• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.834-841
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• 2022

System thermal-hydraulic (STH) code is adopted for nuclear safety analysis. The critical flow model (CFM) is significant for the accuracy of STH simulation. To overcome the defects of current CFMs (low precision or long calculation time), a CFM based on a genetic neural network (GNN) has been developed in this work. To build a powerful model, besides the critical mass flux, the critical pressure and critical quality were also considered in this model, which was seldom considered before. Comparing with the traditional homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM) and the Moody model, the GNN model can predict the critical mass flux with a higher accuracy (approximately 80% of results are within the ±20% error limit); comparing with the Leung model and the Shannak model for critical pressure prediction, the GNN model achieved the best results (more than 80% prediction results within the ±20% error limit). For the critical quality, similar precision is achieved. The GNN-based CFM in this work is meaningful for the STH code CFM development.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.397-406
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• 2015

2013년 시행된 유역하수도정비계획에서는 유역별 수질상황을 고려하여 하수처리시설별 방류수 수질 준수농도(기준)를 별도로 적용하는 것이 가능하다. 유역의 중권역 목표기준 또는 수질오염총량관리 목표수질을 달성하기 위하여 유역하수도 제도 도입에 따라 유역 내 지역별 시설규모별 하수처리시설에 대한 방류수 수질 준수농도(안)을 설정하는 것이 필요하다. 유역환경청에서 수립하고 있는 유역하수도정비계획 수립 시 공공하수처리시설 방류수 수질 준수농도(기준)을 설정하는데 있어 II지역인 미호천유역의 경우 BOD 5 mg/L에서 3 mg/L, II III지역이 혼재되어 있는 영산강 상류유역의 경우 BOD 5~10 mg/L에서 3 mg/L로, IV지역인 안성천유역의 경우 BOD 10 mg/L에서 5 mg/L로 일률적으로 강화하도록 계획하고 있다. 이렇게 일률적으로 정하고 있는 준수농도에 대해 하수 처리기술, 유역특성을 고려한 유역하수도 공공하수처리시설의 방류수 수질 준수농도를 설정하는 방법을 제시하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 공공하수처리시설 방류수 수질 준수농도 강화(안)을 설정할 때 이 강화된 준수농도가 공공수역 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하여 어떤 강화(안)이 유역관리에 좀 더 효과적인지 고찰하였다.

• 기술사
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1985

As the paper industry consumes much water in process and discharge wastewater containing suspended solid and COD(chemical oxygen demand), relevant law against this discharge has been set up to limit the total containment of COD in discharge. This study has been carried out to improve the treatment method for the soluble COD in wastewater produced during the process of paste-board production, which is made of semichemical pulp and waste paper. Applicated methods are, O$_2$AS : O$_2$ activated sludge process DAS : Deep well activated sludge process SAS : standard activated sludge process and proper combination of DAS and SAS 1) As a result of this experiment, we get the following conclusion between in COD sludge loading "X" and COD removable rate in the process of treating waste-water. COD removable rate(％)=(0.778+0.0146/X)${\times}$100(％)……(7) 2) In case that the COD sludge loading is high, it has been cleared out that the COD removable rate shall become low due to unknown unsoluble substances contained in the process. Meanwhile, to increase the efficiency rate of treatment, it is thought to be necessary, to provide long-time contacts with activated sludge. 3) Once the COD of original waste-water and the target COD of treated water are decided, COD sludge loading is obtained from equation(7), and capacity of aeration tank in the effective systems such as O$_2$AS, DAS, to bet the required COD removable rate can be decided. Therefore the choice among SAS, O$_2$AS, DAS methods is made in consideration of required COD removable rate and allowable installation area. 4) In the sedimentation tank with sludge bulking, it is possible to increase the COD removable rate by 3～7％ but still there exist many obstacles to manage this operation.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2016

