• 대한수의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.125-146
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• 1968

Throughout the studies the following experimental results were summarized. 1. It was impossible to infect and kill the mice, weighing 10 to 12 gm, by inoculating 0.2ml of virulent Cl. chauvoei, diluted 1 to 10 with physiological saline, via subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intraveonus, route. 2. The mice which were inoculated in brain with 0.03ml of Cl. chauvoei diluted 1 : 5120 with physiological saline were resulted in all death after infection, but not in case of attenuated strain even in dilution of one to five. 3. Virulent Cl. chauvoei were diluted with each of those of whole blood, erythrocytes and serum of horse, calf, swine, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, chicken and duck, human plasma and 2% CaCl solution, and inoculated subcutaneously 0.25 to 0.5ml in mice, weighing 12 to 15gm. It was resulted in significant increase in virulence as comparing with the case of physiological saline solution except when horse and pig sera were used. Such a phenomena were not seen in attenuated strain. 4. Virulence of virulent Cl. Chauvoei could be increased significantly in rat, as the procedures used in mice, by suspending in whole blood, erythrocytes, serum, or plasma of various animals, or 2% $CaCl_2$ solution and by inoculating subcutaneously 0.5 to 10ml in rat, weighing 30 to 60 gm, as compared with those of control group which used physiological saline solutionos diluent. 5. Mice resisted 100 and 80 percent against challenge of $10^3$ and $10^4$ M.L.D.. respectively, 24 hours after inoculation of 0.5ml black leg antiserum. 6. Immune response to the black leg living vaccine in mice could be obtained more favorably in the group of respected vaccination rather than those of single inoculation and the most profitable inoculm size of the vacine was 0.5 to 1.0ml. 7. Challenge for the immunized mice could be carried out effectively 3 weeks after first vaccination. 8. Satisfactory results could be obtained by inoculating subcutaneously for the immunization and intracerebrally or subcutaneously for the challenge. 9. Mice which were inoculated with 0.5ml of black leg living vaccine via subtaneucously two times at seven days interval and 21 days after first inoculation and challenged with 5 and 10 M.L.D. of virulent strain, resited 100 and 70 to 80 percent respectively. Same results were obtainable in black leg killed vaccine as the procedures used in living vaccine. 10. There were significantly different resistances against the definite challenge does between the mice groups which were immnuized with the living vaccine diluted five or 10 times and the undiluted. 11. For the biological assay of black leg living vaccine and antiserum, satisfactory results could be obtained using mice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.164-167
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate in vitro fertilization and development of in vitro matured pig oocytes inseminated with the Duroc boar sperm by different sperm washing media after thawing of the 5 ml frozen straws. Immature follicular oocytes (30-40) were transferred into each well of a Nunc 4-well multidish containing $500{\mu}l$ mTCM199 maturation medium. The sperm rich portion of ejaculates was collected into a 250 ml insulated vacuum bottle and gradually cooled 22 to $24^{\circ}C$ over a 2 h period. Semen was centrifuged at 800 g for 10 min and the seminal plasma discarded. Sperm were esuspended in a lactose-egg yolk and N-acetyl-Dglucosamine (LEN) diluent to contain $1{\times}10^{9}$ sperm/ml and cooled to $5^{\circ}C$ over a 2 h period. Immediately before freezing, semen was rediluted with an equal volume of LEN+4% glycerol and packed into 5 ml straws. After thawing of the 5 ml straw, the 5 ml semen was diluted with 20 ml Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) at room temperature. Oocytes were inseminated with untreated (unwashed and nonpreincubated) or treated sperm (washed two times in BTS, mTLP-PVA and mTBM media, respectively and nonpreincubated) with $2{\times}10^{7}$ sperm concentration. Oocytes were coincubated for 6 h in $500{\mu}l$ mTBM fertilization. At 6 h after IVF, oocytes were transferred into $500{\mu}l$ NCSU-23 culture medium for further culture of 6 h. Sperm penetration, polyspermy and male pronuclear formation of oocytes at 12 h after IVF and developmental ability of oocytes at 48 h after IVF were evaluated. Sperm penetration rate, male pronuclear formation and rate of cleaved embryos were higher in the BTS, mTLP-PVA and mTBM treatments than the unwashed treatment (p<0.05). The rate of blastocysts from the cleaved oocytes (2-4 cell stage) were higher in the mTLP-PVA treatment than in the unwashed, BTS and mTBM treatments. In conclusion, we recommend the washing of frozen-thawed sperm with mTLP-PVA medium before in vitro fertilization of oocytes in mTBM medium.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.612-616
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• 2004

