• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 1996

The changing shape of absorption and fluorescence spectra will increasing S/D in AO-AOT system decreases and then increases again. The aggregation and disaggreation in AO-AOT system occurres. According to increasing temperature, the absorbance increases in pure AO system. But it gradually decreases in premicellar range(S/D = 10, 20, 50 and 80). The disappearance degree of metachromasy according to the concentration of added salt to AO-AOT system is increased. However, the case of $NaNO_3$is reversed. The order of disappearance degree of metachromasy on cationic salts is $Li^+$, $Na^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $Ca^{2+}$, and the order of it on anionic salts is $Cl^-$ > $SO_4{^{2-}}$ > $NO_3{^-}$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.533-538
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• 1996

The rate and extent of digestion of dietary carbohydrates has a tremendous impact on ruminal fermentation and the productivity of the animals. The objective of the study was to determine the dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradabilities and rate and extent of feed byproducts (cotton seed cake, wheat bran), legumes [berseem (Egyptian clover), lucern (Medicago sativa), cowpeas (Vigna sinensis)], grasses [maize (Zea mays), millet (Panicum miliaceum), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare)] and wheat straw in ruminally fistulated male buffalo calves. By using nylon bags, 10 grams sample was exposed to the ruminal fermentation for 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 96 hours. Dry matter and NDF degradability was measured at 48 hours. Extent of DM and NDF disappearance was determined at each time point. Rates of disappearance of DM and NDF were determined by regressing the natural logarithm of the percentage of original DM and NDF remaining in the bags between 1 and 96 hours. The dry matter digestibility (DMD) of the feed byproducts (FBP) and legume forages when incubated in the rumen of male buffalo calves were greater (p < 0.05) than grasses. Extent of digestion followed similar pattern as DMD. Rate of DMD was higher in FBP than in legumes and was the lowest in the wheat straw. The NDF degradability (NDFD) of FBP, legumes and grasses did not differ, however, wheat straw had the lowest NDFD from all the feeds tested. The lowest NDFD of wheat straw may have been due to the depressing effect of lignin on fiber digestion. The FBP and legumes had higher (p < 0.05) rates and lower extents of NDF digestion than grasses.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2002

Introduction : Orthostatic tremor develops in the legs while standing up with no weakness, pain or imbalance in the leg and the tremor is characteristically not observed when walking. However there have been some confusions about orthostatic tremor in several aspects. For the past ten years, we have observed 4 patients with orthostatic tremor. In each case tests were performed to investigate the following three important areas of inquiry about orthostatic tremor. Firstly, whether this disorder is an independent diagnostic entity or a variant of essential tremor. Secondly, whether the progress of this disorder is specifically related with standing posture. Lastly, the nature of the pathophysiologic mechanism behind the appearance of the tremor when standing after the lapse of a certain latent period and its disappearance upon the commencement of walking. Methods : Our 4 cases of orthostatic tremor were studied clinically, electrophysiologically, and pharmacologically. Electrophysiological tests included tremor spectrum test and electromyography. Results : We observed the presence of this tremor in several other tonic postures, as well as its absence, in a vertically lifted position from all our cases. Our cases registered a variable tremor frequency between 5 and 12 Hz according to the tremor spectrum test and EMG. Furthermore all our 4 cases demonstrated patterns of both synchronous EMG activity and alternating EMG activity at various times in homologous muscles of both legs. Orthostatic tremor was improved significantly with propranolol as well as clonazepam. Conclusions : From the results of our study we drew the following conclusions. It is probable that orthostatic tremor is simply a variant of essential tremor rather than being an independent diagnostic entity and that in most cases its development is specifically related with muscle contraction rather than merely with the act of standing. Furthermore we discovered a clue in the previously described neural control mechanism that the nuclear bag fibers in the muscle spindle have lag time of several seconds in their response to muscle strength and that their baseline does not reset fully in rapidly moving muscle. This neural control mechanism could offer sufficient explanation for the phenomena of tremor appearance when standing and disappearance when walking in orthostatic tremor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.906-912
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• 2000

