• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.619-626
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• 2020

Background: The effects of diol-ginsenoside fraction (Diol-GF) and triol-ginsenoside fraction (Triol-GF) from Korean Red Ginseng on the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) were examined in diabetes-prone biobreeding (DP-BB) rats that spontaneously develop T1D through an autoimmune process. Methods: DP-BB female rats were treated with Diol-GF or Triol-GF daily from the age of 3-4 weeks up to 11-12 weeks (1 mg/g body weight). Results: Diol-GF delayed the onset, and reduced the incidence, of T1D. Islets of Diol-GF-treated DP-BB rats showed significantly lower insulitis and preserved higher plasma and pancreatic insulin levels. Diol-GF failed to change the proportion of lymphocyte subsets such as T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages in the spleen and blood. Diol-GF had no effect on the ability of DP-BB rat splenocytes to induce diabetes in recipients. Diol-GF and diol-ginsenoside Rb1 significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor α production, whereas diol-ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd decreased interleukin 1β production in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, mixed cytokine- and chemical-induced β-cell cytotoxicity was greatly inhibited by Diol-GF and diol-ginsenosides Rc and Rd in RIN5mF cells. However, nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells was unaffected by diol-ginsenosides. Conclusion: Diol-GF, but not Triol-GF, significantly delayed the development of insulitis and T1D in DP-BB rats. The antidiabetogenic action of Diol-GF may result from the decrease in cytokine production and increase in β-cell resistance to cytokine/free radical-induced cytotoxicity.

• 약학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 1995

Acidic and alkaline hydrolysis of diol-type ginseng saponins produced a new glycoside, (20E)-ginsenoside Rh$_{3}$, and its stereoisomer (20Z)-, which were further subjected to alkaline by drolysis to give their aglycones, (20E)- and (20Z)-3$\beta$, 12$\beta$-dihydroxy-dammar-20(22),24-diene. The ratio of stereoisomeric mixtures was estimated to be ca. 5:1 from intensities of the peaks in $^{1}$H- and $^{13}$C-NMR spectra. The $^{1}$H- and $^{13}$C-NMR signals of ginsenoside Rh$_{3}$, which have remained unclarified, were completely assigned by the extensive application of modern NMR techniques.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2015

Background: The present study was designed to prepare and find the optimum active preparation or fraction from Korea Red Ginseng inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) expression, because MMP-13 is a pivotal enzyme to degrade the collagen matrix of the joint cartilage. Methods: From total red ginseng ethanol extract, n-BuOH fraction (total ginsenoside-enriched fraction), ginsenoside diol-type-enriched fraction (GDF), and ginsenoside triol-type-enriched fraction (GTF) were prepared, and ginsenoside diol type-/F4-enriched fraction (GDF/F4) was obtained from Panax ginseng leaf extract. Results: The n-BuOH fraction, GDF, and GDF/F4 clearly inhibited MMP-13 expression compared to interleukin-$1{\beta}$-treated SW1353 cells (human chondrosarcoma), whereas the total extract and ginsenoside diol-type-enriched fraction did not. In particular, GDF/F4, the most effective inhibitor, blocked the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun-activated protein kinase (JNK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1/2 (STAT-1/2) among the signal transcription pathways involved. Further, GDF/F4 also inhibited the glycosaminoglycan release from interleukin-$1{\alpha}$-treated rabbit cartilage culture (30.6% inhibition at $30{\mu}g/mL$). Conclusion: Some preparations from Korean Red Ginseng and ginseng leaves, particularly GDF/F4, may possess the protective activity against cartilage degradation in joint disorders, and may have potential as new therapeutic agents.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.78-82
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• 1986

버미큐라이트 폿드 시험으로 묘삼(苗蔘)의 양액재배(養液栽培)에서 N.P.K.의 수준(水準)을 달리하여 근중 ginsenoside의 함량변화(含量變化)를 조사(調査)하였다. 이들 중 어느 하나의 결제 또는 증가는 사포닌 함량(含量)의 증가 또는 감소를 보였다. 사포닌 함량에 영향을 가장 크게 주는 것은 질소이고(15.5%에서 8.9%) P.K.의 순(順)이었다. 각 ginsenoside 함량에서도 유사(類似)한 결과를 보였다. 양분환경변화에 의한 함량변이(含量變異)의 순위(順位)는 $Rd>Rb_1>Rg_1+Rf>Rc>Rg_2{\geqq}Rb_2>Re$로 Re가 가장 둔감하며 다른 요인에 관하여도 둔감할 것으로 보였다. Diol 총량이 triol 총량보다 민감하나 이들의 비(比)는 절반의 변이계수를 보였다. 영양조건에 의한 각(各) ginsenoside의 변이(變異)는 그 함량(含量)과는 무관(無關)하였다. Ginsenoside pattern의 유사도(類似度)는 총 사포닌 함량에 차이가 큰 처리간에서 낮아졌다. 뿌리의 생육(生育)은 수도수구(水道水區)에서만 유의성있게 적었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 1997