This study was carried out to compare the semen characteristics, frozen-thawed sperm viability and testosterone concentration and in vitro fertilization (IVF) and development of in vitro matured pig oocytes between two Yorkshire boars. Semen and blood samples were collected once per week from October to November 2002 from two adult Yorkshire boars at 18 months of age with 170 kg body weight. Sperm were deep frozen in 5 ml maxi-straws with lactose-egg yolk and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (LEN) diluent and stored in liquid nitrogen. Blood samples were obtained at 10 a.m. by inserting a 21 gauge, hypodermic needle attached to 10 ml syringe into surface veins in the ear. The concentration of testosterone was determined by Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay. Ovaries were collected from prepubertal gilts at a local slaughter house. Cumulus oocyte complexes were aspirated from antral follicles (3 to 6 mm in diameter). The medium used for oocyte maturation was modified TCM 199. After about 22 h of culture, oocytes were cultured without cysteamine and hormones for 22 h at $38.5^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ in air. For IVF, one frozen 5 ml straw was thawed at $52^{\circ}C$in 40 sec and was diluted with 20 ml Beltsville thawing solution at room temperature. Sperm were washed 2 times in mTLP-PVA and inseminated without preincubation after thawing. Oocytes were inseminated with $2{\times}10^7$/ml sperm concentration. Oocytes were coincubated for 6 h in 500 ${\mu}$l mTBM fertilization medium. At 6 h after IVF, oocytes were transferred into 500 ${\mu}$l NCSU-23 culture medium for further culture of 48 and 144 h. There were no significant differences in the semen volume, motility, normal acrosome morphology and sperm concentration of raw semen between A and B of Yorkshire boar. However, motility and normal acrosome of boar A were higher than those of boar B at 0.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h incubations of frozen-thawed sperm. Testosterone concentration (3.75 ng/ml) of boar A was higher than that (2.34 ng/ml) of boar B. The rate of blastocyst formation (15.1%) of boar A was higher than that (10.4%) of boar B. In conclusion, serum testosterone concentration of boar showed very important role for the frozen-thawed sperm viability and the blastocyst formation of pig oocytes matured in vitro.

• 한국인지과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국인지과학회 2000년도 춘계 학술대회
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• pp.267-272
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 한국어의 사·피동문을 실어증 환자가 처리하는 양상에 대하여 살펴보았다. 한국어의 사·피동문은 용언에 파생접사가 붙어 이루어지는 경우와 '-게 하다'나 '-어 지다'와 같이 구문 변형으로 하여, 실어증 환자에게 실험을 하였다. 실험에 참여한 환자는 명칭성 실어증 환자, 이해성 실어증 환자, 표현성 실어증 환자, 전반성 실어증 환자로 구성되어 있다. 본 실험에서는 단어 채워 넣기 과제(word completion task)를 사용하였다. 명칭성 실어증 환자의 경우 피동에서는 처리 오류를 보이는 반면, 사동에는 아무런 문제도 보이지 않았다. 표현성 실어증 환자의 경우, <피동-비변형>에서 오류를 많이 보였다. 이를 통해 한국어의 사·피동은 영어와 달리 통사상의 문제가 아니라는 결론을 내릴 수 있다. 즉 이미 사·피동 접사에 의해 파생된 단어가 어휘부에 저장되어 있고, 각 단어의 논항 정보에 따라 문장이 생성되는 것이다. 표현성 실어증 환자가 피동의 비변형에서 지배적인 오류를 보이는 것은 피동의 비변형이 타동사로서 변형인 피동형에 비해 하나의 논항을 더 취하기 때문이다. 이해성 실어증 환자의 경우 사·피동 생성에 별 어려움을 보이지 않았다. 이는 이해성 실어증 환자가 개별 어휘의 논항 정보에 손실을 적게 입고 있음을 시사하는 결과이다. 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 유형을 보이는 환자들을 대상으로 한국어의 사·피동의 처리양상을 대조한 결과, 첫재 사·피동은 서로 다른 통사, 의미상의 처리 양상을 보이고 있고, 둘째 파생접사가 결합된 형태로 어휘부에 저장되어 있는 개별 사·피동사에 의해 형성되는 것임을 확인하였다.d CO2 quantity causes flame temperature to fall since at high strain retes diluent effect is prevailing and at low strain rates the products inhibits chain branching. It is also found that the contribution of NO production by N2O and NO2 mechanisms are negligible and that thermal mechanism is concentrate on only the reaction zone. As strain rate and CO2 quantity increase, NO production is remarkably augmented.our 10%를 대용한 것이 무첨가한 것보다 많이 단단해졌음을 알 수 있었다. 혼합중의 반죽의 조사형 전자현미경 관찰로 amarans flour로 대체한 gluten이 단단해졌음을 알수 있었다. 유화제 stearly 칼슘, 혹은 hemicellulase를 amarans 10% 대체한 밀가루에 첨가하면 확연히 비용적을 증대시킬 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. quinoa는 명아주과 Chenopodium에 속하고 페루, 볼리비아 등의 고산지에서 재배 되어지는 것을 시료로 사용하였다. quinoa 분말은 중량의 5-20%을 quinoa를 대체하고 더욱이 분말중량에 대하여 0-200ppm의 lipase를 lipid(밀가루의 2-3배)에 대하여 품질개량제로서 이용했다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2006

