• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.83-100
• /
• 2007

Applying a direct formulation for the enrichment of the displacement field an extended finite element (XFEM) scheme for modeling of cohesive crack growth is developed. Only elements cut by the crack is enriched and the scheme fits within the framework of standard FEM code. The scheme is implemented for the 3-node constant strain triangle (CST) and the 6-node linear strain triangle (LST). Modeling of standard concrete test cases such as fracture in the notched three point beam bending test (TPBT) and in the four point shear beam test (FPSB) illustrates the performance. The XFEM results show good agreement with results obtained by applying standard interface elements in FEM and with experimental results. In conjunction with criteria for crack growth local versus nonlocal computation of the crack growth direction is discussed.

• East Asian Economic Review
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.3-26
• /
• 2019

This study investigates the effect of high-skilled inventor emigration rate on growth rate of the country of origin (COO). Inventor emigrants represent the human capital that can generate highly innovative work. The social network they form spurs knowledge diffusion and technology transfer back to their COOs, which in turn affects innovation and growth in their home countries. We run dynamic panel estimation for 154 countries during 1990-2011, and empirically show that a positive and statistically significant effect exists for the interaction of inventor emigration and trade. The result indicates that the direct negative impact of the brain drain can be mitigated by the positive feedback effect generated by the high-skilled inventor emigrants abroad. When coupled with an active trade policy that reinforces growth, countries can partially recoup the direct effect of the human capital loss. We stress the importance of international trade for successful technology transfer to occur, and offer insights for policies that can utilize the benefits of the rich social network of their high-skilled emigrants.

• 수산경영론집
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.1-17
• /
• 2007

This study is aimed at investigating optimum level of payments in the direct payment program for aquaculture extruded pellets both theoretically and practically by analyzing the effects on production and income in accordance with Green Box conditions of WTO Agreement on Agriculture. In particular, by analyzing both effects on production and income, it evaluates and compares payments affecting to the level of production and income, respectively. Analysis results indicate that the optimum level of payments in the direct payment program for aquaculture extruded pellets is determined by the growth rate of farmed fish, farming period, price and volume of extruded pellets, and additional amount of cost increase and decrease. Suppose that growth rates of farmed fish by extruded pellets(EP) and raw fish - based moist pellets(MP) are the same, it reveals the optimum level of payment should be lowered from the current level of payment. However, when the growth rate of farmed fish by EP is lower than that by MP, the optimum level of payment should be raised from the current level and total amount of payments by area should be increased as well.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권7호
• /
• pp.931-936
• /
• 2009

Body weights of 862 Angora goats between birth and 36 months of age, recorded on a semiyearly basis from 1988 to 2000, were used to estimate genetic, permanent environmental and phenotypic covariance functions. These functions were estimated by fitting a random regression model with 6th order polynomial for direct additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects and 4th and 5th order polynomial for maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects, respectively. A phenotypic covariance function was estimated by modelling overall animal and maternal effects. The results showed that the most variable coefficient was the intercept for both direct and maternal additive genetic effects. The direct additive genetic (co)variances increased with age and reached a maximum at about 30 months, whereas the maternal additive genetic (co)variances increased rapidly from birth and reached a maximum at weaning, and then decreased with age. Animal permanent environmental (co)variances increased with age from birth to 30 months with lower rate before 12 months and higher rate between 12 and 30 months. Maternal permanent environmental (co)variances changed little before 6 months but then increased slowly and reached a maximum at about 30 months. These results suggested that the contribution of maternal additive genetic and permanent environmental effects to growth variation differed from those of direct additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects not only in expression time, but also in action magnitude. The phenotypic (co)variance estimates increased with age from birth to 36 months of age.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.189-195
• /
• 1999

Under the no-till direct-sown rice-vetch cropping systems, where whole chopped rice straw were returned to the paddy surface at combine harvest and whole-plant of Chinese Milk Vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.) was submerged after direct-sowing, three levels of nitrogen top-dressed(0, 2, 4 kg N/10a) without basal N and two levels of sowing rate were applied into the paddy field in expectation of the enhancement of nitrogen efficiency and protection of agricultural environment in reduced N-fertilizer level. A cultivar, Dongjin, was direct-sown on May 30, 1996. Characteristics of rice growth and physicochemical properties of rice plant were observed. Under the system, reduced total N(4 kg N/10a) resulted in high panicle numbers. N-top dressed toward at later growth stages enhanced the ratio of panicle-producing tillers and at spikelet numbers per panicle. As N-level increases, DM yields of leaf and stem at heading were increased. Maximum grain yield was obtained at 4kg N/10a and major attributed factors to grain yield in this case were the number of grains per unit area and the ratio of ripened grain.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2023

