• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.242-250
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• 2006

Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib) conjugate vaccines prevent Hib disease in individuals and reduce the carriage and transmission of the organism in the community. The incidence of Hib disease has been decreased dramatically in a diverse range of countries through the use of a variety of conjugate vaccines and vaccine schedules. In some countries, the vaccine has caused a near-disappearance of invasive Hib disease through a combination of direct protection and herd immunity. The effectiveness of the vaccine was not modified by the type of conjugate vaccine, the number of doses given(two, three or four), age at first vaccination(two months, 42 to 90 days, three months) and whether the vaccine was tested in an industrialized or developing country. Over 15 years of international experience with vaccines has also demonstrated that they are safe. In 2004, Hib vaccines were adapted in routine immunization in 92 countries in the world. Decisions regarding the use of the Hib vaccine in routine immunization schedules depend not only on the effectiveness and efficacy of the vaccine but also on factors such as burden of disease, vaccine cost, and competing priorities. In Korea, Hib disease burden seemed to be lower than other developed countries(~10/100,000). Moreover Hib vaccines showed excellent immunogenicity in Korean children in many studies. Therefore, a potential approach to economize the cost of Hib vaccines could be to explore the possibilities of using reduced vaccine doses for immunization as some other countries.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.633-643
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• 1986

Five hundred cases of open heart surgery were operated in the Dept. of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital from July, 1981 to October, 1986. The clinical data were summarized as follows: 1. The age distribution of congenital heart disease patients was 2 to 41 years old and mean age was 13.4 years and of acquired heart disease was 11 to 57 years old and mean age was 32.7 years. 2. There were 319 cases [63.8%] of acyanotic congenital heart anomalies, 56 cases [11.2%] of cyanotic anomalies and 125 cases [25.[%] of acquired heart disease. 3. For myocardial protection, Bretschneider and potassium glucose solution had been used as cardioplegic solution and since 1983, GIK solution is being used repeatedly every 30 to 40 minutes time interval with excellent results. 4. The ingredient of the priming solution is Hartmann`s solution, mannitol, sodium bicarbonate, potassium, chloride, fresh ACD whole blood, calcium chloride, heparin and dexamethasone. 5. There were 94 cases of mild hypothermia, 280 cases of moderate hypothermia and 126 cases of intermediate hypothermia. 6. The overall mortality was 8.2%. And the mortality rate in each disease entity is 2.5% in acyanotic congenital cases, 33.9% in cyanotic congenital cases and 11.2% in acquired heart disease.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.36-47
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• 1988

610 cases of open heart surgery was performed in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital from July 1981 to September 1987. The clinical data was summarized as follows: 1. The age distribution of congenital heart surgery patients was 2 to 41 years old [mean; 13.2 years] and surgery for acquired heart disease was 10 to 57 years old [mean: 32.8 years]. 2. There were 389 cases [63.8%] of acyanotic congenital heart anomalies, 63 cases [10.3%] of cyanotic congenital anomalies and 158 cases [25.9%] of acquired heart disease. 3. For myocardial protection, Bretschneider and potassium glucose solution had been used as cardioplegic solution and then since 1983, GIK solution has been used with repeated infusion method once for every 20 to 30 minutes of time interval after starting initial cardioplegia during operation with excellent results. 4. The ingredient of the priming solution is Hartmann`s solution, sodium bicarbonate, mannitol, potassium chloride, fresh ACD whole blood, calcium chloride, heparin and dexamethasone. 5. There were 96 cases [15.7%] of mild hypothermia, 333 cases [54.6%] of moderate hypothermia and 181 cases [29.7%] of intermediate hypothermia. 6. The mortality rate was 2.3% [9 out of 389 cases] in acyanotic congenital heart disease, 36.5% [23 out of 63 cases] in cyanotic congenital heart disease and 10.8% [17 out of 158 cases] in acquired heart disease, with overall mortality rate of 8.0% [49 out of 610 cases].

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.153-163
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• 2010

Periodontal disease, as a polymicrobial disease, is globally endemic as well as being a global epidemic. It is the leading cause for tooth loss in the adult population and has been positively related to life-threatening systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes. As a result, it is clear that more sophisticated therapeutic modalities need to be developed, which may include vaccines. Up to now, however, no periodontal vaccine trial has been successful in satisfying all the requirements; to prevent the colonization of a multiple pathogenic biofilm in the subgingival area, to elicit a high level of effector molecules such as immunoglobulin sufficient to opsonize and phagocytose the invading organisms, to suppress the induced alveolar bone loss, or to stimulate helper T-cell polarization that exerts cytokine functions optimal for protection against bacteria and tissue destruction. This article reviews all the vaccine trials so as to construct a more sophisticated strategy which may be relevant in the future. As an innovative strategy to circumvent these barriers, vaccine trials to stimulate antigen-specific T-cells polarized toward helper T-cells with a regulatory phenotype (Tregs, $CD_{4+}$, $CD_{25+}$, $FoxP_{3+}$) have also been introduced. Targeting not only a single pathogen, but polymicrobial organisms, and targeting not only periodontal disease, but also periodontal disease-triggered systemic disease could be a feasible goal.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.301-307
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• 2002

