• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.256-266
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• 1993

History , achievement and future of direct-wet-rice-seeding technique in Korea and problems encountered in on-farming research were introduced. Some farmers are very eager to lower production cost and save labor. Their effort results in several direct-wet-seeding methods and seeding machines. The design problems and improvement points related to the direct -wet-rice-seeding machines were drawn out of field test.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the application of the Activity-based Costing(ABC) system to analyze the cost of nursing services in the delivery room in a major medical center.The results of this study are as follows;1. In order to calculate the cost of nursing activities, 67 activities of staff nurses on a delivery room were identified and classified as direct nursing activities(45.2%), the indirect activities(32.1%), general management activities(13.9%) and others(8.8%).2. Nursing cost in the delivery room was classified into activity cost(29.9%) and common cost(70.1%). Activity cost involved direct activity cost of staff nurses. The common costs were categorized into indirect activity & general management cost of staff nurses, management cost of the head nurse and activity cost of assistants.3. The final cost objects of nursing services in the delivery room were nursing service for women who had normal vaginal deliveries and nursing service for women who had preterm labor.The total cost of nursing service for a woman who had a normal vaginal delivery was 165,710 won (100.0%). The cost incurred through direct activity cost of staff nurses(58,242 won, 35.1%), indirect activity & general management cost of staff nurses (55,643 won, 33.6%), management cost of head nurse (16,211 won, 9.8%), activity cost of assistants (35,614 won, 21.5%).If the number of days of hospitalization was presumed to be 14 days, the total cost of nursing service for woman who had preterm labor would be 1,845,901 won (100.0%). The cost incurred by direct activity cost of staff nurses in the activity cost (341,349 won, 18.5%), indirect activity & general management cost of staff nurses in the common cost(779,002 won, 42.2%), management cost of head nurse(226,954won, 12.3%), activity cost of assistants in the common cost(498,596 won, 27.0%).In this study, the cost of the nursing services in the delivery room was calculated based on the ABC system. The results of this study showed that resources are assigned to the nursing activities in the delivery room and the mechanisms for assigning the cost of activities for nursing services.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.636-641
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyse the ratio of cost object in terms of the disposal cost estimation. According to the results, the ratio of operating cost is the most significant object in total cost. There are a lot of differences between the disposal costs and product costs in view of their constituents. While the product costs may be classified by the direct materials cost, direct manufacturing labor cost, and factory overhead, the disposal cost factors should be constituted by the technical factors and the non-technical factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.211-222
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to derive a plan to improve the standard of survey cost, which is a system for estimating survey cost operated by the National Geographic Information Institute. The current standard has not been revised significantly since the initial enactment. However, in the situation where the survey industry is getting worse, the actualization of the standard is an urgent task for training engineers and industrial development. In this study, in order to break the problems of the standard and to derive improvement plan, we analyzed the outline, basic characteristics, and history of the standard and compared it with similar domestic ones. We collected opinions from the government and the industry through a survey, and verified labor cost and overhead rates. The conclusions are as follows. First, it is necessary to complement standard for production rate that directly affects direct cost, and to compensate for the missing items in the direct cost. Second, when compared with cost standards in foreign countries and cadastre field, the labor cost in survey field was found to be very low and improvement is needed. Third, the overhead rates were assessed to be appropriate, and the problem of improper overhead design should be coped with by strengthening education and promotion. Fourth, it is necessary to consider the introduction of deliberation committee or standard market price system for rapid response to new technologies.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.123-136
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• 2019

This study investigates the facilitating factors of FDI (foreign direct investment) inflows in 15 developing countries of three continents (Asia, Latin America, and Africa) using fixed-effect panel regression analysis with 30-year macro socio-economic data. The facilitating factors of FDI inflows in each continent differed. In Asia, labor compensation, GDP, consumer expenditure, human capital, and export facilitated FDI inflows in decreasing order, as did export, total factor productivity, GDP, and human capital in Latin America, and investment expenditure, human capital, government expenditure, and export in Africa. Most importantly, the character of cost saving efficiency-seeking investment was very strong in Asia. Also, third-party export-oriented investment and economic growth-oriented investment were shown in Latin America and Africa, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.250-256
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• 1996

In order to estimate production cost of rice per ha of large farm, a detail survey of 104ha farm was made in 1994. Amount of labor input and labor cost per ha was calculated as 270, 000won and 108hours. Direct production cost of the farm was 1, 092, 000won(l00) and was lower than that of average farms 2, 067, 000won(189) in Korea. But it still was higher than that of Sac1amento farms 717, 000won(66) and that of Buter Area's, 845, 000won(77). It seems feasible to cut down the cost about 10~15% provided the labor and machinery may be used more efficiently. Some cost down may also be possible on marketing and processing sectors. Therefore it may not be pessimistic in competing with U.S. rice farms if we establish 100ha size well managed and arranged farms in Korea.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 1998