Purpose: Research on attracting foreign direct investment plays an important role in ASEAN countries. ASEAN has needed FDI capital for development and integration with many developing countries. Research design, data and methodology: This study is conducted to assess the impact of factors: inflation (INF), economic growth (GDP), population (POP), and trade (TRADE) on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) of ASEAN countries. The study will find out how factors distribution contributes to FDI attraction. The study collects data from 10 ASEAN countries from 2010 to 2020. With data collected for ten countries from 2010 to 2020, data analysis with panel data will be used in this study. The Regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors correction model will be used in the study. Results: Panel data analysis shows that economic growth and population positively impact FDI attraction in ASEAN countries. However, two factors: INF and TRADE, do not affect FDI. Conclusions: Countries need to focus on economic development, create many good conditions for people and domestic enterprises and create opportunities for foreign investors to pay more attention. improving the quality of domestic human resources will help to better improve the working quality factor when the demand for high-quality human resources increases.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 1970

The Nongkwang variety was sown directly in the field by the three methods of dibbling, drill seeding and broad-casting in non-, low- and high-salty areas, and compared with the growth of transplanted rice in each areas. The yield of rough rice was increased remarkably by direct sowing when compared with that produced by transplanting inboth salty areas, but in non-salty area, the former was decreased significantly. There was no significant difference in the yields of rough rice resulting from three seedling methods of direct sowing in each area. The direct sowing method was predominated in number of panicle, weight of panicle, ratio of matured grains, milling recovery percentage, and straw weight in both salty areas, and dicreased in panicle weight and ratio of matured grain in nonsalty area.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권6호
• /
• pp.843-845
• /
• 1999

To evaluate direct and maternal effects on calf market weight (CMW) and carcass weight (CW) in Japanese Black cattle under an animal model, genetic parameters were estimated using 51,320 records of CMW and 11,944 records of CW, respectively. Direct and maternal heritabilities, and direct-maternal genetic correlation were estimated to be 0.22, 0.06 and 0.27 for CMW, and 0.23, 0.12 and -0.40 for CW, respectively. Correlation coefficient between maternal breeding values for CMW and CW was 0.521 for 157 sires appeared in both CMW and CW data sets. These results suggest that the maternal genetic effect on pre-weaning growth carries over to carcass weight. Maternal breeding values for both calf market weight and carcass weight could be used as the indicator traits of maternal ability in Japanese Black cattle.

• 기술혁신학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.1225-1249
• /
• 2005

This study aims at investigating whether foreign direct investment plays a role as a channel of international technology diffusion. We used the annual panel data from 1980 to 2002. The nonstationary panel techniques, in particular group mean panel FMOLS(fully modified OLS) was exploited as an empirical methodology in order to tackle the heterogeneity between members and low frequency. The empirical results show that inflow direct investments lead to an increase in total factor productivity and economic growth. Also outflow direct investments contribute to an higher total factor productivity and economic growth. These results confirms that both inflow and outflow direct investments are important channels for international technology diffusion or spillover.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.248-252
• /
• 1999

This study examined the effects of growth retardants and midsummer drainage on lodging-related characters in direct seeding rice culture on flooded paddy surfaces. Treatments included in this study were continuous flooding, two time midsummer drainages (TTD), and inabenfide or trinexapac-ethyl application after TTD. Culm length was reduced most by 11.4cm in trinexapac-ethyl treatment after TTD, followed by 4.1cm in inabenfide treatment after TTD compared to TTD treatment. A significant reduction in culm length occurred at the 3rd internode in inabenfide treatment applied at 40 days before heading (DBH), while trinexapac-ethyl application at 8 DBH reduced the 3rd>2nd>1st internode. The culm diameter of the 4th internode was increased by the application of trinexapac-ethyl following TTD compared to TTD treatment. Thickness of culm wall was significantly increased by trinexapac-ethyl but not by inabenfide applications. Lodging index was the highest in continuous flooding and the lowest in trinexapac-ethyl treatment after TTD. Subsequently, field lodging did not occur in plots treated by trinexapac-ethyl. Rice plants subjected to midsummer drainage or growth retardants showed higher ripened grain ratio and 1000-grain weight, resulting in higher rice yield. These results indicate that trinexapac-ethyl, which can be applied at the relatively later growth stage after proper judgement of lodging occurrence, could be a useful tool for reducing lodging in direct seeding rice culture on flooded paddy fields.