• KSBB Journal
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.387-391
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 건조된 녹차 뿌리와 씨에 함유된 성분중에서 무기성분, 비타민, 총 아미노산과 유리 아미노산, 총 폴리페놀 및 그 구성 성분들의 함량을 분석하였다. 뿌리와 씨의 무기성분 중에서는 K의 함량이 각각 1,052 mg/100 g과 1,480 mg/100 g으로 가장 많았고, 뿌리에서 P, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu의 순으로, 씨에서는 P, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn의 순으로 함량이 많았다. 뿌리에서 vitamin C의 함량은 5.72 mg/100 g으로 가장 많았고 씨에서는 6.05 mg/100 g으로 나타났다. 비타민의 함량을 살펴 본 결과 녹차 뿌리보다 씨에 더욱 많은 종류의 vitamin이 함유되어 있었고 그 함량도 뿌리에 비해 다소 높은 경향이었다. 총 아미노산은 뿌리에 1,651 mg/100 g, 씨에 4,335 mg/100 g 함유되어 있어 각국 시판 녹차에 비해 그 함량이 높았고, 녹차에서 존재하지 않는 아미노산인 phenylalanine도 16.00 mg/100 g와 139.00 mg/100 g 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 유리 아미노산의 경우, 뿌리에서 녹차의 품질을 평가하는 theanine이 전체 유리 아미노산 함량의 48%를 차지하였고 쓴맛을 내는 arginine, valine 및 tryptophan 등의 함량이 높았으며, 열매에서는 단맛과 감칠맛을 내는 glutamic acid, alanine, theanine, aspartic acid 및 serine 등의 함량이 많았다. 총 polyphenol은 뿌리에 237 mg/100 g으로 씨에서의 함량 81 mg/100 g보다 3배가량 높았다. Polyphenol 중 catechin의 함량은 뿌리에서 66 mg/100 g, 씨에서 1 mg/100 g으로 나타났고 caffeic acid는 뿌리에서 0.78 mg/100 g으로 나타났지만 씨에서는 검출되지 않았다. 또한 chlorogenic acid는 뿌리와 씨에서 각각 3.7 mg/100 g과 6.6 mg/100 g 검출되었다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-35
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• 1997

Fertilized egg, by successive cell divisions, differentiates into different tissues and organs with various structures and functions. Different cells and tissues contain different proteins, products of selective gene expression. Not all the genes in any genomes are equally active, temporal and spatial gene expression being the general rule. Present paper attempts to review the tanscriptional mechanisms or the initiations of transcription from several angles. In some of the organisms the genes in the process of transcription or the genes in the inactive state can be seen under the light microscope. Some bands of Drosophila polytene chromosomes may exhibit a swollen or puff appearance under certain conditions. A puff, unfolded or decondensed form of chromomere, represents sets of intense transcriptional activity or RNA synthesis. The heterochromatic X chromosome whose genes remain inactive in the female mammals can be visualized as a dark staining structure called Barr body, Configuration of chromatin differs between transcribed and nontranscribed chromatin. Modification to the chromatin facilitates RNA synthesis. The movement of large polymerase molecule along the DNA would probably be facilitated if some modifications of the chromatin configuration is effected. Methylation of cytosines in CG sequences is associated with inactive genes. Methylation can play a role in determination of mammalian cells during embryogenesis. Demethylation is necessary for the gene to be expressed during development A histone modification that is also known to be correlated with transcriptional capacity of chromatin is acetylation of the lysine residues of the core histones. Chromatin containing a high level of histone acetylation is very sensitive to DNase 1. For the transcription to occur TBP must first bind to the TATA box. Another TF, TF IIB, then binds to the promoter-TBP complex, facilitating the access of RNA polymerase to the transcription initiation site. As recently as eight years ago researchers assumed that histones were irrelevant to the regulation of gene expression. Histones combine with the DNA to form nucleosome of the chromatin. Histones are vital participant in gene regulation. Histone and basal factors compete for access to TATA box. When DNA is exposed to basal factors before histones are introduced, the basal factors assemble on TATA boxes preventing the access of histones, allowing transcription to occur, for transcription to begin, activator protein at the upstream activation sequence or enhancer must interact with the tail of histone H4 at TATA box and cause the histone role particle to dissociate from the TATA box leading to partial breakup of the histone core particle and allowing the basal factors to bind to the TATA box. New concept of genomic flux in contrast to the old concept of static genome has been developed based on the powerful new molecular techniques. Genomic changes such as repetitive DNAs and transposable elements, it is assumed but not yet proved, may affect some of the developmental patterns that characterize particular cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. In the last decade or so remarkable achievement have been made in the researches of the structures and functions of TFs and the specific target sequences located in promoters or enhancers where these TFs bind. TFs have independent domains that bind DNA and that activate transcription. DNA binding domain of TFs serves to bring the protein into the right location. There are many types of DNA binding domains. Common types of motifs can be found that are responsible for binding to DNA. The motifs are usually quite short and comprise only a small part of the protein structure. Steroid receptors have domains for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activating transcription. The zinc finger motif comprises a DNA binding domain. Leucine zipper consist of a stretch of amino acids with a leucine residue in every seventh position Two proteins form a dimer because they interact by means of leucine zippers on similar α-helical domain. This positions their DNA binding basic domains for interaction with the two halves of a DNA sequence with dyad symmetry of TGACTCA, ACTGAGT.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권10호
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• pp.1397-1403
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• 2011