(20S)-ginsenoside $Rs_3$ and its isomers were chemically prepared from diol ginseng saponins by partial acid hydrolysis and acetylation. The characteristics of $^{1}H-NMR$ and $^{13}-NMR$ data were compared with each other and fully assigned.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.198-206
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• 1986

정제인삼(精製人蔘)사포닌의 수용액을 분자투석막(分子透析膜)(분자량(分子量) 12000)을 통(通)하여 투석(透析)하거나 Bio-Gel P-2(분자량(分子量) $200{\sim}2000$)gel을 통과시켜 분취(分取)하고 HPLC로 ginsenoside를 분석(分析)하였다. Ginsenoside는 분자결합양상(分子結合樣相)과 분자내(分子內) 친수성기(親水性基)의 공간배열(空間配列)에 따라 3군(群)으로 분류(分類)되었다. 제(第) I 군(群)은 거대(巨大)미셀 형성자(形成者)로 결합분자수(結合分子數)가 10이상이며 I면친수기형(面親水基形)이고 panaxadiol인 $Ginsenoside\;Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc 및 Rd가 포함된다. 제(第)II군(群)은 소(小)미셀형성자(形成者)로 결합분자수(結合分子數)가 10이상(以上)에서 1까지이고 불완전(不完全) 양면친수기형(兩面親水基形)이며 triol인 $Rg_2$와 Rf 및 diol인 $Rg_3$가 포함된다. 제(第)III군(群)은 단분자(單分子)로 존재(存在)하며 양면친수기형(兩面親水基形)이고 triol인 Re와 $Rg_1$을 포함한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2007

Since chemical structures of ginsenoside as active ingredient of Panax ginseng are known, accumulating evidence have shown that ginsenoside is one of bio-active ligands through the diverse physiological and pharmacological evaluations. Chemical structures of ginsenoside could be divided into three parts depending on diol or triol ginsenoside: Steroid- or cholesterol-like backbone structure, carbohydrate portions, which are attached at the carbon-3, -6 or -20, and aliphatic side chain coupled to the backbone structure at the carbon-20. Ginsenosides also exist as stereoisomer at the carbon-20. Bioactive ligands usually exhibit the their structure-function relationships. In ginsenosides, there is little known about the relationship of chemical structure and biological activity. Recent reports have shown that ginsenoside $Rg_3$, one of active ginsenosides, exhibits its differential physiological or pharmacological actions depending on its chemical structure. This review will show how ginsenoside $Rg_3$, as a model compound, is functionally coupled to voltage-gated ion channel or ligand-gated ion channel regulations in related with its chemical structure.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.551-553
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• 1996

A genuine dammarane glycoside, named ginsenoside $Rg_{5}$, has been isolated by repeated column chromatography and preparative HPLC from the MeOH extract of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The chemical structure of ginsenoside$ Rg_{5}$ was determined as $3-O-[{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl (1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl]$ dammar-20(22), $24-diene-3{\beta},12{\beta}-diol$ by spectral and chemical methods. The stereostructure of a double bond at C-20(22) of ginsenoside $Rg_{5}$ was characterized as (E) from the chemical shift of C-21 in the $^{13}C-NMR $and a NOESY experiment in the $^{1}H-NMR$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.260-264
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• 1993

인삼을 조미제품의 첨가성분으로 이용할 때 그 NaCl 농도에서 인삼성분의 안정성을 규명하기 위하여, 미삼과 홍삼정을 NaCl 농도별로 처리하여 pH, 색상 및 ginsenosides 함량을 조사한 결과, 미삼의 경우 NaCl 농도가 증가 할수록 pH는 높아졌으나 홍삼정 시험구에서는 유의적인 변화가 없었다. 색상은 NaCl 농도가 증가 될수록 감소하였다. n-BuOH extract 수율은 5% NaCl 농도에서 감소하였고 그 이상의 농도에서는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 증감 범위는 홍삼정이 컸다. Ginsenosides 함량은 diol계 saponin인 ginsenoside-Re, $-Rb_1$, $-Rb_2$, -Rc, -Rd 및 triol계 saponin인 ginsenoside-Re 모두 5% NaCl 농도에서 감소하였고 그 이상의 농도에서 증가하는 경향이었으며, 특히 ginsenoside-Re가 가장 민감한 증감의 변화를 보였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.101-107
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• 1986

양분조성(N.P.K)을 달리하여 양액재배한 인삼근(2년생)에서 ginsenoside, triol(PT), diol(PD) 및 총saponin(TS)과의 관계를 단순, 다중회귀 및 standard partial regression coefficient의 검정으로 분석하였다. ginsenoside 상호간의 밀접도는 분자구조의 유이도와 관계가 깊은 것으로 나타났다. PT는 Re와 Rg1에 의존하였으며 PD의 변화는 Rb1>Rb2$\geq$Rd>Rc의 순으로 의존하였다. TS도 PD에 의존도가 커서 TS가 클수록 PT/PD가 적어졌다. PT가 커지면 PD는 더 커지므로 PT와 PT/PD는 부상관을 보였다. 근중이 커지면 모든 ginsenoside는 감소하는 경향이며 Re와는 유의성이 있었다.