• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.376-380
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• 2011

We investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts obtained from Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke. The ethanol extracts of S. lappa C.B. Clarke were fractionated with various solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol). The antimicrobial activity of S. lappa C.B. Clarke was examined by disc-diffusion and micro-dilution susceptibility assays with six food-borne pathogens, and compared to that of the synthetic antibiotics. It is found that the S. lappa C.B. Clarke ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction have strong activity against B. cereus and V. parahaemolyticus strains compared to ampicillin. The inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values of hexane fraction against L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, and B. subtilis were 62.5, 250 and 500 ppm, respectively. Therefore, these data suggest that S. lappa C.B. Clarke may be useful as antimicrobial agents against food-borne pathogens.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 1992

Solvent and TLC-fractionations of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza have yielded the results as follows ; Solvent fractions Petr. ether Ether Ethy1 acetate Water Control 100uL 0 0.2 35.1 41.9 43.0 50ul 0.7 3.7 37.2 42.0 TLC-fractionation and the Cytotoxic activity Fractions I II III IV V VI Petr. ehter Control 100uL13.0 7.1 16.8 1.2 30.9 23.2 0.5 48.3 50uL 37.1 26.1 30.0 20.1 45.7 27.2 29.7 Among the solvent fractions the petroleum ehter fraction corresponding to the concentration of 20ug/ml has showed the strongest Cytotoxic activity. (no cell survived) A double dilution of the fraction(10ug/ml) still showed strong activity.(0.2 cells survived) The ether fraction contained strong activity. Of the fraction which have veen obtained by a prcparative silicagel TLC I, II, III & IV were cytotoxic, but V and VI were inactive Howevcr, it is worthwhile to note that no one of these has no strong Cytotoxicity as the pertoleum ether fraction itself. This observation says that the active fractions could be additive or synergic to each other. The most active fraction, IV, was scrached out from the TLC and its UV-spectrum taken. The absorption maxima were 207 and 272 nm, indicating the presence of a flavanone strucuture.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2005

The antifungal activities of essential oils from the leaves of Glehnia littoralis, which is cultivated in Korea, were evaluated against pathogenic Trichophyton species by the broth dilution method and the disk diffusion test. Additionally, the effects of the oils together with ketoconazole were tested by the checkerboard titer test. The essential oil fraction and its main components showed significant inhibition of the tested Trichophyton fungi, with minimal inhibitor concentrations (MICs) in the range of 16-32 mg/ml. The results suggest that activities of this oil are based mainly on the contents of ${\alpha}-pinene$ (22.17%), the next prominent component of the oil fraction, while the first main components ${\beta}-pinene$ (57.83%) have relatively mild activity. The MICs of ${\alpha}-pinene$ and ${\beta}-pinene$ were 1-4 mg/ml and 4-32 mg/ml, respectively. Additionally the Glehnia oil fraction and its main components as well, exhibited significant synergism with ketoconazole against Trichophyton rubrum.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2013

The current study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil fraction from the roots of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its main components. We extracted the essential oil fraction from the roots of A. tenuissima using steam distillation and isolated its main components. Their antibacterial activities were determined by broth dilution test against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH-scavenging assay and reducing-power test. Also tested was their ability to inhibit the growth of two gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, Caco-2 and MKN-45. The A. tenuissima oil fraction and its main components, ligustilide and butylidene phthalide exhibited marked inhibitory effects against most of the tested antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains with minimum inhibiting concentrations (MICs) from $0.21{\pm}0.08$ to $3.60{\pm}0.89mg/ml$. They also showed growth-inhibiting activity against Caco-2 and MKN-45 cells. The oil fraction showed significant antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing-power test. Taken together, A. tenuissima essential oil could be used as a safe additive for preventing food contamination by pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, its antioxidative activity and the ability to inhibit gastrointestinal carcinoma cell lines could increase its value for functional foods and prevention of cancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.763-768
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• 2011

