• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2012

The flight performance evaluation of navigation system is very significant because the reliability of navigation data directly affect the safety of aircraft. Especially, the high-level navigation system such as DGPS/INS, need more precise flight performance evaluation method. The performance analysis is evaluated by comparing between the navigation system in aircraft and reference trajectory which is more precise than navigation system in aircraft. In order to verify DGPS/INS performance of m-level, the GPS receiver, which is capable post-processed Carrier-phase Differential GPS(CDGPS) method of cm-level, have to be used as reference system. The DGPS/INS is estimated the Center of Gravity (CG) point of aircraft to offer precise performance while the reference system is output the position of GPS antenna which is mounted on the outside of aircraft. Therefore, in order to more precise performance evaluation, it needs to compensate the lever arm and coordinates transformation. This paper use quaternion and Direct Cosine Matrix(DCM) methods as coordinate transformation matrix in lever arm compensation of CDGPS reference trajectory. And it compares NED errors of DCM and quaternion transformation in lever arm of reference trajectory via DGPS/INS result.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2015

The purposes of this study are to analyze the problems of the elderly using kitchens by ergonomic work evaluation methods, and to make suggestions for planning and remodeling of the kitchens for the elderly. The work evaluation methods which used in this study were direct-observing methods, which contained the process of 2 or 3 times each visiting to four different houses where elderly people live. For direct-observing methods, analyzing with movement observations and observation methods with photos and videos were used. Characteristics of subject elderly people and problems of their kitchens were analyzed by static measurements, interviews, pictures, and videos. The data, which are recorded movements of the preparing meal of the elderly were analyzed by playing it back repeatedly. As results, physical characteristics of the elderly was the most important consideration; a participant with the arthritical knee was limping at the kitchen entrance due to the difference of the floor level, and a user with a bent back was working on the floor or place an elbow on the worktable to support her body. Those results made a conclusion about the common problems of the kitchens, and suggested the check list which has to be considered when designing the elderly using kitchen.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.39-45
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• 2016

This study analyses the macroeconomic effects of the direct payment system (DPS) for environment-friendly agriculture in Korea. We utilized the applied general equilibrium model (AGE model) for the general agricultural sector as well as the environmentally-friendly agricultural sector. We considered several scenarios based on various direct payment amounts to measure and analyze economic impacts. Scenario 1 considers the current direct payment system. Scenario 2 examines an additional 5% increase from the direct payment amount in scenario 1. Scenario 3 reviews an increase of 10% in direct payment amount while Scenario 4 considers an additional increase of 15% compared with Scenario 1. Lastly, scenario 5 examines a 20% increase in direct payment amounts compared with scenario 1. In addition, the baseline considers conditions prior to the introduction of the direct payment system. The simulation analysis results show that capital formation, production volume, and labor productivity increased in the environment-friendly agricultural sector. In contrast, employment in the environment-friendly agricultural sector decreased. The price of environment-friendly agricultural products following the introduction of the DPS remain consistent with the price of environment-friendly agricultural product before introducing the DPS. This results from price elasticity of supply and demand are inelastic, and there is no change in the income of consumers during the analysis period. However, additional research is necessary for improvement of the model using complementary statistical data for the environmental-friendly agriculture sector.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2015

Currently water supply system with water storage is generally applied except for small building such as single-family houses, and water supply system on replacing water storage installed system by direct connecting system has been increasing because of sanitary and energy-saving aspects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate energy-saving and environmental efficiency of direct connecting booster pump system in comparison with the water storage installed system. The architectural condition of the evaluation subject is ten-story apartment house in which sixty households live. To calculate the power consumption of the pump, the volume of water supply was determined from existing data and other data, such as head, efficiency of the pump, was the value used for general application in design office. The power consumption of the water supply pump for one day was 8.5 kWh for direct connecting booster pump system, and 22.5 kWh for water storage installed system, and the former system showed energy savings of 62% compared to the latter system. Reduced power consumption also leads to reduction of $CO_2$ emission. According to the criteria presented in the Korea Energy Management Corporation, reducing the 2,410 kg $CO_2$ emission is possible per year.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2015

A fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the primary means of distinguishing benign from malignant in thyroid nodules. However, between 10 and 30% of the FNABs of thyroid nodules are diagnosed as 'indeterminate'. A molecular method is needed to reduce unnecessary surgery in this group. In Korea, most thyroid cancer is classic papillary type and BRAFV600E mutation is highly prevalent. Thus, this study compared the pyrosequencing method with the conventional direct DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis and investigated the evaluation of preoperative BRAFV600E mutation analysis as an adjunct diagnostic method with routine FNABs. Sixty-five (78.3%) of 83 histopathologically diagnosed malignant nodule revealed positive BRAFV600E mutation on pyrosequencing analysis. In detail, 65 (83.8%) of 78 papillary thyroid carcinomas sample showed positive BRAFV600E mutation. None of 29 benign nodules had in pyrodequencing, direct DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP. Out of 31 thyroid nodules classified as 'indeterminate' on cytological examination preoperatively, 28 cases turned out to be malignant: 24 papillary thyroid carcinomas. Among that, 16 (66.7%) classic papillary thyroid carcinomas had BRAFV600E mutation. Among 65 papillary thyroid carcinomas with positive BRAFV600E mutation detected by pyrosequencing analysis, each 3 cases and 5 cases did not show BRAFV600E mutation by direct DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis. Therefore, pyrosequencing was superior to direct DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP in detecting the BRAFV600E mutation of thyroid nodules (p =0.027). Detecting BRAFV600E mutation by pyrosequencing was more sensitivity, faster than direct DNA sequencing or PCR-RFLP.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.233-244
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• 2009

This study was focused on the transducer and suitable contact material for stone cultural heritage, and the correlation of direct-indirect method in rock types for scientific development and quantitative evaluation technique of the ultrasonic measurements. As a result, it was identified the transducer (UTREXTX(RX)54kHz) and contact material (rubber clay) of the type 3 were appropriate for the ultrasonic measurements of stone cultural heritage. The direct-indirect correction factors of type 3 were calculated 1.50 for granite, 1.38 for gabbro, 1.58 for quartz diorite, respectively. This result is the first study for improvement in reliability for the ultrasonic measurements, and it will contribute to establishment of the ultrasonic survey method for stone cultural heritage. Also, complementary studies considering the surface irregularity of rocks and various contact materials will carry out, and the database about correlation of direct-indirect in rock types will establish.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.54-66
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• 2002

A grid-based hydrological model, CELTHYM, capable of estimating base flow and surface runoff using only readily available data, was used to assess hydrologic impacts caused by land use change on Little Eagle Creek (LEC) in Central Indiana. Using time periods when land use data are available, the model was calibrated with two years of observed stream flow data, 1983-1984, and verified by comparison of model predictions with observed stream flow data for 1972-1974 and 1990-1992. Stream flow data were separated into direct runoff and base flow using HYSEP (USGS) to estimate the impacts of urbanization on each hydrologic component. Analysis of the ratio between direct runoff and total runoff from simulation results, and the change in these ratios with land use change, shows that the ratio of direct runoff increases proportionally with increasing urban area. The ratio of direct runoff also varies with annual rainfall, with dry year ratios larger than those for wet years shows that urbanization might be more harmful during dry years than abundant rainfall years in terms of water yield and water quality management.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.762-765
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• 2014

We fabricated a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) by direct laser-writing of a quasi-phase-matching (QPM) structure in photolithographic process. Because we do not need to prepare a photomask by electron-beam writing, the "maskless" process shortens the fabrication time and significantly reduces the cost. We evaluated the poling quality of the direct laser-written PPLN by measuring the diffraction noise from the surface relief pattern of the fabricated QPM grating and comparing the results to those from a conventional PPLN made with a photomask. The quality of the PPLN fabricated by direct laser-writing was shown to be equivalent to that fabricated by the conventional method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.510-513
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• 1997

This study examined the effects of ignoring inbreeding depression on (co)variance components for weaning weight through the use of Monte Carlo simulation. Weaning weight is of particular interest as a trait for which additive direct and maternal genetic components exist and there then is the potential for a direct-maternal genetic covariance. Ignoring inbreeding depression in the analytical model (.8 kg reduction of phenotypic value per 1% inbreeding) led to biased estimates of all genetic (co) variance components, all estimates being larger than the true values of the parameters. In particular, a negative bias in the direct-maternal genetic covariance was observed in analyses that ignored inbreeding depression. A small spurious sire-by-year interaction variance was also observed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.239-245
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• 2016

The purpose of this article was to review the changes in translucency of direct esthetic restorative materials after curing, aging and treatment. As a criterion for the evaluation of clinical translucency changes, visual perceptibility threshold in translucency parameter difference (${\Delta}TP$) of 2 was used. Translucency changes after curing were perceivable depending on experimental methods and products (largest ${\Delta}TP$ in resin composites = 15.9). Translucency changes after aging were reported as either relatively stable or showed perceivable changes by aging protocols (largest ${\Delta}TP$ in resin composites = -3.8). Translucency changes after curing, aging and treatment were perceivable in several products and experimental methods. Therefore, shade matching of direct esthetic materials should be performed considering these instabilities of translucency in direct esthetic materials.