• 제목/요약/키워드: Direct Observation

검색결과 618건 처리시간 0.032초

Lunar Sodium Observations at the Kyung-Hee Observatory

  • 이동욱;천경원;김상준
    • 천문학회보
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    • 제35권1호
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    • pp.90.2-90.2
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    • 2010
  • Lunar sodium observations are being prepared by a group of WCU scientists at the Kyung-Hee Observatory. We have been working on 3-D Monte Carlo simulations of the lunar sodium exosphere since 2009, and we need to obtain additional sodium images in order to constrain our models. Using a newly-designed simple coronagraph which is optimized for lunar observations, we plan to make direct sodium image observations. We present the structure of the planned coronagraph, optical-image observation plans, and spectroscopic observation plans of the lunar tail. We will also present updated results from the 3-D Monte Carlo simulations.

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Influence of wind disturbance on smart stiffness identification of building structure using limited micro-tremor observation

  • Koyama, Ryuji;Fujita, Kohei;Takewaki, Izuru
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제56권2호
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    • pp.293-315
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    • 2015
  • While most of researches on system identification of building structures are aimed at finding modal parameters first and identifying the corresponding physical parameters by using the transformation in terms of transfer functions and cross spectra, etc., direct physical parameter system identification methods have been proposed recently. Due to the problem of signal/noise (SN) ratios, the previous methods are restricted mostly to earthquake records or forced vibration data. In this paper, a theoretical investigation is performed on the influence of wind disturbances on stiffness identification of building structures using micro-tremor at limited floors. It is concluded that the influence of wind disturbances on stiffness identification of building structures using micro-tremor at limited floors is restricted in case of using time-series data for low-rise buildings and does not cause serious problems.

Influence of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Lower Limb Muscle Activation and Balance Ability in Soccer Player

  • Yang, Dae Jung;Park, Seung Kyu;Uhm, Yo Han
    • The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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    • 제30권6호
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    • pp.211-217
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: This study is to investigate influence of tDCS on lower limb muscle activity and balance ability in soccer player. Methods: Sessions were conducted with 15 subjects in tDCS group and 15 in action observation training group for 20 minutes, 5 sessions a week, for 8 weeks. All soccer players underwent 30 minutes of plyometric training before main exercise. To evaluate lower limb muscle activation, rectus femoris and biceps femoris were taken measure using surface electromyogram system and to evaluate balance ability, surface area, whole path length, limited of stability were measured using biorescue. Results: Regarding balance shown in surface area, whole path length, limited of stability and muscle activation in rectus femoris and biceps femoris, tDCS group showed more significant change than action bservation training group. Conclusion: Therefore, intervention using tDCS is more effective in improving lower limb muscle activation and balance ability than action observation training.

TEM sample preparation of microsized LiMn2O4 powder using an ion slicer

  • Jung Sik Park;Yoon‑Jung Kang;Sun Eui Choi;Yong Nam Jo
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • 제51권
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    • pp.19.1-19.7
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    • 2021
  • The main purpose of this paper is the preparation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples from the microsized powders of lithium-ion secondary batteries. To avoid artefacts during TEM sample preparation, the use of ion slicer milling for thinning and maintaining the intrinsic structure is described. Argon-ion milling techniques have been widely examined to make optimal specimens, thereby making TEM analysis more reliable. In the past few years, the correction of spherical aberration (Cs) in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has been developing rapidly, which results in direct observation at an atomic level resolution not only at a high acceleration voltage but also at a deaccelerated voltage. In particular, low-kV application has markedly increased, which requires a sufficiently transparent specimen without structural distortion during the sample preparation process. In this study, sample preparation for high-resolution STEM observation is accomplished, and investigations on the crystal integrity are carried out by Cs-corrected STEM.

Multispectral intravital microscopy for simultaneous bright-field and fluorescence imaging of the microvasculature

  • Barry G. H. Janssen;Mohamadreza Najiminaini;Yan Min Zhang;Parsa Omidi;Jeffrey J. L. Carson
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • 제51권
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    • pp.12.1-12.12
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    • 2021
  • Intravital video microscopy permits the observation of microcirculatory blood flow. This often requires fluorescent probes to visualize structures and dynamic processes that cannot be observed with conventional bright-field microscopy. Conventional light microscopes do not allow for simultaneous bright-field and fluorescent imaging. Moreover, in conventional microscopes, only one type of fluorescent label can be observed. This study introduces multispectral intravital video microscopy, which combines bright-field and fluorescence microscopy in a standard light microscope. The technique enables simultaneous real-time observation of fluorescently-labeled structures in relation to their direct physical surroundings. The advancement provides context for the orientation, movement, and function of labeled structures in the microcirculation.