The effect of ammonia treatment and rice bran supplementation on the in situ rumen degradation of rice straw was determined using three Japanese Corriedale wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannula. About 4 g samples of diets containing 100% untreated rice straw (URS); 100% ammonia treated rice straw (ARS); 65% URS+30% rice bran (RB)+5% soybean meal (SBM) (T1); and 85% ARS+15% RB (T2) were incubated at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours in the rumen of sheep to measure dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability. The DM disappearance of ARS based diets were about 20% higher than that of URS based diets. Rice bran supplementation improved DM disappearance of URS but not on ammoniated straw. Degradation parameters showed that ammoniation increased rate (c) of straw degradation resulting to higher DM and fiber degradability but RB supplementation did not. ARS gave similar DM and CP solubility and effective rumen degradability (ED) with that of the supplemented groups indicating that ammoniation alone can give the same effect on rumen degradability of sheep receiving low quality roughage. All degradation parameters for NDF were consistently higher in ARS based-diets indicating improved fiber solubility. Rice bran supplementation did not affect degradation characteristics of the diets except on soluble DM and CP fraction (A) of URS but not on ARS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.571-574
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• 1997

Attempts were made in the laboratory to produce bypass fat using acid oil by precipitation and fusion methods. The degree of saponification by both of these methods was above 80 percent. Where heating facilities are not available, precipitation method could be used, otherwise, fusion method of bypass fat production is found to be more convenient, especially for commercial scale operations as handling of large volume of solutions is eliminated. Bypass fat thus produced was tested in vitro for rumen fermentation. Incorporation of acid oil in the incubation medium reduced TVFA conc. from 127.06 to 124.09 mM/l SRL and increased ammonia-N levels from 210.50 to 223 mg/l SRL indicating that the microbial activity was affected on incorporation of acid oil in the incubation medium. However, incorporation of bypass fat in the incubation medium did not significantly affect TVFA conc. as well as ammonia-N levels. In another experiment, nine rumen fistulated sheep in three groups of three each were fed bypass fat at two different levels. Dry matter disappearance in 24 h from the nylon bags suspended in the rumen of animals under different groups was found to be $47.74{\pm}1.10$, $47.55{\pm}0.21$ and $50.74{\pm}1.11$ in group I (control), group II (fed bypass fat 50 g/day) and group III (fed bypass fat 100 g/day), respectively. These studies indicated that it is possible to produce bypass fat from acid oils, a by-product of oil refining process, and its feeding did not affect rumen fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1120-1126
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• 2006

Dry matter (DM) degradation of leaves from Quercus cercis, Quercus libari, Quercus branti, and Quercus coccifera was determined using two different techniques: (i) in vitro gas production and (ii) the nylon bag degradability technique. In vitro gas production in the presence or absence of PEG and in situ DM disappearance were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. In situ and in vitro DM degradation kinetics were described using the equation y = a+b ($1-e^{-ct}$). At all incubation times leaves from Quercus branti incubated with or without PEG gave significantly higher gas production than the other oak leaves except for 3 and 6 h incubation when leaves from Quercus branti without PEG supplementation only gave higher gas production than Quercus cercis and Quercus coccifera. At all incubation times except at 3, 6 and 12 h the DM disappearance from Quercus branti was significantly higher than the other species. Generally, PEG supplementation considerably increased the gas production at all incubation times and estimated parameters such as gas production rate ($c_{gas}$), gas production (ml) from the quickly soluble fraction ($a_{gas}$), gas production (b) from the insoluble fraction, potential gas production (a+b). However, all oak leaves did not give the same response to the PEG supplementation. Although the increase in gas production at 96 h incubation time was 8.9 ml for Quercus libari the increase was 5.5 ml for Quercus coccifera. It was concluded that except at early incubation times the relationships between the two methodologies seem to be sufficiently strong to predict degradability parameters from gas production parameters obtained in the presence or absence of PEG.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.471-478
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• 2011