The objectives of this study were to analyze the factors that affect the productivity for university food services. In a survey involving four-year university dining centers throughout the country, and correlations among thriteen different variables that affect productivity were determined. Productivity index (PI) was determined by meals per hour, the average score for 38 institutions was found to be 14.2 meals/hour. For serving methods, the fixed ration had a higher PI than the self-serving. When two types of serving trays were considered, the PI of the compartmantalized trays was higher than that of the tray accompanying saparate small dishes. When single (S)-or. multiple(M)-menu was compared with the cafeteria style, a higher PI was obtained by the S-or M-menu. Among the three operation systems, the PI was found to be the highest by direct operation (17.6 meals/hour), followed by contract operation (11.1 meals/hour) and rent operation (7.9 meals/hour). For the factors that affect the productivity of the university food services, the total number sewed (r=0.54, p＜0.001) and the use of convenient food items (r=0.28, P＜0.05) exhibited positive correlations, while food costs and labor costs showed negative correlations. This suggests that the productivity of university food service increases as the total number served and the use of convenient food item increased, but decreases as the food costs and labor costs per meal increased. A regression analysis showed that three variables - total number sewed, labor cost per meal, number of employees-influenced about 73% components of food service showed a negative correlation with PI and a positive correlation with the labor cost per meal.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.733-743
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to present a rational depreciation method for a pyroprocess cost calculation. Toward this end, the so-called advanced decelerated depreciation method (ADDM) was developed that complements the limitations of the existing depreciation methods such as the straight-line method and fixed percentage of declining-balance method. ADDM was used to show the trend of the direct material cost and direct labor cost compared to the straight-line or fixed percentage of the declining-balance methods that are often used today. As a result, it was demonstrated that the depreciation cost of the ADDM, which assumed a pyroprocess facility's life period to be 40 years with a deceleration rate of 5%, takes up 4.14% and 27.74% of the pyroprocess unit cost ($781/kg heavy metal) in the $1^{st}$ and final years, respectively. In other words, it was found that the ADDM can cost the pyroprocess facility's capital investment rationally every year. Finally, ADDM's validity was verified by confirming that the sum of the depreciation cost by year, and the sum of the purchasing cost of the building and equipment, are the same.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the foodservice management practices and productivity in elementary schools in order to provide basic information for an efficient food service management. This approach was achieved using a variety quantitative and qualitative information including general foodservice management, managerial and operational factors, and the productivity in elementary school foodservice systems. The labor productivity in 28 school foodservice system was assessed and related to a number of influencing variables within the system. The productivity measurement was based upon the total meal equivalents as a ratio of the total direct and non-direct labor hours required to prepare these meals. Twenty-eight elementary schools located in Seoul and Kangnung were surveyed to get data for the variables. Questionnaire and a survey form were mailed. Statistical methods used in this study were descriptive analysis, $\chi$$^2$-test, 1-test and one-way ANOVA analysis. Elementary schools in Seoul were all located in urban areas, whereas elementary schools in Kangnung were in urban areas (40.0%), provincial areas (40.0%) and in isolated areas (20.0%). Total average number of meals including children and staff was 928.2${\pm}$ 650.0 with a yery significant difference (p<0.001) between Seoul and Kangnung. The average cost of school meal in Seoul and Kangnung were 1191.0 won and 1526.2 won, respectively. The result of Pearson Correlation analysis indicated that labor cost per meal, 1-week meal equivalents and meal equivalents per labor were significantly correlated with the productivity.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.115-130
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper examines the impact of labor market regulations on FDI and the production of foreign firms. Design/methodology - We use an index of employment protection along with data on the FDI and production of foreign affiliates that are provided by the OECD. Findings - The empirical results show that strict employment protection discourages both the production and initial entry of foreign firms, with its impact on production being larger than that on the initial entry decision. The result is robust to various specifications in which instrumental variable estimations are used by applying a unionization rate and a severance pay for redundancy dismissal as instruments, respectively. Therefore, policymakers should not limit their focus to tax incentives, cash grants, and relaxation of market regulations, but they should also extend their attention to labor market deregulation and decreasing non-wage cost to attract more foreign firms into their countries. Originality/value - This paper attempts to answer the question on the impact of employment protection rules on the foreign firm's decisions regarding production as well as initial entry.