since Ming dynasty (AD 1500). Collections of it were independent of seasons, it could effect perfectly over 10 years old. And its cork layer should be removed after collections, it was especially emphacised that root bark on ground was poisonous. The chiefly cured symptoms with Sang-Baik-Pi were constantly not different from the contents of 'Shin-Nong-Bon-Chau-Kyung'(神農本草經) in ancient times, but it has been developed since Ming dynasty. Its uses are widely extended to a surgical and dermatologic desease; rheumatis, beriberi and diabetes in this times. and its efficacies depend upon curing. Prescriptions on Sang-Baik-Pi that were prescribed in 'Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam' are there, 177 drugs combinated with it. Glycyrrhizae Radix is most frequently combinated with Sang-Baik-Pi(frequently 68%). It is proved that Armeniacae Semen, Platycodi Radix etc, in the order take strong effects on anti-tussive, anti-phlogistic, diuretic, anti-pyretic etc. It is expressed 34 times, frequently, that a dose is 3.75g, and it shows that a usual doses is 2-4g. As the above prescriptions are classified, the results is as follows, respiratory tract desease is most frequently in 69 prescriptions, the next gastrointestinal tract 13 times, diuretic 12 times, and antipyretic 11 times. Therefore, Sang-Baik-Pi contains a good remedial value chiefly of the effects upon the respiratory diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 1982

The effect of ethacrynic acid (EA) on the renal secretion of PAH was examined in cat kidney. $C_{PAH}$ and $T_{PAH}$ were measured before and after infusion of EA $(0.5{\sim}50mg/kg)$ through the femoral vein. The following results were obtained: 1) In the dosage range of 0.5 to 25 mg/kg, EA increased the urine flow, and sodium and potassium excretion in dose-dependent manner, but the glomelular filtration rate was decreased as the dosage of EA was increased. 2) $C_{PAH}$ and $T_{PAH}$ were decreased by EA in the dosage range of 3 to 25 mg/kg and 1 to 50 mg/kg, respectively, in dose·dependent manner with the dosage to cause 50% inhibition of about 5 mg/kg. 3) With dosage of 0.5mg/kg, EA appeared to exert a great effect on diuretic response without the influence on $T_{PAH}$. At 10min after infusion of EA, a potent diuretic effect appeared, while $T_{PAH}$ did not show a significant change. These results suggest that the action mechanism of EA on tubular secretion of PAH may be different from that on natriuresis. 4) With dosage of 5 mg/kg, EA did not inhibit the Na-K-ATPase activity in microsomal fractions from both cortex and medulla. 5) The double reciprocal plot ($l/T_{PAH}$ versus $l/P_{PAH}$) suggested that EA inhibited the P AH secretion by a competitive pattern. However, probenecid, a prototypic inhibitor of the organic acid pump, had no influence on both the inhibitory effect of $T_{PAH}$ and the natriuretic effect by EA. These results suggest that in vivo EA altered tubular secretion of P AH through interactions with receptors that are not identical with the Na-K-ATPase.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1969

The direct effect of isoproterenol on renal function, when given intravenously, is usually obscured by its potent hypotensive action. To obviate the latter action, isoproterenol was infused directly into one renal artery of the dog, the other kidney serving as a control for the general action. And following results were obtained. In the first series of experiments, the directic action of isoproterenol was ascertained. $1.0\;{\mu}g/kg/min$. reduced on both kidneys the urine flow, clearances of PAH and creatinine, as well as the amount of sodium excreted, but the effect was weaker on the experimental side than on contralateral side. With $0.1\;{\mu}g/kg/min$., two cases among 6 experiments showed marked diuresis, two cases no apparent effect, and another two marked antidiuresis on the experimental kidney, whereas the contralateral kidney exhibited antidiuresis in all cases. Further reducing the dose unmasked the diuretic action on the ,experimental kidney. In another series, the effects of isoproterenol on the blood flow distribution within the kidney and on sodium concentration gradient within the kidney tissue were observed. $0.05\;{\mu}g/kg/min$ isoproterenol markedly increased the medullary plasma flow and slightly increased total renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, along with concomitant increase in the amount of sodium excreted and osmolar clearance, and decrease in reabsorption of free water. Sodium concentration gradient markedly decreased in the experimental kidney, reaching 2/3 of the value observed in the contralateral kidney at the papilla. It is thus concluded that isoproterenol exerts a diuretic action, when infused directly into a renal artery, and the mechanism of the action rests on its hemodynamic action, substantiated as the increase in glomerular filtration and in the medullary blood flow, resulting in washout of hyperosmolality produced by the coutercurrent multiplier system.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.158-169
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• 2003

