• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 1996

Dry weight and body fluid osmolarity of embryo, and maternal ovarian fluid and the ovarian inner tissue of the viviparous teleost, Ditrema temmincki, changed considerably during the gestation period. After the complete absorption of the egg yolk, average dry weight of the embryo increased to 373.76 mg, and the range of total length (TL) was from 6.0 to 60.0 mm. Osmolarity of the embryonic body fluid was 796,8 mOsmol/kg with TL 64.0 mm right before parturition. Ovarian outer membrane started to swelling clearly after fertilization, and maximized in March. The swelling of ovigerous folds was maximized in late April. Expansion of blood vessels and increase of hemocytes reached to their maximum right before parturition. The results of this study indicated that these changes are related to the nutritional and environmental adaptation of both the embryo and the maternal body during the gestation period.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 1996

Copulation process, fertilization and gestation of the viviparous teleost surfperch, Ditrema temmincki were investigated by using photomicroscopy. Samples were collected from the vicinity of Suyoung Bay, Pusan, Korea from May 1992 to August 1993. During the copulation period, the copulatory organs were protruded at the base part of right and left soft ray of the anal fin in mature male. Secondary sexual characteristics index (SSCI) of male participated in copulation was above 3.5. Mature oocytes appeared only in the female containing sperms in the ovarian cavity. Transport of the spermatozoa into the ovarian cavity during copulation belonged to a spermatophore type. After copulation, spermatozoa remained in the ovarian cavity for about one month untill fertilization. Fertilization occured within the follicular cavity. Fertilized eggs were released into the ovarian cavity where they developed during gestation period. Developmental sequence of the female was as following: fertilization-ovulation-hatching-parturition. Right before parturition, the total length (TL) of the embryo was about 63.0 mm. When TL of maternal body was 20.0 cm, the mean numbers of the embryo were 18. The numbers of the embryo were positively related to the maternal body size.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.140-149
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• 1995

Morphology and histochemical characteristics of the alimentary tract in surfperch, Ditrema temmincki were investigated by histological observation. The relative length of gut(RLG) in surfperch, that is the postpharyngeal portion of the alimentary tract, is about 0.89 to standard length. The absence of a stomach, which is the part of expantion of the alimentary tract between esophageal end and the entrance of the bile duct into the intestine, was observed. The alimentary tract is divided into the esophagus, esophageal-intestine part, anterior intestine, mid intestine, posterior intestine, intestinorectum part, rectum, rectal-anus part, and anus by morphology and histochemical features. Morphology of mucosal folds is the most complexity in the rectum and the tunica muscularis of the esophagus and anus is more advanced than those of other parts. The epithelial layers of mucosal folds consist of columnar epithelium except for cuboidal cells of the anterior part of the esophagus. The goblet cells and polysaccharide absorptive cells were observed in the alimentary tract. Nutritive polysaccharide is mainly absorbed by the absorptive cells in the posterior intestine of the surfperch.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 1969

The author studied the action of autonomic drugs on the urinary bladder isolated from Ditrema temmincki Bleaker and the results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) The motility of the urinary bladder of the fish was stimulated by acetylcholine and physostigmine. The stimulating action of these drugs was antagonized by atropine. 2) The motility of the fish bladder was stimulated by epinephrine, nor-epinephrine and phenylephrine, but inhibited by isoproterenol. 3) The inhibitory effects of isoproterenol on the fish bladder was not affected by phenoxybenzamine, but blocked by propranolol. 4) The excitatory effects of phenylephrine on the fish bladder were blocked by phenoxybenzamine, but augmented by propranolol. 5) The excitatory effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine were reversed by phenoxybenzamine and augmented by propranolol. 6) The motility of the fish bladder pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol was not affected by isoproterenol, phenylephrine, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. 7) It seemed that the bladder muscle of the fish had both alpha excitatory and beta inhibitory receptors. 8) The motility of the fish bladder was stimulated by nicotine and DMPP. The excitatory effects of these drugs were abolished by pretreatment with hexamethonium or atropine. 9) It is, therefore, concluded that there are ganglion cells furnished with cholinergic fiber in the bladder wall of the fish.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.301-314
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• 1995

New and rare species of copepod parasites of the sufperch Ditrema temmincki Bleeker are reported from Korean seas. Two of them, each belonging to Colobomatus of Poecilostomatoida and Caligus of Siphonostomatoida, are described as new speices. The latter species is very peculilar in bearing the single-segmented exopod ini leg 4. Caligus tanago Yamaguti, an incompletely known species, is also described from the same fish host.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1996

The appearance of the primordial germ cells (PGC's), early gonadogenesis, sex differentiation and sex ratio of the embryo in the viviparous teleost, Ditrema temmincki were investigated by using photomicroscopy. The PGC's were first observed in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue located between the early alimentary tract and the dorsal body wall in the late embryonic development stage. During the period from the hatching to the individual total length (TL) of 4.0 mm the PGC's were evenly distributed in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue between alimentary tract and body wall. But the period of TL 5.0 mm mesenchymal tissue separated from the dorsal body wall, the PGC's moved to the posterior mesenchymal tissue and formed the primitive gonad. During the early gonadogenesis, differentiation of the testis and ovary were distinguished from the arrangement of the germ cells and somatic cells. Gonad of embryo in TL 10.0 mm can be separated into the ovary and testis by external morphology. The testis had a separated form which was consisted with two lobes, and the ovary had a fused form in half-posterior part. In the testicular differentiation of the embryo, histological pattern of the seminiferous tubule appeared when TL of the embryo was to be 25.0 mm, for the seminal vesicle was formed In the individual TL of 30.0mm. The testis of the embryo with TL of 45.0 mm was similar to that of the adult fish in the external and internal structures. In the ovarian differentiation, formation of the ovigerous folds and the ovarian cavity were clearly observed when the TL reached to 30.0 mm. The ovary from the individual with TL of 60.0 mm was differentiated into a similar ovary as seen in the adult fish in the external and internal structure. Right before parturition the total length of the individual was approximately 63.0 mm of which the individual embryo has an ovary containing the oocytes in the chromatin nucleolus stage, or a testis containing the spermatogonia, respectively. And the embryonic sex ratio of female to male was 1.65 : 1. Ditrema temmincki is dioecism and the pattern of sex differentiation is belonged to a differentiation type.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.150-159
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• 1995

