• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.268-272
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of reconstruction kernel, and slice thickness on the accuracy of spiral CT-based volume assessment over a range of object sizes typical of synthetic simulated tumor. Spiral CT scanning was performed at various reconstruction kernels (soft tissue, standard, bone), and slice thickness (1, 2, 3 mm) using a phantom made of gelatin and 10 synthetic simulated tumors of different sizes (diameter 3.0-12.0 mm). Three-dimensional volume assessments were obtained using an automated software tool. Results were compared with the reference volume by calculating the percentage error. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and setting statistical significance at P < 0.05. In general, smaller slice thickness and larger sphere diameters produced more accurate volume assessment than larger slice thickness and smaller sphere diameter. The measured volumes were larger than the actual volumes by a common factor depending on slice thickness; in 100HU simulated tumors that had statistically significant, 1 mm slice thickness produced on average 27.41%, 2 mm slice thickness produced 45.61%, 3 mm slice thickness produced 93.36% overestimates of volume. However, there was no statistically significant difference in volume error for spiral CT scans taken with techniques where only reconstruction kernel was changed. These results supported that synthetic simulated tumor size, slice thickness were significant parameters in determining volume measurement errors. For an accurate volumetric measurement of an object, it is critical to select an appropriate slice thickness and to consider the size of an object.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.354-361
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• 2007

Statement of Problems. The precision of fit between the bearing surfaces of implant abutments and the prosthesis framework has been considered fundamental to implant prosthodontic protocol. Purpose. The study aimed to investigate the effect of laboratory procedure on the dimensional accuracy of cast implant bars. Material and methods Thirty implant bars were fabricated on a metal master model. The gap distances were measured at the right implant abutment replica-gold cylinder interface after casting procedure. The bar length data of precasting and postcasting state were collected and analyzed. Results. The mean gap distance found after casting was $106.3{\mu}m$ for buccal side, $122.1{\mu}m$ for distal side and $117.1{\mu}m$ for the lingual side. The mean bar length was $17964.7{\mu}m$ at precasting measurement, $17891.6{\mu}m$ at postcasting measurement. The mean change of bar length was $-73.1{\mu}m$. Conclusion. Even though the techniques used in this study strictly followed the guidelines established in the literature, the 30 cast implant bars evaluated all yielded gap distances that were beyond acceptable accuracy. There was a statistically significant difference between precasting and postcasting bar length (P<0.01). There was a decreasing tendency in bar length after casting procedure. It was necessary to correct this dimensional change from laboratory procedure by some corrective methods.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.139-146
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• 1987

지상사진측량(地上寫眞測量)에 의한 3차원변형해석(次元變形測量)은 표정점(標定點)에 대한 3차원좌표(次元變座標)를 계산하고 이들 좌표로부터 변위(變位)를 구하므로써 변형해석(變形測量)을 하게 된다. 지상사진측량(地上寫眞測量)에 의한 변형해석(變形測量)은 3차원좌표(次元變座標) 획득과 변위점검출(變位點檢出) 및 변형량추정(變形量推定)으로 크게 나눌 수 있다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 처음단계로 번들조정법에 의한 좌표계산에서 지상기준점수(地上基準點數)와 사진수(寫眞數)의 증가에 따른 외부표정요소(外部標定要素)의 분산(分散)-공분산행렬(共分散行列)변화를 분석하였다. 그리고 지상기준점(地上基準點)의 정확도(正確度)를 향상시키기 위한 제약조건을 주기위해 번들조정법에 자유강조정(自由鋼調整)개념을 도입하였다. 이상의 결과분석으로부터 경제성과 시간절약의 측면을 고려할때 지상기준점수(地上基準點數)는 6점(點), 사진수(寫眞數)는 3개가 적합함을 알 수 있다. 또한 번들조정에 자유강조정(自由鋼調整)개념을 적용한 경우 공간거리의 제약조건을 외곽에 분포시키는 것이 바람직함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1380-1383
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• 2004

The scanning type XY stage is frequently used these days as precision positioning system in equipment for semiconductor or display element. It is requested higher velocity and more precise accuracy for higher productivity and measuring performance. The position accuracy of general stage is primarily affected by the geometric errors caused by parasitic motion of stage, misalignments such as perpendicular error, and thermal expansion of structure. In the case of scanning type stage, H type frame is usually used as base stage which is driven by two actuators such as linear motor. In the point view of scanning process, the stage is used in moving motion. Therefore, dynamic variation is added as significant position error source with other parasitic motion error. Because the scanning axis is driven by two actuators with two position detectors, 2 dimensional position errors have different characteristic compared to general tacked type XY stage. In this study 2D position error of scanning stage is analyzed by 1D heterodyne interferometer calibrator, which can measure 1D linear position error, straightness error, yaw error and pitch error, and perpendicular error. The 2D position error is evaluated by diagonal measurement (ISO230-6). The yaw error and perpendicular error are compensated on the base stage of scanning axis. And, the horizontal straightness error is compensated by cross axis compensation. And, dynamic motion error in scanning motion is analyzed.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.182-188
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• 2002

위상이동 간섭무늬 투영 방법을 이용한 3차원 형상측정 시스템의 위상계산오차를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 다룬 오차의 요소에는 물체 표면의 특성에 따라 검출기에 나타나는 양자화 크기의 변이 효과, 물체 표면에 맺히는 간섭무늬 패턴의 초점 어긋남 효과, 간섭무늬의 위상이동 오차에 의한 효과, 위상 이동된 간섭무늬 패턴이 투영된 여러 개의 물체 상을 받아들이는 도중에 시스템 및 주위 환경 변화에 의한 오차, 그리고 투영되는 격자 패턴의 왜곡에 의한 효과들을 계산하고 논의하였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2007년도 추계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.27-29
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• 2007