Graft transmission and cytopathological studies of a severe pear disease, pear black necrotic leafspot（PBNLS), were carried out to determine the causal agent of the disease. No evidence was found that a fungal or bacterial pathogen could be the causal agent of the disease. Attempts to transmit the agent by sap-inoculation to other plants including herbaceous hosts failed. How-ever, the pathogen was readily graft-transmitted from symptomatic diseased pears to healthy pears. Graft transmission of the pathogen was also demonstrated by using an indicator plant, PS-95, developed in the laboratory through various grafting methods. Ultrastructural study of the disease revealed the consistent presence of flexuous rod-shaped virus-like particles (VLP) in the symptomatic leaves of both Niitaka cultivar and indicator pear, PS-95. The particles, approximately 12 nm in diameter with undetermined length, occurred in the cytoplasm of mesophyll parenchyma cells. Cells with VLPs also contained fibril-containing vesicles, which are common in cells infected with plant viruses with ssRNA genome. The vesicles were formed at the tonoplast. Based on the symptomatology, the presence of fibril-containing vesicles, and graft-transmissibility, it is believed that the VLPs that occurred on symptomatic leaves of black necrotic leafspot of pear are viral in nature, possibly those of a capillovirus.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.70-105
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• 2023

This study was conducted to examine the current status of traditional korean medicine studies on gastroesophageal reflux disease in Korea, identify deficiencies, and suggest the direction of future medicine research methods to lay the foundation for traditional korean medicine treatment. All domestic papers on the korean traditional treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease were selected among the literature published until August 2022 in six domestic databases. A total of 52 selected research data were classified into experimental research papers, clinical research papers, and review papers. In experimental papers, to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, improvement of esophageal mucosal lesions, anti-inflammatory mechanisms, antioxidant mechanisms, esophageal mucosal protection mechanisms, gastric peristalsis control, and gastric acid secretion inhibition mechanisms were used as evaluation measures. In the clinical research paper, the basis for diagnosis of cases was clinical symptoms through medical history listening and diagnosis through visits to hospitals in the past. The average treatment period was 40.7 days, and the duration of treatment was not significantly affected by the duration of the disease. The most widely used Korean medicine treatment intervention was herbal medicine. There were 3 literature review studies, 3 systematic literature review and meta-analysis studies, 1 comparative review study for clinical trial guideline development, all using Chinese papers. This study included all domestic papers on gastroesophageal reflux disease to identify the research trend of the Korean oriental medicine community, and based on this, it is meaningful to confirm areas that need to be supplemented in future research plans.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2024

Traditional manual identification of crop leaf diseases is challenging. Owing to the limitations in manpower and resources, it is challenging to explore crop diseases on a large scale. The emergence of artificial intelligence technologies, particularly the extensive application of deep learning technologies, is expected to overcome these challenges and greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of crop disease identification. Crop leaf disease identification models have been designed and trained using large-scale training data, enabling them to predict different categories of diseases from unlabeled crop leaves. However, these models, which possess strong feature representation capabilities, require substantial training data, and there is often a shortage of such datasets in practical farming scenarios. To address this issue and improve the feature learning abilities of models, this study proposes a deep transfer learning adaptation strategy. The novel proposed method aims to transfer the weights and parameters from pre-trained models in similar large-scale training datasets, such as ImageNet. ImageNet pre-trained weights are adopted and fine-tuned with the features of crop leaf diseases to improve prediction ability. In this study, we collected 16,060 crop leaf disease images, spanning 12 categories, for training. The experimental results demonstrate that an impressive accuracy of 98% is achieved using the proposed method on the transferred ResNet-50 model, thereby confirming the effectiveness of our transfer learning approach.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.4
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• pp.29-46
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• 2001

This research is based on the protection of the social safty with the preventive measures against Creutzfedt-jakob's and Mad cow Disease which has been drawn an attention of the public. It also has Known as an epidemic with rapid transmission an severe conteminaton to hurt the health through beef. In this work, some fruitful suggestions have been made to prevent and to minimize the harms Creutzfedt-jakob's and Mad Cow Disease : 1) We should Pay attention to the prior preventive measures by detecting the modes and the causes of the contemination lute route ; 2) there should be a step to inoculate the cattles to provide non-conteminated fresh feed for cows ; and 3) a health official should be alert to prevent the rapid transmission to the public by breaking the infected route of it.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.394-404
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• 1980

During the period of June 1976 October 1980 131 cases of Open heart Surgery was performed at the National Medical Center in Seoul under the extracorpocal circulation. 77 cases were congenital heart disease and 54 were acquired heart disease. The age of the patients ranged between 2$\frac{1}{2}$ and 51 years. For all patients partial hemodilution technique and moderte hypothermia was used during extracorporeal circulation and cardioplegia was done for myocardial protection since April 1978. 41 of congenital cases were non-cyanotic group and 1 case died. 36 of congenital cases were cyanotic group and revealed very high mortiality rate (16 death, 39%). 53 of acquired cases were cases of valvular heart disease, 34 mitral (3 death), 1 aortic, 4 mitral with aortic 12 mitral with tricuspid (3 death), 2 triple valves (2 death), and revealed mortality rate of 15.1% (8 death). 1 of acquired cases were left atrial myxoma. There were 25 cases of operative death and over all motality rate was 19.1%.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 1982

In this study it was found that the enzyme activities of diseased ginseng contributed greatly on the development of its root-rot disease. The 4i sensed ginseng showed higher activities of $\alpha$-amylase, p amylase, invertase, catalase, and cellulase than those of fresh one. The increased enzyme activities of diseased ginseng were originated in those from infected pathogens, which showed a proportional relationship between enzyme activities and root-rot power of them. The increases of enzyme activities during incubation of inoculated ginseng could be considerably depressed by controlling culture environments as to temperature below 4$^{\circ}C$, pH 8-9, and relative humidity about 60%, Some metal ions and organic reagents also inhibited the enzyme activities of diseased ginseng. But their inhibitory effects were not so great that they might be used to protect the disease.