Recently, the world faces the environmental problem such as air pollution due to harmful gas discharged from car and abnormal climate due to the green-house gases increased by the discharge of $CO_2$. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), one of alternative for this problem, is less harmful, compared to the existing fossil fuel, as gaseous fuel, and less carbon in fuel ingredients and carbon dioxide generation rate relatively favorable more than the existing fuel. However, CNG fuel has the weakness of slow flame propagation speed and difficult fast burn. On the other hand, hydrogen does not include carbon in fuel ingredients, and does not discharge harmful gas such as CO and HC. Moreover, it has strength of quick burning velocity and ignition is possible with small ignition energy source and it's has wide Lean Flammability Limit. If using this hydrogen with CNG fuel, the characteristics of output and discharge gas is improved by the mixer's burning velocity improved, and, at the same time, is possible to have stable lean combustion with the reduction of $CO_2$ expected. Therefore, this research tries to identify the characteristics of engine and emission gas when mixing CNG fuel and hydrogen in each portion and burning them in spark igniting engine, and grasp the combustion stability and emission gas characteristics according and use it as the basic data of hydrogen-CNG premixed engine.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2010년도 제39회 하계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.17-17
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• 2010

This paper address technical issues in calibrating discharge coefficients of sonic nozzles used to measure the volume flow rate of low vacuum dry pumps. The first challenging issue comes from the technical limit that their calibration results available from the flow measurement standard laboratories do not fully cover the low vacuum measurement range although the use of sonic nozzles for precision measurement of gas flow has been well established in NMIs. The second is to make an ultra low flow sonic nozzlesufficient to measure the throughput range of 0.01 mbar-l/s. Those small-sized sonic nozzles do not only achieve the noble stability and repeatability of gas flow but also minimize effects of the fluctuation of down stream pressures for the measurement of the volume flow rate of vacuum pumps. These distinctive properties of sonic nozzles are exploited to measure the pumping speed of low vacuum dry pumps widely used in the vacuum-related academic and industrial sectors. Sonic nozzles have been standard devices for measurement of steady state gas flow, as recommended in ISO 9300. This paper introduces two small-sized sonic nozzles of diameter 0.03 mm and 0.2 mm precisely machined according to ISO 9300. The constant volume flow meter (CVFM) readily set up in the Vacuum center of KRISS was used to calibrate the discharge coefficients of the machined nozzles. The calibration results were shown to determine them within the 3% measurement uncertainty. Calibrated sonic nozzles were found to be applicable for precision measurement of steady state gas flow in the vacuum process. Both calibrated sonic nozzles are demonstrated to provide the precision measurement of the volume flow rate of the dry vacuum pump within one percent difference in reference to CVFM. Calibrated sonic nozzles are applied to a new 'in-situ and in-field' equipment designed to measure the volume flow rate of low vacuum dry pumps in the semiconductor and flat display processes.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2011

Metal waste generated from the pyroprocessing of 10 MtU of spent fuel was classified by comparing the specific activity of a relevant radionuclide with the limit value of the specific activity specified in the Korean acceptance criteria for a lowand intermediate-level waste repository. A Korean Optimized Fuel Assembly design with a 17${\times}$17 array, an initial enrichment of 4.5 weight-percent, discharge burn-up of 55 GWD/MtU, and a 10-year cooling time was considered. Initially, the mass and volume of each structural component of the assembly were calculated in detail, and a source term analysis was subsequently performed using ORIGEN-S for these components. An activation cross-section library generated by the KENO-VI/ORIGEN-S module was utilized for top-end and bottom-end pieces. As a result, an Inconel grid plate, a SUS plenum spring, a SUS guide tube subpart, SUS top-end and bottom-end pieces, and an Inconel top-end leaf spring were determined to be unacceptable for the Gyeongju low- and intermediate-level waste repository, as these waste products exceeded the acceptance criteria. In contrast, a Zircaloy grid plate and guide tube can be placed in the Gyeongju repository. Non-contaminated Zircaloy cladding occupying 76% of the metal waste was found to have a lower level of specific activity than the limit value. However, Zircaloy cladding contaminated by fission products and actinides during the decladding process of pyroprocessing was revealed to have 52 and 2 times higher specific activity levels than the limit values for alpha and $^{90}Sr$, respectively. Finally, it was found that 88.7% of the metal waste from the 17${\times}$17 Korean Optimized Fuel Assembly design should be disposed of in a deep geological repository. Therefore, it can be summarized that separation technology with a higher decontamination factor for transuranics and strontium should be developed for the efficient management of metal waste resulting from pyroprocessing.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2019