도심지의 공간을 대부분 차지하고 있는 건물의 높이는 지상의 기준점으로 부터의 상대적인 수직거리로 산정하여 3차원의 정보이다. 그러나 지형도의 등고선으로는 알 수 없는 높이이므로 도심지의 스카이 라인이나 건물의 높이 등은 지도에 누락되어 실제적으로 도시계획과 공간 정보를 구축하기 위하여 별도의 측량을 실시하여야 한다. LIDAR는 레이저 스캐너를 항공기에 장착하여 레이저 펄스를 지표면에 주사하고 반사된 레이저 펄스의 도달 시간을 관측함으로써 반사 지점의 공간위치 좌표를 계산해 지표면에 대한 정보를 추출하는 측량기법으로 최근 새로운 지형정보 획득수단으로 부각되고 있다. 이러한 레이저 스캐닝은 센서와 지표면까지의 거리 및 방향을 관측하여 지표면 상의 표고점에 대한 3차원 좌표를 결정한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 도심공간의 빌딩 및 지형지물에 관한 고밀도의 LiDAR 데이터를 수집하여 건물 중심을 설정하여 건물경계를 추출하여 3차원의 도심 빌딩을 보다 정확하게 생성할 수 있도록 하였다.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2011

최근 이슈가 되어온 스마트폰에는 고해상도 카메라, Assisted GPS, 가속도계, 자이로스코프, 그리고 자기 계측 센서와 같이 측량에 직접 이용할 수 있는 다양한 센서들이 탑재되어 있다. 본 연구는 고해상도 영상을 제공하는 스마트폰 카메라를 검정하고 그 정확도를 평가함으로써, 사진측량에 스마트폰 영상의 활용 가능성을 제시하는데 그 목적을 둔다. 먼저, 스마트폰 카메라의 정확도 평가에 앞서 각 카메라의 렌즈 왜곡을 보정하기 위한 카메라 검정이 이루어졌고, 이 과정에서 광속조정에 의해 계산된 영상 좌표 및 대상물 좌표의 정확도를 분석하였다. 또한, 3차원 위치 결정에 있어 렌즈 왜곡 계수의 고려 유무에 따른 결과 분석이 이루어졌고, 최종적으로 측량용 카메라에 대한 스마트폰 카메라의 상대 정확도를 평가하였다. 그 결과, 스마트폰 카메라의 왜곡 보정에 있어 고차항의 방사 왜곡 계수도 고려되어야 하며, 측량용 카메라에 의한 결과와 미소한 차이를 나타내어 사진측량에 스마트폰 영상의 활용 가능성이 클 것으로 기대된다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1993년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국제학술편); Seoul National University, Seoul; 20-22 Oct. 1993
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• pp.440-445
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• 1993

A two dimensional large scale laser digitizer with a cordless cursor was developed. The coordinate detecting scheme of this digitizer is fundamentally based on the triangulation method, in which two laser-rays are scanned by the rotating plane mirros, reflected backward by the cursor, reflected again by the rotating mirrors, and detected by optical sensors. From angles in which the cursor reflections are detected, we can determine the position of the cursor. But this method involves several problems about optical alignment and its calibration especially when it is applied to a large scale digitizer. In this paper, especially we propose simulation for error analysis with connection to angles measured at five control points which are needed to decide an appropriate model for calculating coordinates and optimal simulation for deciding the position of five control points to give the better coordinate accuracy. In this way, we realized the on-site calibration and on-site insurance of measurement accuracy with our appropriate model for calculating coordinates. The time required for on-site calibration is within 5 minutes and the average accuracy of 4m * 3m digitizer is about .+-.0.12mm.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.371-379
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• 2001

We have reported the new measurement system which was substituted digital filter for the analog filter in order to develop the optimal system that could find the time delay between each sensors with high accuracy. And also we have confirmed through the experiments that the accuracy of measurements were differentiated by the methods what kind of digital filter had been adopted. This paper suggests two algorithms which approximate the sound source's bearing and distance. One is that sound source's relative bearing can be approximately regarded as the gradient of hyperbolic asymptote, the other is that the source's range can be approximated under the condition of a long range source relative to the sensor's interval. And a series of experiments were carried out with the source's distance 22.42meters and the random bearing interval within the limits of $-90^{\circ}$~$+90^{\circ}$. As a result, we have recognized that the approximation methods could measure the bearing and distance with higher accuracy than the method using trigonometric relation could do.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.575-581
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• 2007

The high dimensional accuracy of the cold forged part could be acquired by the accurate dimensional modification for the die, which is, the dimensional changes from the die through forged part to final part after heat treatment were considered. The experimental and FEM analysis are performed to investigate the dimensional changes from the die to final part on cold forged part, comparing with the machined gear. The dimension of forged part is compared with the die dimension at each stage, such as, machined die, cold forged part, and heat-treated-part. The elastic characteristics and thermal influences on forging stage are analyzed numerically by the $DEFORM-3D^{TM}$. The analyzed residual stress of forged part is considered into the FE-analysis for heat treatment using the $DEFORM-HT^{TM}$. The effects of residual stress affected into the dimensional changes could be investigated by the FEA. Each residual stress of gears was measured practically by laser beam type measurement.