First sexual maturity, monthly changes in gonadosomatic index and reproductive cycle of viviparous teleost surfperch, Ditrema temmincki were investigated under photomicroscopy. Samples were collected from May 1992 to August 1993 in the vicinity of Suyoung Bay, Pusan, Korea. Body length at the first sexual maturity in female and male were 12.5cm and 13.5cm, respectively. Gonadosomatic index(GSI) in female reached the maximum in June(just before parturition) and male GSI reached the maximum in October(just before copulation). The testis is composed of a number of seminiferous tubules, and spermatogonia are originated from the germinal epithelium on the seminiferous tubule. The ovary consists of several ovigerous folds, and oogonia are originated from the inner surface of the germinal epithelium within the ovigerous fold. Annual reproductive cycle was classified into the following successive periods : in male, growing period from May to August, maturation period from September to October, copulation period from November to December, and degeneration and resting period from January to April, and in female, growing period from September to October, copulation and maturation period from November to December, gestation period from January to June, and resting period from July to August. Hepatosomatic index(HSI) in male appeared to be negatively correlated with gonadosomatic index, but that in female showed to be positively correlated.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.438-449
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• 1996

Development of alimentary tract and nutrient absorption in embryo of the viviparous teleost surfperch, Ditrema temmincki were investigated with histochemical methods. Just after hatching mouth of the embryo was opened, and the end part of alimentary tract was opened in TL 4.0 mm. Mucosal folds in the alimentary tract appeared at posterior region from TL 5.0 mm. In TL 30.0 mm, the alimentary tract of the embryo could be distinguished into pharynx, esophagus, anterior intestine, mid intestine, posterior intestine, rectum and anus. From over TL 50.0 mm, the internal histological patterns of the alimentary tract showed similar structures as seen in the adult. The mucous cells in the pharynx were positively reacted to PAS in TL 7.0 mm. PAS positive goblet cell appeared in the intestine from 25.0 mm, from TL 30.0 mm in the rectum, from TL 40.0 mm in the anus and from 50.0 mm in the esophagus. Yolky materials were absorbed completely in TL 6.0 mm. PAS positive polysaccharide absorptive cells began to appear at the posterior parts of the intestine in TL 7.0 mm and appeared in TL 13.0 mm at the rectum, in TL 15.0 mm at the anterior intestine and in TL 40.0 mm at the anterior part of anus. During the gestation period, nutrient absorptive type of the embryo within the maternal body is a placental analogues type of metrotrophy.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 1970

The author studied the actions of autonomic drugs on the uterine muscle isolated from Ditrema temmincki Bleeker, and the results obtained were summerized as follows. 1) The motility of the fish uterus was stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine and phenylephrine, but inhibited by isoproterenol. 2) The inhibitory effects of isoproterenol on the fish uterus was not affected by phenoxybenzamine, but blocked by propranolol. 3) The excitatory effects of phenylephrine on the fish uterus were blocked by phenoxybenzamine, but stimulated by propranolol. 4) The excitatory effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine were reversed by phenoxybenzamine and stimulated by propranolol. 5) The motility of the fish uterus pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol was not affected by isoproterenol, phenylephrine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. 6) It seemed that the uterine muscle of the fish had both alpha excitatory and beta inhibitory receptors. 7) The motility of the uterus of the fish was stimulated by acetylcholine. The stimulating action of acetylcholine was antagonized by atropine. 8) The motility of fish uterus was not affected by nicotine and DMPP. The actions of these drugs were not affected by pretreatment with hexamethonium and atropine. 9) It is, therefore, concluded that there are not present ganglia cells furnished with cholinergic fiber in the uterine wall of the fish.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1972

The author studied the adrenotropic receptors of isolated vas deferens from Ditrema temmincki Bleeker, using adrenergic activators such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine, and adrenergic blocking agents such as phenoxybenzamine and propranolol. The results are as follows: 1. The vas deferens was stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine and phenylephrine, but not affected by isoproterenol. 2. The excitatory effect of phenylephrine on the vas deferens was completely blocked by phenoxybenzamine, but more stimulated by propranolol. 3. The excitatory effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine were markedly reduced by phenoxybenzamine, but stimulated by propranolol. 4. The vas deferens pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol was not affected by epinephrine and norepinephrine. 5. The vas deferens was not affected by isoproterenol and also not affected by the pretreatment with either kind of blocking agent plus isoproterenol. 6. It seemed that the vas deferens had both alpha-excitatory receptor and beta-receptor, but it was difficult to detect the character of beta-receptor whether it was inhibitory or excitatory.