독도 MIROS Wave Radar를 이용한 파랑관측 및 품질관리 (Measurement and Quality Control of MIROS Wave Radar Data at Dokdo)

  • 전현정;민용침;정진용;도기덕
    • 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.135-145
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    • 2020
  • 해양에서의 파랑관측은 부이나 압력계 등을 이용하여 수면변위를 관측하는 직접관측방법과 Radar를 이용하여 관측하는 원격관측방법으로 구분된다. 직접관측방법은 정확도가 높지만, 악기상 시 파손 및 유실 위험이 크며 외해 설치 시 많은 유지 보수비용이 필요하다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 반면 Radar와 같은 원격관측방법은 장비를 육지에 계류하여 유지관리가 용이하지만 직접관측방법과 비교하면 정확도가 다소 낮은 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 원격파랑관측자료의 품질을 개선하기 위해 독도에 설치되어 운영 중인 MIROS Wave and Current Radar(MWR) 관측자료의 수집 및 분석을 하였으며, 이를 기상청에서 운영 중인 해양파고부이(CWB)의 관측자료와 비교하였다. 그리고 MWR 관측자료의 품질을 개선하기 위해 1) MIROS사에서 개발한 필터(Reduce Noise Frequency, Phillips Check, Energy Level Check)의 복합적인 사용(최적필터; Optimal Filter), 2) OOI(Ocean Observatories Initiative)에서 개발한 Spike Test 알고리즘(Spike Test) 그리고 3) 유의파고-주기 관계식을 이용한 새로운 필터(H-Ts QC)를 사용하여 신뢰도가 낮은 이상자료(Noise; 시계열 자료 중 급격하게 자료가 발산하여 정상자료가 아닌 것으로 판단되는 자료)의 제거 및 보정을 수행하였다. 결과적으로 3가지의 품질관리기법을 적용한 MWR의 파랑관측자료는 유의파고에 대해서는 일정 부분 신뢰도를 가지지만 유의파주기에서는 여전히 오차가 존재하며 이에 대한 개선이 요구된다. 또한, MWR의 파랑관측자료는 3 m 이상의 고파랑에서는 CWB와 다소 양상이 달라지는 한계가 발생하므로 이를 위한 장기간의 원격파랑관측 자료의 수집과 분석, 그리고 필터 개발 등에 관한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

대학 구내 휴게음식점 종사자의 손 위생관리에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Hand Hygiene of Food Handlers of Food Court and Cafeteria in University Campus)

  • 김종규;박정영;김중순
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.133-142
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구는 대학 구내 휴게음식점 종사자의 손 씻기 의식과 실천, 그리고 그들의 손의 오염지표미생물 오염도를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 일개 대학 구내 휴게음식점의 조리종사자를 대상으로 설문조사, 관찰조사, 그리고 미생물 시험을 행하였다. 설문조사는 개별 직접면접을 통해 이루어졌으며, 관찰조사는 화장실에서 대상자가 알아차리지 못하도록 수행되었다. 손의 미생물 오염도 실험은 식품공전에 따라 수행하였다. 설문조사 응답에 비해서 관찰조사에서는 손 씻기와 손 위생관리가 매우 미흡하였다. 설문조사와 관찰조사 사이에 화장실 사용 후 손 씻기 실천/이행 여부, 시간, 사용 제제, 씻는 부위, 손 말리는 방법, 물의 온도, 그리고 물 잠그는 방법에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 대상자의 손에서 작업 전에 비하여 물로 손을 씻은 후에는 일반세균, 총대장균군, 분변성대장균 및 대장균 오염도가 낮게 나타났으며, 향균비누로 손을 씻은 후에는 포도상구균을 포함하여 모두 불검출이었다. 설문조사와 관찰조사를 통해 대상 종사자의 손 씻기 의식과 실천에는 차이가 있다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 일부 종사자의 손에서 대장균군, 분변성대장균군, 대장균 및 황색포도상구균이 검출되어 손 씻기 실천/이행 및 손 위생관리가 불량함이 확인되었다. 본 연구는 이들 휴게음식점 종사자의 양호하지 못한 손 위생관리와 ��거절한 손 씻기가 개선되어야 하고 개인위생과 식품안전을 위한 교육 및 훈련이 더 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.

