• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.91-97
• /
• 2014

A direct RF sampling method refers to a technique that directly converts a passband signal to an intermediate band or a baseband without using a mixer. This method is less complicated than an existing RF receiver because a mixer is not used. It uses digital processing after sampling, and thus can flexibly process signals in a number of bands using software. In this process, it is important to select an appropriate sampling frequency so that a number of signals can be converted to an intermediate band that is easy to process. In this study, going beyond previously studied direct RF sampling frequency selection methods, conditions that need to be additionally considered during receiver design were examined, and the structure of a direct RF sampling receiver that satisfies these conditions was suggested.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• 제17권12호
• /
• pp.1986-1993
• /
• 2003

The spatially resolved spray volume fractions from both line-of-sight data of direct measuring cells and a laser diffraction particle analyzer (LDPA) are tomographically reconstructed by the Convolution Fourier transformation, respectively. Asymmetric sprays generated from a twin-hole injector are tested with 12 equiangular projections of measurements. For each projection angle, a line-of-sight integrated injection rate was measured using a direct sampling method and also a liquid volume fraction from a set of line-of-sight Fraunhofer diffraction measurements was measured using a light extinction method. Interpolated data between the projection angles effectively increase the number of projections, significantly enhancing the signal-to-noise level in the reconstructed data. The reconstructed volume fractions from the direct sampling cells were used as reference data for evaluating the accuracy of the volume fractions from the LDPA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.443-454
• /
• 1993

The purposes of this study were to analyze the work patterns of selected hospital foodservices by Work Sampling methodology, and to investigate the relationship among operational factors affecting productivity. The hospitals were classified into 3 groups by the percentage of patient meals, and the percentage of special patient diet, and the menu items of patients meals. The groups clustered were characterized by productivity. Work Sampling methodology was utilized to analyze the work patterns of hospitals with selected 3 hospitals to investigate the productivity the productivity and labor times used in each work functions. Productivity index analyzed by Work Sampling were 10.36 min/meal, 10.95 min/meal, and 12.19 min/meal, respectively X, Y, Z hospital. Z hospital was significantly different from time used in direct work function and delay. Direct work function time was the highest, delay the lowest in Z hospital. The relation between the results of Work Sampling and the productivities of 3 groups showed not by delay but direct work function in the classification used in this study.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권10호
• /
• pp.3551-3552
• /
• 2011

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.423-430
• /
• 1999

A weathered residual soil is a soil-like material derived from the in situ weathering and decomposition of rock which has not been transported from its original location. Undisturbed sampling of residual soils is extremely difficult, which has an important effect on investigating the strength and compression characteristics. Thus, a special undisturbed sampling device (direct shear box with shoe) was developed and undisturbed samples were successfully obtained for direct shear tests, Direct shear testing was conducted under unsoaked and soaked condition. As a result, the shear strength of soaked samples was less than that of unsoaked samples, and it was verified that direct shearing of undisturbed samples can evaluate reasonably the shear strength and the slope stability.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.164-171
• /
• 2011

This work focuses on the analysis of bioaerosols in the atmosphere at higher altitudes over Noto Peninsula, Japan. We carried out direct sampling via aircraft, separated cultures, and identified present isolates. Atmospheric bioaerosols at higher altitudes were collected using a Cessna 404 aircraft for an hour at an altitude of 3,500 m over the Noto Peninsula. The aircraft-based direct sampling system was devised to improve upon the system of balloon-based sampling. In order to examine pre-existing microorganism contamination on the surface of the aircraft body, bioaerosol sampling was carried out just before takeoff using the same method as atmospheric sampling. Identification was carried out by a homology search for 16S or 18S rDNA isolate sequences in DNA databases (GenBank). Isolate sampling just before takeoff revealed Stretpomyces sp., Micrococcus sp., and Cladosporium sp. One additional strain, Bacillus sp., was isolated from the sample after bioaerosol collection at high altitude. As the microorganism contamination on the aircraft body before takeoff differed from that while in the air, the presence of additional, higher atmosphere-based microorganisms was confirmed. It was found that Bacillus sp. was floating at an altitude of 3,500 m over Noto Peninsula.