급격한 도시화와 산업화로 도심 재난 취약성이 증가하고, 전 세계적인 기후변화로 인한 극한 강우사상의 발생빈도가 증가하고 있다. 기존 방재시설의 용량한계를 넘어선 극한 강우사상의 발생으로 도심 지역의 침수피해 또한 증가하고 있다. 도심 침수피해를 예방하기 위해 지하공간을 활용한 지하저류 시설과 지하배수터널 활용이 급부상하고 있으며, 강우가 유입되는 지하유입구에 대한 수리학적 검토를 통한 성능 분석이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 지하 유입구로 활용되고 있는 접선식(tangential) 유입구와 나선식(spiral) 유입구에 대해 유입유량 변화에 따른 유입부 수위를 계측하고 흐름 특성 변화를 분석했다. 나선식 유입구의 경우, 저유량 조건에서의 와류 유도 효과를 개선하기 위해 유입부 바닥면에 계단형 다단식 구조를 도입했다. 접선식 유입구에서는 고유량 유입조건 아래 도수(hydraulic jump)가 발생하며 유량 배제 효과가 급격하게 감소했다. 다단식 나선(multi-stage) 유입구의 경우, 접선식 유입구보다 유입유량 증가에 따른 수위 상승률은 높지만 저유량 및 고유량 유입조건에 대해 안정적인 유량 배제 효과를 유지했다. 또한, 실험에서 사용된 유입구 모형이 활용될 수 있도록 접선식 유입구와 다단식 나선 유입구 모형에 대한 수위-유량 관계 실험식(empirical formula)을 제시했다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.246-251
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• 2008

일반적으로 유류화재의 경우 상온 상압 하에서 그 물리적 성질과 에너지 특성이 유사한 양상을 나타내나 식용유에 의한 화재발생은 그 특성이 매우 특이하여 취급자의 무지로 인한 화재가 자주 발생하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 식용유에 대한 에너지 특성과 그 물적 성질을 고찰한 연후 실제 연소실험을 통하여 식용유에 대한 물리적 성질을 검증하였다. 뿐만 아니라 실제 화재사례를 통하여 식용유에 의한 화재원인을 감식하였고 식용유화재 방지를 위한 대응방안을 고찰하여 제시 하였다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2018

Long-lived Small Modular Reactors are being promoted as an innovative way of catering to emerging markets and isolated regions. They can be operated continuously for decades without requiring additional fuel. A novel configuration of long-lived reactor core employs a mixed neutron spectrum, providing an improvement in nonproliferation metrics and in safety characteristics. Starting with a base sodium reactor design, moderating material is inserted in outer core assemblies to modify the fast spectrum. The assemblies are shuffled once during core lifetime to ensure that every fuel rod is exposed to the thermalized spectrum. The Mixed Spectrum Reactor is able to maintain a core lifetime over two decades while ensuring the plutonium it breeds is below the weapon-grade limit at the fuel discharge. The main drawbacks of the design are higher front-end fuel cycle costs and a 58% increase in core volume, although it is alleviated to some extent by a 48% higher power output.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.419-422
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• 2004

Textile wastewater from the Pusan Dyeing Industrial Complex (PDIC) was treated utilizing a two-stage continuous system, composed of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and an activated Sludge reactor. The effects of color and organic leading rates were studied by varying the hydraulic retention time and influent glucose concentration. The maximum color load to Satisfy the legal discharge limit of color intensity in Korea (400 ADMI, unit of the American Dye Manufacturers Institute) was estimated to be 2,700 $ADMI{\cdot}L^{-1}\;day^{-1}$. This study Indicates that the two-stage anaerobic/aerobic reaction system is potentially useful in the treatment of textile wastewater.