일 대학병원 호스피스 병동 입원 환자의 간호활동시간 측정과 원가산정 (Determination of Cost and Measurement of nursing Care Hours for Hospice Patients Hospitalized in one University Hospital)

  • 김경운
    • 간호행정학회지
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.389-404
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    • 2000
  • This study was designed to determine the cost and measurement of nursing care hours for hospice patients hostpitalized in one university hospital. 314 inpatients in the hospice unit 11 nursing manpower were enrolled. Study was taken place in C University Hospital from 8th to 28th, Nov, 1999. Researcher and investigator did pilot study for selecting compatible hospice patient classification indicators. After modifying patient classification indicators and nursing care details for general ward, approved of content validity by specialist. Using hospice patient classification indicators and per 5 min continuing observation method, researcher and investigator recorded direct nursing care hours, indirect nursing care hours, and personnel time on hospice nursing care hours, and personnel time on hospice nursing care activities sheet. All of the patients were classified into Class I(mildly ill), Class II (moderately ill), Class III (acutely ill), and Class IV (critically ill) by patient classification system (PCS) which had been carefully developed to be suitable for the Korean hospice ward. And then the elements of the nursing care cost was investigated. Based on the data from an accounting section (Riccolo, 1988), nursing care hours per patient per day in each class and nursing care cost per patient per hour were multiplied. And then the mean of the nursing care cost per patient per day in each class was calculated. Using SAS, The number of patients in class and nursing activities in duty for nursing care hours were calculated the percent, the mean, the standard deviation respectively. According to the ANOVA and the $Scheff{\'{e}$ test, direct nursing care hours per patient per day for the each class were analyzed. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. Distribution of patient class : class IN(33.5%) was the largest class the rest were class II(26.1%) class III(22.6%), class I(17.8%). Nursing care requirements of the inpatients in hospice ward were greater than that of the inpatients in general ward. 2. Direct nursing care activities : Measurement ${\cdot}$ observation 41.7%, medication 16.6%, exercise ${\cdot}$ safety 12.5%, education ${\cdot}$ communication 7.2% etc. The mean hours of direct nursing care per patient per day per duty were needed ; 69.3 min for day duty, 64.7 min for evening duty, 88.2 min for night duty, 38.7 min for shift duty. The mean hours of direct nursing care of night duty was longer than that of the other duty. Direct nursing care hours per patient per day in each class were needed ; 3.1 hrs for class I, 3.9 hrs for class II, 4.7 hrs for class III, and 5.2 hrs for class IV. The mean hours of direct nursing care per patient per day without the PCS was 4.1 hours. The mean hours of direct nursing care per patient per day in class was increased significantly according to increasing nursing care requirements of the inpatients(F=49.04, p=.0001). The each class was significantly different(p<0.05). The mean hours of direct nursing care of several direct nursing care activities in each class were increased according to increasing nursing care requirements of the inpatients(p<0.05) ; class III and class IV for medication and education ${\cdot}$ communication, class I, class III and class IV for measurement ${\cdot}$ observation, class I, class II and class IV for elimination ${\cdot}$ irrigation, all of class for exercise ${\cdot}$ safety. 3. Indirect nursing care activities and personnel time : Recognization 24.2%, house keeping activity 22.7%, charting 17.2%, personnel time 11.8% etc. The mean hours of indirect nursing care and personnel time per nursing manpower was 4.7 hrs. The mean hours of indirect nursing care and personnel time per duty were 294.8 min for day duty, 212.3 min for evening duty, 387.9 min for night duty, 143.3 min for shift duty. The mean of indirect nursing care hours and personnel time of night duty was longer than that of the other duty. 4. The mean hours of indirect nursing care and personnel time per patient per day was 2.5 hrs. 5. The mean hours of nursing care per patient per day in each class were class I 5.6 hrs, class II 6.4 hrs, class III 7.2 hrs, class IV 7.7 hrs. 6. The elements of the nursing care cost were composed of 2,212 won for direct nursing care cost, 267 won for direct material cost and 307 won for indirect cost. Sum of the elements of the nursing care cost was 2,786 won. 7. The mean cost of the nursing care per patient per day in each class were 15,601.6 won for class I, 17,830.4 won for class II, 20,259.2 won for class III, 21,452.2 won for class IV. As above, using modified hospice patient classification indicators and nursing care activity details, many critical ill patients were hospitalized in the hospice unit and it reflected that the more nursing care requirements of the patients, the more direct nursing care hours. Emotional ${\cdot}$ spiritual care, pain ${\cdot}$ symptom control, terminal care, education ${\cdot}$ communication, narcotics management and delivery, attending funeral ceremony, the major nursing care activities, were also the independent hospice service. But it is not compensated by the present medical insurance system. Exercise ${\cdot}$ safety, elimination ${\cdot}$ irrigation needed more nursing care hours as equal to that of intensive care units. The present nursing management fee in the medical insurance system compensated only a part of nursing car service in hospice unit, which rewarded lower cost that that of nursing care.

