• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the frequency and clinical characteristics of anaphylaxis patients who are registered inaccurately with other disease codes. Methods: Study subjects presenting at the emergency department (ED) were retrospectively collected using disease codes to search for anaphylaxis patients in a previous studies. The study group was divided into an accurate and inaccurate group according to whether disease codes were accurately registered as anaphylaxis codes. Results: Among 266 anaphylaxis patients, 144 patients (54%) received inaccurate codes. Cancer was the most common comorbidity, and the radio-contrast media was the most common cause of anaphylaxis in the accurate group. Cutaneous and respiratory symptoms manifested more frequently in the inaccurate group, while cardiovascular and neurological symptoms were more frequent in the accurate group. Blood pressure was lower, and shock and non-alert consciousness were more common in the accurate group. Administration of intravenous fluid and epinephrine use were more frequent in the accurate group. Anaphylaxis patients with a history of cancer, shock, and epinephrine use were more likely to be registered as anaphylaxis codes accurately, but patients with respiratory symptoms were more likely to be registered with other disease codes. Conclusion: In cases of anaphylaxis, the frequency of inaccurately registered disease codes was higher than that of accurately registered codes. Anaphylaxis patients who were not treated with epinephrine at the ED who did not have a history of cancer, but had respiratory symptoms were at increased risk of being registered with disease codes other than anaphylaxis codes.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Objectives : It is necessary that the international classification of diseases (ICD) be examined in order to comprise the third revision of the Korean Classification of Disease on Oriental Medicine (KCD-OM) and disease classification in the oriental internal medicine field. It is essential that the selection, classification and definition of disease and pattern names of oriental concepts in internal medicine be clear. Since 2008, the fifth revision of the Korean Classification of Disease (KCD-5) has been used in Korea. It was required to use the reference classification from the Oriental medicine area based on the ICD-10. Methods : In this review, the necessity for, meaning of and content of the third revision are briefly described. The ICD system was reviewed and KCD-OM was reconstructed. How diagnosis in the oriental internal medicine area had changed is discussed. Review and Results : In 1973, the disease classification of oriental medicine was established the basis on the contents of Dongeuibogam. It was irrespective of the ICD. As to the classification system in the Oriental internal medicine field, systemic disease was comprised of wind, cold, warm, wet, dryness, heat, spirit, ki, blood, phlegm and retained fluid, consumptive disease, etc. Diseases of internal medicine comprised a system according to the five viscera and the six internal organs and followed the classification system of Dongeuibogam. The first and second revisions were of the classification system based on the curriculum in 1979 and 1995. In 1979, in the first revision, geriatric disease and idiopathic types of disease were deleted, and skin disease was included among surgery diseases. This classification was expanded to 792 small classification items and 1,535 detailed classification items to the dozen disease classes. In 1995, in the second revision, it was adjusted to 644 small classes and 1,784 detailed classification items in the dozen disease classes. KCD-OM3 did KCD from this basis. It added and comprised the oriental medical doctor's concept names of diseases considering the special conditions in Korea. KCD-OM3 examined the KCD-OMsecond revised edition (1994). It improved the duplex classification, improper classifications, etc. It is difficult for us to separate the disease names and pattern names in oriental medicine. We added to the U code and made one classification system. By considering the special conditions in Korea, 169 codes (83 disease name codes, 86 pattern name codes) became the pre-existence classification and links among 306 U codes of KCD-OM3. 137 codes were newly added in the third revision. U code added 3 domains. These are composed of the disease name (U20-U33, 97 codes), the disease pattern name (U50-U79, 191 codes) and the constitution pattern name of each disease (U95-U98, 18 codes). Conclusion : The introduction of KCD-OM3 conforms to the diagnostic system by which oriental medical doctors examine classes used with the basic structure of the reference classification of WHO and raises the clinical study and academic activity of the Korean oriental medicine and makes the production of all kinds of nation statistical indices possible. The introduction of KCD-OM3 promotes the diagnostic system by which doctors of Oriental medicine examine classes using the association with KCD-5. It will raise the smoothness and efficiency of oriental medical treatment payments in the health insurance, automobile insurance, industrial accident compensation insurance, etc. In addition, internationally, the eleventh revision work of the ICD has been initiated. It needs to consider incorporating into the International Classification of Diseases some of every country's traditional medicine.

• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Purpose: This research aims to facilitate a smooth transition from KCD-8 to ICD-11 through the study of ICD-11. Research design, data and methodology: Skilled Health Information Managers (HIMs) in Korea performed manual mapping and conducted a study of the code structure of ICD-11 chapters 11 and 12. Results: When comparing the granularity between ICD-11 and KCD-8, 58.1% of ICD-11 codes showed higher granularity, and 38.6% had similar granularity. The granularity of the circulatory system was higher than that of the respiratory system. When comparing the KCD-8 codes mapped by ICD-11 with the total 924 KCD-8 codes, it was found that about 50% of KCD-8 codes were not mapped to ICD-11. This means that 50% of diseases in the KCD-8 do not have individual codes as they did in ICD-11. Conclusions: ICD-11 demonstrated high granularity, indicating its effectiveness in describing cutting-edge medical technology in modern society. However, we also observed that some diseases were removed from KCD-8, while others were added to ICD-11. To ensure smooth statistics transition from KCD8 to ICD-11, especially for leading domestic diseases, integrated management, including the preparation of KCD-9 reflecting ICD-11 and ICD-11 training, will be necessary through the analysis of new codes and the removal of codes.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.322-329
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• 2014

Background: As most of people in Korea are covered by National Health Insurance (NHI), the disease information collected in NHI provides high availability for health policy. Nevertheless, the validity of disease codes in NHI data has been controversial till now. So we tried to evaluate the validity of them by comparing the NHI claims data with Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey (KNHDIIS) data. Methods: We compared the NHI patients sample data (2009) with the KNHDIIS data (2009). We selected the inpatient data of KNHDIIS and NHI patients sample. The weighted number of patients from NHI patients sample was 5,551,210 and the number of patients from KNHDIIS was 5,559,874. We classified the disease codes into principal diagnoses and other diagnoses, and we compared as one, two, three unit level. Also we calculated the agreement rate of each of them. Results: In the comparison of principal diagnoses, NHI claims data had more C code than KNHDIIS data did, whereas KNHDIIS data had more Z code than NHI claims data did. In the comparison of other diagnoses, NHI claims data had 2, 3 more codes than KNHDIIS data did. The overall agreement rate at three unit level was 76.5% in principal diagnoses and 46.8% in other diagnoses. Conclusion: Considering the large difference between the two data, the validity of disease codes in NHI Claims data seems to be low. To increase the validity of them, the definite detail coding indicator, the reinforcement of coding education, and the reform of system are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze the KCD codes applied to the treatment of 27 postpartum women who had been treated with Korean traditional medicine in a Korean medicine hospital, so that this study may be used as a basic data for setting the direction of postpartum Korean medical treatment research. Methods: It was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University medical center (IRB approval number : WSOH IRB H1708-02-01). Twenty-seven postpartum women who had been treated at ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University medical center were received outpatient treatment for two weeks (from September 27, 2017 to January 5, 2018), and the KCD codes applied to the mothers were collected after obtaining the consent. On the day of registration of the study, the fertility, obstetric history and high-risk pregnancies were identified through an interview. Results: 1. The mean age of the 27 subjects was $33.33{\pm}3.99\;years$ old. Among the subjects, 17 mothers (63.0%) were high-risk pregnancy and 10 mothers (37.0%) were normal. 2. Among the 22 major disease categories, 8 categories were used. M code (musculoskeletal system) was used 243 times (70.85%), followed by R code (unclassified symptom) of 51 times (14.87%) and U code (special purpose code) of 23 times (6.71%). 3. The most commonly used code among the ten frequently used codes was M25.57 (joint pain, ankle and foot), a total of 47 times. Of the remaining nine codes, except for R60.1 (systemic edema) and U68.4 (The deficiency of yang in Bi), all codes were M codes (musculoskeletal system). 4. The M code (musculoskeletal system) was the most used major disease category in high-risk group, a total of 159 times. But in specific categories, the most commonly used code was R60.1 (systemic edema), a total of 28 times. 5. In normal group, the M code (musculoskeletal system) was the most used major disease category, a total of 84 times. Also, in specific categories, the most commonly used code was M25.57 (joint pain, ankle and foot), total 29 times. 6. The U code, corresponding to 'the diagnosis of childbirth and other obstetrical medical use', was used 23 times (6.71%), O code three times (0.87%) and Z code two times (0.58%), which was less than 10% of the total number of codes used. Conclusion: When analyzing KCD codes related to Korean medicine treatment for postpartum diseases, it is important to select the KCD codes that reflect the actual clinical state.

• Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.183-190
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• 2018

Background: As the number of big-cohort studies increases, validation becomes increasingly more important. We aimed to validate administrative database categorized as colorectal cancer (CRC) by the International Classification of Disease (ICD) 10th code. Methods: Big-cohort was collected from Clinical Data Warehouse using ICD 10th codes from May 1, 2003 to November 30, 2016 at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The patients in the study group had been diagnosed with cancer and were recorded in the ICD 10th code of CRC by the National Health Insurance Service. Subjects with codes of inflammatory bowel disease or tuberculosis colitis were selected for the control group. For the accuracy of registered CRC codes (C18-21), the chart, imaging results, and pathologic findings were examined by two reviewers. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for CRC were calculated. Results: A total of 6,780 subjects with CRC and 1,899 control subjects were enrolled. Of these patients, 22 subjects did not have evidence of CRC by colonoscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomography. The sensitivity and specificity of hospitalization data for identifying CRC were 100.00% and 98.86%, respectively. PPV and NPV were 99.68% and 100.00%, respectively. Conclusions: The big-cohort database using the ICD 10th code for CRC appears to be accurate.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.126-149
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• 2011

Purpose: KCDO-3(Korean Classification of Diseases(Oriental Medicine)-third edition) being used in January, 2010 accepted the KCD(Korean Classification of Diseases) and added disease pattern and syndrome of oriental medicine. But, the diagnoses of oriental medicine are too uncertain to express in A00-Z99(KCD). In this case, you should choose in U codes under the KCD use guidelines, but U codes are not capable of representing the symptoms too. So, we suggest the use criteria and consider the weakness of the U codes with medical records of patients who visited with amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea. Methods: We referred medical records of patients who visited oriental obstetrics and gynecology from January 1st to December 31st, 2010. From among them, we set up 122 patients who related with emmeniopathy as target group and searched codes distribution based on medical records. And we described that the process of choosing appropriate codes based on the medical records of 49 amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea patients. Results and Conclusions: The emmeniopathy is divided into menstrual disorder, amenorrhea and systemic disorders at the period of menstruation. And emmeniopathy is expressed in some codes such as N91, N92, N93, N94, U321, U77. When a patient visit hospital, a doctor should choose causal codes when there is confirmed diagnosis. Otherwise, a doctor chooses symptom codes. And if there are more than two diagnosis consistent with definition of chief condition, a doctor should code the first listed diagnosis as a chief condition. Because KCD-5 is classified according to western medical diagnosis, it is difficult to choose in KCD-5 when we diagnosed with disease pattern and syndrome of oriental medicine. But U codes are also deficient to express various condition of emmeniopathy. So we should add 'deficiency and detriment of the thoroughfare and conception vessels', 'prolonged menstruation' and various systemic disorders at the period of menstruation.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.136-142
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• 2017