본 연구는 삼지구엽초의 기능성 식품학적 이용성 증진을 위한 기초적인 연구로써 우리나라 산야에서 존재하며 예로부터 약용으로 이용되고 있는 삼지구엽초의 주요성분인 icariin을 분리하여 생리활성을 검토하였다. 에탄올로 추출한 삼지구엽초를 극성이 다른 용매인 에틸아세테이트, 부탄올, 헥산, 물, 클로로포름 층으로 분리하여, icariin의 함량을 측정한 결과 각각 27.9, 2.5, 1.7, 1.4, 1.3 ${\mu}g/g$이었고, icariin 수율이 가장 많은 에틸아세테이트 분획물로부터 정제한 icariin 수율은 295.5 ${\mu}g/g$이었으며 대부분 에틸아세테이트에서 용출되는 것을 확인하였다. 용매별 분획물의 항산화효과는 에틸아세테이트 분획층에서 49.0 ${\mu}g/mL$로 가장 높았으며, 부탄올(59.2 ${\mu}g/mL$), 헥산(119.8 ${\mu}g/mL$), 물(122.0 ${\mu}g/mL$), 클로로포름(138.5 ${\mu}g/mL$) 층의 순으로 나타났으며, 정제된 icariin(15.3 ${\mu}g/mL$)은 대조구인 ascorbic acid (19.5 ${\mu}g/mL$), ${\alpha}$-tocopherol(18.2 ${\mu}g/mL$)보다 다소 높은 활성을 나타내었다. Salmonella Typhimurium을 이용한 돌연변이 및 항돌연변이성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 삼지구엽초에서 분리한 icariin은 TA98과 TA100세포 모두에서 돌연변이성을 나타내지 않았다. 인간면역세포인 B세포와 T세포에서의 면역활성시험을 측정한 결과, icariin은 대조구보다 B세포에서 1.27배, T세포에서 1.28배의 비교적 높은 면역증강활성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 삼지구엽초를 이용한 기능성식품 및 식품재료로서의 이용성 증진을 위한 기초 자료로 제공될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.578-586
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• 2009

본 연구는 전해수, 구연산, 차아염소산나트륨의 단독 또는 병용 처리에 의한 양상치에 오염된 총균수, 효모 및 곰팡이는 물론, 인위적으로 접종한 Listeria monocytogenes와 Escherichia coli O157:H7에 대한 저감화 효과를 조사하였으며 살균효능은 침지 시간(3, 5, and 10분)과 침지 온도(1, RT, 40, and $50^{\circ}C$)의 변화에 따른 각 처리구의 살균력을 조사하였다. 또한, 알칼리전해수와 구연산의 병용처리에 의한 양상치의 저장 중 갈변저해효과를 탐색 하였다. 침지 시간에 따른 각 처리구의 미생물 살균력은 전해수 (산성전해수와 알칼리 전해수)가 동일 조건에서 100 ppm 차아염소산나트륨보다 높았으며 모든 처리구에서 3분보다는 5분이상 침지 시 현저하게 살균력이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 침지 온도에 의한 각 처리구의 살균력은 온도가 증가할수록 증가하였으며 $40^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 온도증가에 의한 살균력의 차이가 없었다. 반면, 알칼리 전해수나 구연산 단독 처리구에 비하여 병용 처리시 양상치에 오염된 총균수와 효모 및 곰팡이에 대한 살균력은 모든 침지 온도에서 현저하게 증가하였으며 $40^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 완전하게 사멸하는 것으로 나타났으나 L. monocytogenes와 E.coli O157:H7는 같은 조건에서 처리구에 대한 저항성이 증가하였다. 한편, 양상치를 상온이나 $40^{\circ}C$에서 알칼리 전해수와 구연산 병용 처리구로 침지하여 $4^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 저장하였을 때 단독 처리구에 비하여 현저하게 갈변저해효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 병용처리구는 양상치의 품질향상은 물론 미생물의 생육을 저해하는데 좋은 항균제로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.3785-3791
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• 2016