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신생아집중간호단위 환경과 저체중출생아의 반응에 대한 연구 (A Study on the Environment for Lowbirth Weight Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in the United States)

  • 한경자
    • Child Health Nursing Research
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    • 제4권2호
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    • pp.159-176
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    • 1998
  • In effort to conduct comparative study on the caregiving environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) in both U. S and Korea, this study was been conducted first in the U.S. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the physical environment and direct caregiving practices to lowbirth weight infants in NICU in the US. It also aims to examine the NICU outcome status and behavioral reponses of lowbirth weight infants. Methods : A study design using descriptive and inferential statistics was been conducted through an observational, field method. A sample of 15 preform infants admitted to NICU were recruited for the study. The subjects were those with birth weight between 1,000 gm to 1,500 gm, born at the gestation period of 27 to 33 weeks, and without any chromosomal or other genetic anomalies, major congenital infections, or maternal illness. Thirty minutes observation(three times of ten minutes of continuous observation)of the infant's behavior and physiological status, and an four-hour observation of the physical environment and direct care giving procedures were been conducted on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. The data to be collected were in four areas : the demograghic characteristics of the infants, the physical environment and care giving procedures, the frequency of the infant's designated behavior and physiological response, and NICU outcome variables. A descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson r were been applied according to variable characteristics. Results : 1. Mother's mean age was 29.47. The sample consisted of 6 males and 9 females. Mean gestational ages were 29.17 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1236.33g. Mean Apgar scores at one minute were 6.6, and 7.8 at five minutes. 2. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light, X-ray screens and nursing station, in proximity to side-lamp, telephone and faucet on the third day after birth. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light and radio on the tenth day and in proximity to nursing station on the day of dischage from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 3. Nesting was the most applying aids to the infants. And foot roll, shielding and plastic frame were frequently using by nurses for facilitating well modulated restful posture. 4. There were statistically significant changes in the patterns of physical environment included locating the infant's incubator and bedding, specific aids to self regulation on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 5. Statistically significant changes were not appeared in the patterns of direct caregiving procedure to the infants included stress inducing or reducing manipulations on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 6. The stress response of the infants in NICU were significantly reduced as the infants grow older. 7. There were not statistically significant correlation between the physical envronment and the stress responses of the infants in NICU. 8. There were statistically significant correlation between the direct caregiving procedure to the infants and the stress response of the infants in NICU in the second and third observation on the day three. 9. Average weight gain per day from birth to discharge was 38.73g, number of days in the hospital was 42.60, number of days before bottle feeding was 3.6. Postconception age starting bottle feed ing was 31/sup +5/ weeks. Number of days on mechanical ventilator was average 7.64, 11.42 was an average number of days of oxygen need. Conclusion : It, thus, appears that to minimize the sensorymotor stimulation for the low birthweight preterm infant in NICU, manipulation of care giving practices to the babies whatever the stress inducing or reducing procedures, have to be limited in the immediate early stage after birth. And it needed to be reexamine to identify the appropriate and specific physical environment and the patterns of direct caregiving to the low birthweight preform infant as the infants grow older in NICU.

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Direct Electrode Reaction of Fe(III)-Reducing Bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens

  • Kim, Byung-Hong;Kim, Hyung-Joo;Hyun, Moon-Sik;Park, Doo-Hyun
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.127-131
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    • 1999
  • Anaerobically grown cells of an Fe(III)-reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens IR-l, were electrochemically active with an apparent reduction potential of about 0.15 V against a saturated calomel electrode in the cyclic voltammetry. The bacterium did not grow fermentatively on lactate, but grew in an anode compartment of a three-electrode electrochemical cell using lactate as an electron donor and the electrode as the electron acceptor. This property was shared by a large number of Fe(III)-reducing bacterial isolates. This is the first observation of a direct electrochemical reaction by an intact bacterial cell, which is believed to be possible due to the electron carrier(s) located at the cell surface involved in the reduction of the natural water insoluble electron acceptor, Fe(III).

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