• 통합자연과학논문집
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.67-71
• /
• 2016

The university president direct election system in Korea had begun in 1987 as a movement of college democratization in the 1980s after 6.29 Declaration. Since then, many national/private universities had adopted the election system. However, it has posed many problems and it caused a sharp division of opinions between those who approve and disapprove the direct election system. Since 2005, the government has made official of the reformation and/or abolition of the university president direct election system, and has kept pushing for universities to give up the direct election system. Now, only 3 or 4 universities hold on to the system, and many universities have changed into the indirect election system. In the indirect election, a key is the composition of president nomination committee, which confirms the university members's variety. Many universities adopting the indirect election system have used simple random sampling, like drawing lots, to compose the president nomination committee. However, drawing lots has a problem that it has large possibility of composing a biased committee. This research suggests systematic sampling as an alternative to drawing lots. A numerical analysis was conducted using a data of a university in which the indirect election was implemented recently. The drawing lots gave the biased nomination committee. On the other hand, the systematic sample improves the problem and confirms more the variety of all members.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제30권9C호
• /
• pp.913-921
• /
• 2005

일반적인 bandpass sampling 방법인 real bandpass sampling 기법은 하향변환(downconversion)을 시행할 때 음의 주파수 대역의 RF 신호와의 에일리어싱(aliasing) 현상을 피해야 하므로 신중한 sampling 주파수 선택이 요구된다. 더욱이 다중신호(multiple signals)가 하향변환 될 경우에 이 sampling 방법은 더욱 많은 제약이 따르게 된다. 그러나 Hilbert 변환을 사용하는 complex bandpass sampling 방법은 음의 주파수 영역의 신호를 제거함으로써, real bandpass sampling 기법보다 유연하고 넓은 sampling 주파수 범위를 제공하며, 또한 더욱 낮은 sampling 주파수를 얻을 수 있는 장점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 complex bandpass sampling의 특징을 사용하여, 다중 신호를 하나의 통신 기기에서 동시에 하향 변환하는 수신기의 구조를 제시한다. 그리고 하나 또는 2개 신호의 하향변환에 관한 내용으로 제한하지 않고 N개의 신호로 확장하여 유효 sampling 주파수 영역 및 보호대역(guard-band)이 고려된 sampling 가능 최소 주파수에 관한 수식들을 일반화한다. 또한 모의실험을 통해 유도된 수식들을 증명한다.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2014

Chorionic villus sampling has gained importance as a tool for early cytogenetic diagnosis with a shift toward first trimester screening. First trimester screening using nuchal translucency and biomarkers is effective for screening. Chorionic villus sampling generally is performed at 10-12 weeks by either the transcervical or transabdominal approach. There are two methods of analysis; the direct method and the culture method. While the direct method may prevent maternal cell contamination, the culture method may be more representative of the true fetal karyotype. There is a concern for mosaicism which occurs in approximately 1% of cases, and mosaic results require genetic counseling and follow-up amniocentesis or fetal blood sampling. In terms of complications, procedure-related pregnancy loss rates may be the same as those for amniocentesis when undertaken in experienced centers. When the procedure is performed after 9 weeks gestation, the risk of limb reduction is not greater than the risk in the general population. At present, chorionic villus sampling is the gold standard method for early fetal karyotyping; however, we anticipate that improvements in noninvasive prenatal testing methods, such as cell free fetal DNA testing, will reduce the need for invasive procedures in the near future.

• 방송공학회논문지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.803-815
• /
• 2016

이 논문에서는 GNSS(global navigation satellite system) 신호를 RF(radio frequency) 대역에서 표본화하여 디지털 영역에서 복조하는 직접 RF 표본화 수신기를 설계하고 그 성능을 살펴보고자 한다. 직접 RF 표본화 방식은 IF(intermediate frequency) 대역에서 AD(analog to digital) 변환을 하고 복조하는 기존의 IF 변환 방식과 다르게, 아날로그 믹서(mixer)를 전혀 사용하지 않고 안테나 출력인 통과대역 신호를 직접 AD 변환하여 이후의 수신기의 모든 과정을 디지털 영역에서 처리하는 기술이다. IF 변환 방식과 비교하면 하드웨어 구조가 덜 복잡하고 전송환경 변화에 따른 재구성이 가능하며 하나의 AD 변환기를 사용하여 여러 대역의 신호를 동시에 변환할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 이와 같은 재구성 기능과 동시 수신 기능은 특정 대역의 신호가 적으로부터 전파방해를 받았을 때 후속시스템으로의 빠른 전환이 필요한 군용 시스템에서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 한편 여러 대역의 신호를 한 번에 AD 변환하려면 수신하고자 하는 신호의 반송파 주파수, 대역폭, 표본화 후의 중간주파수 그리고 보호 대역 등을 고려하여 표본화 주파수를 정하는 것이 중요하다. 이 논문에서는 GPS L1, GLONASS G1 및 G2 등의 GNSS 신호를 동시에 수신할 수 있는 표본화 주파수를 선택하고 이를 적용한 직접 RF 표본화 수신기를 설계한다. 또한 설계한 수신기를 상용 AD 변환기와 소프트웨어를 사용하여 구현한 후 실제 신호의 수신시험을 통해 수신 성능을 살펴본다.