Background: Previous studies have assessed the association between the Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4(CTLA-4) polymorphism with the risk of malignant bone tumor, but the conclusions were inconsistent. We aimed to clarify association of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 polymorphisms with malignant bone tumors risk by performing a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: The databases including PubMed, EMBase databases and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify the eligible studies prior to January 30 2016. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to estimate the strengths of the association between the CTLA-4 polymorphism and the malignant bone tumor risks. The meta-analysis was performed by STATA 12.0. Results: Four individual studies with a total of 1003 cases with malignant bone tumor and 1162 controls were included in our meta-analysis. The results of meta-analysis on those data demonstrated that CTLA-4 +49G>A polymorphism was associated with the risk of Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma strongly (A vs. G: OR=1.36, 95%CI:1.20-1.54, p=0.000; AA+AG vs. GG: OR=1.35, 95%CI:1.14-1.61, p=0.001; AA vs. GG: OR=2.24, 95%CI:1.67-2.99, p=0.000; AA vs. AG+GG: OR=2.00, 95%CI:1.53-2.62, p=0.000), but CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphism was not associated with the risk of malignant bone tumor (C vs. T: OR=0.76, 95%CI:0.76-1.08, p= 0.262; CC+CT vs. TT: OR=0.70, 95%CI:0.41-1.20, p= 0.198; CC vs. TT: OR=0.69, 95%CI:0.40-1.19, p= 0.183; CC vs. CT+TT: OR=0.92, 95%CI:0.75-1.13, p= 0.419). Subgroup analysis showed that there are significantly positive correlations between CTLA-4 +49G>A polymorphism and increased risks of malignant bone tumors in large size of sample (A vs. G: OR=1.347, 95%CI: 1.172,1.548, p=0.000; AA vs. GG: OR=2.228, 95%CI: 1.608,3.085, p=0.000), Ewing's Sarcoma or Osteosarcoma (A vs. G: OR=1.361, 95%CI: 1.201,1.540, p=0.000; AA vs. GG: OR=2.236, 95%CI: 1.674,2.986, p=0.000), and PCR-RFLP or Sequencing(A vs. G: OR=1.361, 95%CI: 1.201,1.540, p=0.000; AA vs. GG: OR=2.236, 95%CI: 1.674,2.986, p=0.000), but CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphism was not associated with the risk of malignant bone tumors in diagnosis, genotype method, and sample size (all p>0.05). Conclusions: CTLA-4 +49A/G variant was associated with an increased risk of developing the malignant bone tumors, such as Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma. However, it failed to show the association between CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphism and the risk of malignant bone tumors. Future large-scale studies remain to be done to confirm our conclusions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3773-3777
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• 2015

Background: This study aimed to establish a nomogram by combining clinicopathologic factors with overall survival of stage IA-IIB cervical cancer patients after complete resection with pelvic lymphadenectomy. Materials and Methods: This nomogram was based on a retrospective study on 1,563 stage IA-IIB cervical cancer patients who underwent complete resection and lymphadenectomy from 2002 to 2008. The nomogram was constructed based on multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard regression. The accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were measured by concordance index (C-index) and calibration curve. Results: Multivariate analysis identified lymph node metastasis (LNM), lymph-vascular space invasion (LVSI), stromal invasion, parametrial invasion, tumor diameter and histology as independent prognostic factors associated with cervical cancer survival. These factors were selected for construction of the nomogram. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.77), and calibration of the nomogram showed good agreement between the 5-year predicted survival and the actual observation. Conclusions: We developed a nomogram predicting 5-year overall survival of surgically treated stage IA-IIB cervical cancer patients. More comprehensive information that is provided by this nomogram could provide further insight into personalized therapy selection.

• 안보군사학연구
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• 통권7호
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• pp.155-231
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• 2009