The present study examined that in vivo test is investigated in sham-operated(control group) and aldosterone-analogue deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive animals(experimental group) and that the antihypertensive effect was induced by silver spike point(SSP) low frequency electrical stimulation at meridian points(CV-3, -4, Ki-12, SP-6, LR-3, BL-25, -28, -32, -52), specifically, such as diuretic action in 24 hour urine analysis from normal volunteer. The $Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ ions were significantly increased in aldosterone-analogue DOCA-salt hypertensive rats than that in sham-operated rats. However, the $K^+$ ions were significantly decreased in aldosterone-analogue DOCA-salt hypertensive rats than that in sham-operated rats. The current of 1 Hz continue type of SSP low frequency electrical stimulation significantly increased in excretion of urine $Na^+$ and $K^+$ ions from normal volunteer. However, the excretion of $Ca^{2+}$ ion were significantly decreased by SSP electrical stimulation in volunteer. These results suggest that the development of aldosterone analogue-DOCA-salt hypertension is associated with changed $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ ions of urine. which directly affects blood pressure. Therefore, the hypertension is a risk factor on cardiovascular disease. Moreover, These results demonstrate that the SSP low frequency electrical stimulation, especially current of 1 Hz continue type, significantly regulates $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^+$ ions from volunteer. Therefore, the SSP low frequency electrical stimulation is a good regulator through a diuretic action of aldosterone-induced hypertension.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.1 s.26
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• pp.51-56
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• 1980

Phytolaccae Radix (PR), Brunella Herba (BH), Akebiae Lignum (AL) and Atractylis Rhizoma (AR) are some of the diuretic agents used in Chinese medicine and folk remedy. Water or methanol extracts of them (100mg/kg) were intravenously injected to rabbits in order to re-evaluate the effects on renal function. PR water extract elicited moderate diuresis while water extracts of BH, AL and methanol extract of AR had antidiuretic effects. Influence of PR on renal hemodynamics and $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in rabbit kidney were observed in vivo and in vitro. The results were as follows: 1) Clearances of inulin and p-aminohippuric acid increased significantly after 15 minutes following the administration of PR water extract, but Na+ reabsorption rate was not changed. 2) The increase of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in renal cortex, outer and inner medulla was observed at 15 minutes after PR water fraction was given intravenously, and the change was most prominent in cortical area. 3) More than 50% of decrease in $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in renal tissues was observed with PR water fraction $(10^{-2}g/ml)$ in vitro experiments. However, the inhibition of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity was reversed with lower concentrations $(10^{-4}g/ml,\;10^{-6}g/ml)$ of PR water fraction in outer and inner medullary zone. These results suggest the diuretic effect of PR is due to improved renal hemodynamics, and contradictory reults concerning $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity require further investigation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.73-87
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• 1983

The matrix affects the dissolution of furosemide, which is almost insoluble in the dissolution medium. In order to understand the effect of the matrix on the dissolution of furosemide, lactose, starch, $Avicel\;^{\circledR}pH\;101$, $Avicel\;^{\circledR}pH\;301$, $SiO_2$ and talc were used as the matrix and the solvent deposition method were used. The dissolution characteristics of four dissolution medium were compared to each other using various ratio of drug-to-matrix. The results are as follows: 1) Lactose was shown to be superior and talc was to be inferior to the other matrixes investigated. 2) A maximum dissolution rate and dissolution amount of furosemide were observed in 1 : 10 ratio of the drug-to-matrix. 3) $T_{80%}$ of 1 : 10 ratio of the drug-to-matrix in pH 7.2 was 1 min. from FM-lactose and 30 min. from FM-talc. $T_{50%}$ in pH 4.2 is 2 min. from furosemide-lactose and 150 min. from furosemide-talc. Total amount of furosemide in pH 1.2 at 30 min. were enhanced 13.3 fold in furosemide-lactose and 3.5 fold in furosemide-talc compared to the control. Diuretic action of those furosemide-lactose and furosemide-talc was also evaluated by monitoring changes in urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and urine volume in rat. The accumulated urine volume were enhanced 1.7 fold in furosemide-lactose (1.5) compared to the furosemide.