Background: Dementia is one of important social and economic healthcare issues in the aging age. Therefore, it signifies to analyze the relationship between chronic disease or cardiovascular drug use and the incidence of dementia to establish a basis for increasing or preventing the risk of dementia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of chronic diseases and the use of cardiovascular drugs in patients diagnosed with dementia. Methods: In this study, we used data from sample of elderly patients from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. We analyzed by logistic regression analysis with age, gender, and medication as covariates. KCD-7 was used to diagnosis of the disease, and drugs were analyzed using ATC codes and Korean standardized drug classification codes. Results: A total of 1,276,331 patients were analyzed in the sample of the elderly population, of which 532,075 (41.7%) were male and 744,256 (58.3%) were female. The patients have the higher risk of dementia in the older, women, and lower socioeconomically status. Cerebral infarction and ischemic heart disease increases risk of dementia. Patients taking statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARB) showed low incidence of dementia. Conclusion: This study has been shown that ACEI, ARB, and statin drugs may associate with lower incidence of Alzheimer's and other dementia except vascular dementia.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.81-100
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• 1999

The result from the research on the disease classifications of the traditional medicine in China, Japan, Taiwan, and North Korea are followings: 1. It is remarkable that China has two different classifications. One is of the diseases named by western medicine and the other is of the syndromes compounded with parts, characters, and pathology of the diseases. The Traditional Chinese Medicine has 615 codes for diseases in 7 departments, and 1684 codes for syndromes. It seems that they have tried to match each disease named by the traditional chinese medicine to each one named by western medicine. But, they have left the diseases impossible to be equivalent to the ones in western medicine themselves and used the same codes of western medicine when the diseases are the same ones in western medicine. 2. In Taiwan, they try to connect the diseases named by the traditional medicine to the ones named by western medicine based on ICD-9. But, they did not attempt to classify the diseases of the traditional medicine by its own ways. The names of diseases in Taiwan medicine include both diseases and syndromes. It is limited to name syndromes by the traditional medicine. And, Taiwan medicine follows ICD in naming injuries. 3. Japan has not got the disease classification for the causes of death, but only the Japanese disease classification for the causes of death, a translation 'The international disease classification for the causes of death. Therefore, The diseases named by traditional medicines are excluded in the public medicine by some Japanese medicines which diagnose through the western medicine and treat by Wa Kang medicine. 4. I can't find out the data over the disease classification for the causes of death by traditional medicine in North Korea. Instead, I can refer to case histories in which differentiation of symptoms and signs and points about them by traditional medicine and the final diagnoses and report about examination by the western medicine has been recorded. In conclusion, It is a distinctive feature that they connect the diseases and the syndromes by the traditional medicine to the ones by the western medicine, and don't tell the diseases from the syndromes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1353-1362
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• 2016

Hanwoo, a Korean native cattle (Bos taurus coreana), has great economic value due to high meat quality. Also, the breed has genetic variations that are associated with production traits such as health, disease resistance, reproduction, growth as well as carcass quality. In this study, next generation sequencing technologies and the availability of an appropriate reference genome were applied to discover a large amount of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ten Hanwoo bulls. Analysis of whole-genome resequencing generated a total of 26.5 Gb data, of which 594,716,859 and 592,990,750 reads covered 98.73% and 93.79% of the bovine reference genomes of UMD 3.1 and Btau 4.6.1, respectively. In total, 2,473,884 and 2,402,997 putative SNPs were discovered, of which 1,095,922 (44.3%) and 982,674 (40.9%) novel SNPs were discovered against UMD3.1 and Btau 4.6.1, respectively. Among the SNPs, the 46,301 (UMD 3.1) and 28,613 SNPs (Btau 4.6.1) that were identified as Hanwoo-specific SNPs were included in the functional genes that may be involved in the mechanisms of milk production, tenderness, juiciness, marbling of Hanwoo beef and yellow hair. Most of the Hanwoo-specific SNPs were identified in the promoter region, suggesting that the SNPs influence differential expression of the regulated genes relative to the relevant traits. In particular, the non-synonymous (ns) SNPs found in CORIN, which is a negative regulator of Agouti, might be a causal variant to determine yellow hair of Hanwoo. Our results will provide abundant genetic sources of variation to characterize Hanwoo genetics and for subsequent breeding.