Xu-Jing(徐競) an official of the Song(宋), a medieval Kingdom of China, wrote a book titled $\ll$Koryo Tu Jing(高麗圖經)$\gg$ which explains his travel to the Koryo as a member of diplomatic mission in 1123. $\ll$Koryo Tu Jing$\gg$ is the record of his personal experience in Koryo with many explanatory illustrations and especially contains 5 months' voyage record of his diplomatic fleet. His fleet set sail at a port located in the Ding Hai Xian(定海縣), Ming Zhou(明州) via a few islands of Koryo [Hyup Kye San(俠界山) , the Kun San Do(群山島) , the Ja Yon Do(紫燕島) , the Keup Su Mun(急水門) in Kang Hwa Gun(江華郡) and the Hap Gul(蛤窟) ] and finally arrived the Port Ye Song Hang(禮成港) . According to the Xu-Jing's record his fleet sailed the sea with the help of the favorable seaward winds and tides as the usual way of ancient sailing. The Xu- Jing's Fleet sailed the sea between the Mei Cen(梅岑), Ming Zhou(明州) of China and the Hyup Kye San(俠界山) of Koryo from about 5:00 a.m., May 24th(of the lunar calendar) to about 5:00 p.m., June 2nd. At this section, the average speed of the seaward winds was 19.45km/h and the average speed of the fleet which sailed only by the power of the winds was 6.29km/h. This means that 32.3% of the favorable seaward winds' speed was equal to the speed of the ancient fleet which sailed only by the power of the favorable seaward winds. The fleet sailed the sea between the Ja Yon Do(紫燕島) and the Keup Su Mun(急水門) from about 9:00 a.m., June 10th to about 1:00 p.m., the same day. At this section the fleet sailed by the power of tides in addition to the favorable seaward winds without oaring. The average speed of the winds was not different from that of former section and the average speed of the tides was 1.937km/h. And at this section the average speed of the fleet increased by 0.41km/h than that of the former section. This means that 21.1% of the speed of the tides was equal to the increased speed of the ancient fleet by virtue of the tides. The fleet sailed the sea between Keup Su Mun(急水門) and the Hap Gul(蛤窟) from about 1:00 p.m., June 10th to about 3:00 p.m., the same day. At this section, there were no seaward winds and the fleet sailed only by the powers of tides and oaring. And at this section, the tide increased the average speed of the fleet by 0.3114km/h and the fleet could sail at the speed of 4.3km/h. So we can conclude that the average speed of ancient fleet without any influences of the seaward winds and tides was 3.98 km/h. We can make use of the various sailing speeds of ancient fleets when judging their maritime activities. If we make use of the various sailing speeds of the ancient fleets as calculated in this article, we will be able to get various important informations about the certain ancient fleet's maritime maneuver. For example, we can infer the sailing routs of a certain fleet and the time when the fleet passed a certain spot by making use of the various sailing speeds of the ancient fleet. In this article I did not take account of the shapes of ships that consist of the ancient fleets and the sizes of the various ships and fleets. It was because that such factors would not change the foresaid conclusions seriously.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 1998

이 연구는 심근손상이 예상되는 개심술 환자들을 대상으로 수술에 따른 TnT의 혈중내 농도변화를 추적하여 심근세포 손상의 진단적 지표로서의 유용성을 조사하였고 기존의 효소진단 방법인 CK-MB 백분율 및 LDH1/LDH2비와 유용성을 비교 검토하였다. 본 연구는 1996년 1월부터 1996년 6월까지 인제대학교 부산백병원에서 개심술을 받은 성인 환자 중 술전 혈청 TnT 농도가 정상 범위였던 30명을 선정하여 시간대별 채혈로 시행되었다. 연구의 목적에 따라 환자들을 I 군(대동맥 차단시간 60분 이하, n=15)과 II군(대동맥 차단시간 60분 이상, n=15)으로 나누어 비교 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 혈청 TnT의 농도는 양 군 모두 수술 중 상승하여 대동맥 차단의 제거후 유의하게 증가하였다(p＜0.001). I 군에서는 술후 1일에 최고치(1.10$\pm$0.19 ng/ml)에 도달하였고 II 군에서는 체외순환 종료시 최고치(1.88$\pm$0.42 ng/ml)에 도달하여 이후 술후 7일까지 양군 모두 대조치에 비해 유의한 증가가 지속되었다(p＜0.01). 2. CK-MB/total CK(이하 CK-MB 백분율 이라 함)의 경우 양 군 모두 수술 시작과 함께 유의하게 증가하여(p＜0.001) 체외순환 종료시 최고치를 보였고 이후 술후 1일째까지 유의한 상승을 보였으나 술후 3일에는 기준치로 돌아옴으로써 혈청TnT에 비해 민감도가 떨어졌다. 3. LDH1/LDH2비는 수술동안 및 술후시기 전체에 걸쳐 대조치에 비해 유의한 변화가 없었다(p＞0.05). 4. 수술동안의 혈청 TnT 농도와 CK-MB 백분율 변화간에는 의미있는 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.64, p＜0.05). 5. I 군에 비해 II 군에서 혈청 TnT 농도는 대동맥 차단제거 시작 직전부터 술후 1일까지 유의한 증가를 보여(p＜0.05) 대동맥 차단 시간의 지속 정도가 심근세포 손상의 중요한 인자임을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 혈청 TnT는 심근세포 손상에 있어 유용한 기준지표가 됨으로 향후 급성심근 경색증의 진단 뿐만 아니라 개심술에 따른 심근세포 손상 정도의 예측과 술후 환자의 감시에 표식자로서의 중요성이 기대 되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.5299-5302
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• 2012