The objectives were to compare the ability of various rumen microbial fractions to reduce nitrate and to assess the effect of nitrate on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Physical and chemical methods were used to differentiate the rumen microbial population into the following fractions: whole rumen fluid (WRF), protozoa (Pr), bacteria (Ba), and fungi (Fu). The three nitrogen substrate treatments were as follows: no supplemental nitrogen source, nitrate or urea, with the latter two being isonitrogenous additions. The results showed that during 24 h incubation, WRF, Pr and Ba fractions had an ability to reduce nitrate, and the rate of nitrate disappearance for the Pr fraction was similar to the WRF fraction, while the Ba fraction needed an adaptation period of 12 h before rapid nitrate disappearance. The WRF fraction had the greatest methane ($CH_4$) production and the Pr fraction had the greatest prevailing $H_2$ concentration (p<0.05). Compared to the urea treatment, nitrate diminished net gas and $CH_4$ production during incubation (p<0.05), and ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) concentration (p<0.01). Nitrate also increased acetate, decreased propionate and decreased butyrate molar proportions (p<0.05). The Pr fraction had the highest acetate to propionate ratio (p<0.05). The Pr fraction as well as the Ba fraction appears to have an important role in nitrate reduction. Nitrate did not consistently alter total VFA concentration, but it did shift the VFA profile to higher acetate, lower propionate and lower butyrate molar proportions, consistent with less $CH_4$ production by all microbial fractions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 1992

The effects of colchicine on the plasma elimination and biliary excretion of various organic anions in rats were examined. Elimination of indocyanine green (ICG) or rose bengal (RB) from plasma was significantly delayed when rats were treated with colchicine (3 mg/kg body weight) 3 hr prior to the administration of the dye. On the other hand, disappearance of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) or bromophenol blue (BPB) from plasma was not influenced by colchicine. The plasma disappearance and biliary excretion of organic anions were kinetically analyzed based on a compartment model, in which the deep compartment and the unknown disposition are incorporated. The transfer rate constants of ICG or RB, $k_{23}$ (from the liver to the deep compartment) and $k_{3B}$ (from the deep compartment to the bile), were decreased by colchicine, but those of BSP or BPB were not changed. A mechanism for the decrease in the $k_{23}$ and $k_{3B}$ values for ICG and RB might be explained by a inhibition of colchicine to the intracellular cytoskeleton. The hepatocellular distribution of RB or BPB was then determined. BPB mainly distributed to the cytosolic fraction, but RB distributed to each hepatocyte organelle. Taken together. it was suggested that ICG or RB is transported through hepatocytes into bile with the aid of the cytoskeleton, whereas BSP or BPB is handled by hepatocytes in a different way.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.97-108
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• 2006

These studies were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of spent bleaching clay (SBC) as a feed resource for ruminants. Three Holstein dairy cows, surgically fitted with ruminal cannula, were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin Square design. Dietary treatments were 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet plus 2% of SBC and 3) basal diet plus 4% of SBC. Rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours following the start of the morning feeding. Nylon bags containing experimental diets were used to determine ruminal nutrient disappearance at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. The values of ruminal pH in cows receiving 4% of SBC was lower than those of the control and 2% SBC supplement. The $NH_3-N$ concentration in the rumen was higher at the 3 hour than for cows of control and 2% of SBC supplement. Total VFA concentrations in the rumen were not affected by the addition of SBC. Dry matter and organic matter disappearance in the rumen was lower at the 6 hours than the control and 2% SBC treatment, but no difference at the end of the 24 hour.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-58
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• 1975

These studies were carried out to detect the presence of mycotoxin producing fungi in various kind of grains and foodstuffs in Korea. The experiments were divided into three parts: bacteriologic, toxicologic and electron microscopic studies. The results were summarized as follows: 1. From the 133 various samples, 426 colonies of fungi were isolated. In 405 of 426 colonies, it was possible to identify 17 genera. Among the identified strains, the predominant genera were Penicillium, Aspergillus and Alternaria. 2. In cytotoxicity test, 20 strains showed mild to severe toxic effects in mice and 24 strains showed toxic effects on HeLa cells among the 107 strains of experiments. 3. In electron microscopic studies of liver cells from animal which had been treated with toxin like substances, the liver cells showed the cytoplasmic changes: dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, swelling of mitochondria, disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, increased number of lipid and glycogen particles. Nucleus and nuclear envelope alterations were also noted. 4. In fine structure of HeLa cells treated with culture filtrates of mycotoxin producing fungi and experimental strains had been noted a certain specific changes induced by culture filtrates. These alterations showed the disappearance of golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum vacuolization and mitochondrial changes. 5. As a mass screening, the cytotoxicity tests of HeLa cells and histopathologic study of mice liver cells treated with toxin-like substances, employed are feasible to detect mycotoxin producing fungi.