The effects of $CO_2$-dilution on combustion instability were studied in order to apply biogas in a dual lean premixed gas turbine combustor on a real-scale dual lean premixed burner head which is originally developed for Natural Gas fuel. Combustion instability is reduced by $CO_2$ dilution effect according to the result of dynamic pressure signal and phase-resolved $OH^*$ images. The reason for this is that dilution of $CO_2$ reduces heat release perturbation and increases flame volume due to reduction of the flame speed and expansion of flame surface.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.1320-1322
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• 2005

Microcrystalline silicon films were deposited on glass substrate by using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. The crystalline volume fraction was estimated by means of Raman spectrometer with argon laser as light source. The high hydrogen dilution of silane gas was used for increase in content of crystal silicon phase.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 1971

The apparent molal volumes ${\phi}_v$ of a series of homologous tetraalkylammonium chlorides, $Me_4NCl, Et_4NCl, Pr_4NCl,\;and\;Bu_4NCl$, in a series of isopropanol-water mixtures have been determined at $30^{\circ}C$ from precision density measurements using pycnometers. The values of ${\phi}_v$ extrapolated to infinite dilution give partial molal volumes $\={V}^{\circ}$s which are almost additive for successive homologues and enable one to determine the absolute individual ionic partial molal volumes. The experimental results are discussed in terrns of the varying size and surface charge of the ions and the structure of the binary solvent mixtures. The results indicate that at 0.1 mole fraction isopropanol the maximum structuredness of water causes a minimum in the tetraalkylammonium-cation partial molal volumes, while at 0.2 mole fraction the solvent structure is such that the free volumes is a minimum and the electrostrictive effect of chloride ion is a maximum.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.389-393
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• 2003

The essential oils from Cedrus atlantica, Styrax tonkinensis, Juniperus communis, Lavandula angustifolia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Pelargonium graveolens, Pogestemon patchouli and Rosmarinus officinalis were analyzed by GC-MS. Antifungal activities of the oils were investigated by disk diffusion assay and the broth dilution method against Aspergillus niger and A. flavus. The effects of geraniol and the essential oil fraction from P. graveolens on the antifungal activity of amphotericin Band ketoconazole were examined using a checkerboard microtiter assay against both Aspergillus fungi. Most of the tested essential oils, with the exception of C. atlantica, J. communis, and P. patchouli, significantly inhibited growth of A. niger and to a lesser extent that of A. fIavus, with MICs (minimal inhibitory concentrations) in the range 0.78-12.5 mg/mL. The essential oil fraction of P. graveolens and its main components, geraniol and citronellol, exhibited additive effects with amphotericin B and with ketoconazole against both Aspergillus species, resulting in fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices ranging from 0.52 to 1.00.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.122-125
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• 2010

The essential oil fraction was extracted from the aerial parts of the plant by steam distillation method and its composition was analyzed by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) which led to the identification of 43 compounds. Dehydroelsholtzia ketone (56.81%) and elsholtzia ketone (30.05%) were identified as the predominant components of this oil. The antibacterial activities of the essential oil fraction were assessed by micro-dilution tests against antibioticsusceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and S. typhimurium. The oil inhibited most of the tested strains significantly resulting MICs (minimum inhibiting concentrations) between 2 mg/ml and >16 mg/ml. In most cases of this study Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed higher sensitivity to this oil than Salmonella strains.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aims to determine the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of combinations of Melastoma malabathricum leaf fraction with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin against pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) patients. Methods: We tested concentrations of 45%, 55%, 65%, and 75% of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin using dilution and agar diffusion methods. The combination of M. malabathricum leaf extract with these antibiotics was tested in vitro against all three bacteria. Results: The combination of M. malabathricum leaf extract and ciprofloxacin gave a FICI value of 0.5, indicating synergistic antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. Conclusion: The results show that the antibacterial effect of a combination of high doses of the leaf extract with either antibiotic is greater than that of the leaf extract and the antibiotics in single use.