Purpose: To investigate the diet of patients with cervical cancer and precancerosis in the Wufeng area, a high-incidence region in China. Methods: In the case group, 104 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINII/III) were recruited from the Wufeng area. Nine hundred thirty-six healthy women were selected from the same area as the matched controls. A questionnaire, which included questions about general lifestyle conditions, smoking and alcohol status, source of drinking water, green tea intake, and diet in the past year, was presented to all participants. Results: Green tea intake (P=0.022, OR=0.551, 95% CI=0.330-0.919) and vegetable intake (P=0.035, OR=0.896, 95% CI=0.809-0.993) were identified as protective factors against cervical cancer or CINII/III. There was no indication of any associations of other lifestyle factors (smoking status, alcohol status, source of drinking water) or diet (intake of fruit, meat/egg/milk, soybean food, onion/garlic, staple food and pickled food) with cervical cancer. Conclusions: The results suggest that eating more fresh vegetables and drinking more green tea may help to reduce the risk of cervical cancer or CINII/III in people of the Wufeng area.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1620-1632
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• 2017

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of a traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) on muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs and the effects of the formula's extract (distilled water, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extraction) on porcine cell proliferation and isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) gene expression in myocytes. Methods: In a completely randomized design, ninety pigs were assigned to three diets with five replications per treatment and six pigs per pen. The diets included the basal diet (control group), TCMF1 (basal diet+2.5 g/kg TCMF) and TCMF2 (basal diet+5 g/kg TCMF). The psoas major muscle was obtained from pigs at the end of the experiment. Muscle fiber characteristics in the psoas major muscle were analyzed using myosin ATPase staining. Cell proliferation was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye and cytometry. Isoforms of MyHC gene expression were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: The final body weight and carcass weight of finishing pigs were increased by TCMF1 (p<0.05), while the psoas major muscle cross-sectional area was increased by TCMF (p<0.05). The cross-sectional area and diameter of psoas major muscle fiber Ι, IIA, and IIB were increased by TCMF2 (p<0.05). The cross-sectional area and fiber diameter of psoas major muscle fiber IIA and IIB were increased by diet supplementation with TCMF1 (p<0.05). Psoas major muscle fiber IIA and IIB fiber density from the pigs fed the TCMF1 diet and the type IIB fiber density from the pigs fed the TCMF2 diet were lower compared to pigs fed the control diet (p<0.05). Pigs fed TCMF2 had a higher composition of type Ι fiber and a lower percentage of type IIB fiber in the psoas major muscle (p<0.05). The expression levels of MyHC Ι, MyHC IIa, and MyHC IIx mRNA increased and the amount of MyHC IIb mRNA decreased in the psoas major muscle from TCMF2, whereas MyHC Ι and MyHC IIx mRNA increased in the psoas major muscle from TCMF1 (p<0.05). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ $coactivator-1{\alpha}$ and CaN mRNA expression in the psoas major muscle were up-regulated by TCMF (p<0.05). Porcine skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation was promoted by $4{\mu}g/mL$ and $20{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF water extraction (p<0.05). Both $1{\mu}g/mL$ and $5{\mu}g/mL$ of TCMF water extraction increased MyHC IIa, MyHC IIb, and MyHC IIx mRNA expression in porcine myocytes (p<0.05), while MyHC Ι mRNA expression in porcine myocytes was decreased by $5{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF water extraction (p<0.05). Porcine myocyte MyHC Ι and MyHC IIx mRNA expression were increased, and MyHC IIa and MyHC IIb mRNA expression were down-regulated by $5{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF ethyl acetate extraction (p<0.05). MyHC Ι and MyHC IIa mRNA expression in porcine myocytes were increased, and the MyHC IIb mRNA expression was decreased by $1{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF ethyl acetate extraction (p<0.05). Four isoforms of MyHC mRNA expression in porcine myocytes were reduced by $5{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF petroleum ether extraction (p<0.05). MyHC IIa mRNA expression in porcine myocytes increased and MyHC IIb mRNA expression decreased by $1{\mu}g/mL$ in a TCMF petroleum ether extraction (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that TCMF amplified the psoas major muscle cross-sectional area through changing muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs. This effect was confirmed as TCMF extraction promoted porcine cell proliferation and affected isoforms of MyHC gene expression in myocytes.