자동차 폐촉매의 침출액으로부터 백금족 금속의 분리를 위하여 용매추출에 대한 기초연구가 수행되었다. 추출제로 tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), tri-n-octylamine (TOA) 그리고 di-n-hexyl sulfide (DHS)를 등유에 희석하여 사용하였다. 추출제의 종류 및 농도가 백금, 팔라듐 그리고 로듐의 추출거동에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 또한 세륨, 납, 철, 마그네슘 그리고 알루미늄 등 침출액에 존재하는 주요 금속불순물의 추출거동도 함께 조사하였다. TBP는 백금과 팔라듐, 그리고 TOA는 백금, 팔라듐, 로듐을 동시에 추출하였다. DHS 추출제인 SFI-6에 의한 용매추출 시 백금이 팔라듐과 함께 유기상으로 추출되었으나, SFI-6R은 팔라듐만 선택적으로 추출하였다. SFI-6R은 SFI-6에 비하여 팔라듐에 대한 선택성이 우수하였으나 추출속도가 느렸다. 추출제의 종류에 따라 백금족 금속과 함께 추출되는 금속불순물들이 달라지며 세정 또는 탈거공정에서 이들을 제거하여야 한다. 자동차 폐촉매의 침출액으로부터 백금, 팔라듐 그리고 로듐을 분리하기 위하여 먼저 DHS 추출제인 SFI-6R를 사용하여 팔라듐을 분리한 다음 TBP 또는 TOA으로 백금을 추출하여 로듐과 분리하는 공정이 적절한 것으로 나타났다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.431-440
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• 2011

석조문화재에 사용되는 에폭시 수지에 열팽창계수가 낮은 무기물을 첨가하여, 석재와 비슷한 수준으로의 열팽창계수 조절 및 무기물 첨가에 따른 기계적 변화를 연구하였다. 사용된 에폭시 주제는 hydrogenated bisphenol A (HBA), 경화제로는 상온에서 경화가 가능한 Isophoronediamine (IPDA), 점도 조절을 위한 반응성 희석제로는 difunctional polyglycidyl epoxide (DPE)를 선정하였으며 열팽창계수를 조절하기 위한 무기물 첨가제는 talc와 fused silica 를 사용하였다. 에폭시 수지와 희석제의 함량에 따라 점도를, 에폭시 수지와 무기물 첨가제의 부피비에 따른 열팽창계수를 측정하여 물리 화학적 물성 개선 가능성을 확인하였으며 인장강도, 전단강도 측정을 통하여 기계적 성능을 비교하였다. 연구결과 에폭시 수지에 첨가될 무기물 첨가제의 함량이 커질수록 열팽창 계수가 감소할 뿐만 아니라, 굴곡강도가 감소하고 전단 강도는 증가하는 특성이 나타났으며, fused silica를 사용한 에폭시 수지가 talc를 사용한 제품군에 비해 열팽창계수가 크게 감소하여 석재와 비슷한 수준으로 조절 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 공업화학
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.627-638
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• 1992

분자량과 관능기수가 각각 다른 4가지의 polypropylene glycol(PPG)과 toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate(2, 4-TDI)를 이용하여 polyurethane prepolymer(NCO terminated)를 합성한 후 NCO기 말단에 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(2-HEMA)를 반응시켜 PPG계 polyurethane methacrylates 수지를, PPG대신에 bisphenol A(BPA)를 이용하여 BPA계 polyurethane dimethacrylate 수지를 합성하였다. 합성된 PPG계 polyurethane dimethacrylate 수지에 반응성희석제인 triethylene glycol dimethacrylate(TEGDMA), 중합개시제인 cumene hydroperoxide(CHP) 중합금지제인 hydroquinone(HQ)를 첨가하였을 때, 첨가량변화에 따른 토오크강도의 변화를 고찰하였고, BPA계 polyurethane dimethacrylate 수지와 블렌드하였을때의 조성비에 따른 토오크강도의 변화를 고찰하였다. 토오크 측정결과, TEGDMA 40wt%, cumene hydroperoxide 4wt%, hydroquinone 200 ppm이 첨가되었을 때, 가장 큰 토오크강도를 나타내었으며, PPG계와 BPA계를 블렌딩하였을 때는 PPG/BPA가 4/6일 때 가장 큰 토오크강도를 나타내었다. 반응성희석제인 triethylene glycol dimethacrylate(TEGDMA), 중합개시제인 cume hydroperoxide(CHP), 중합금지제인 hydroquinone(HQ)를 동일하게 첨가한 후, 분자량과 관능기수가 다른 PPG계 polyurethane dimethacrylate 수지들의 열경화시의 토오크강도를 측정한 결과, 관능기수가 같은 수지들(PD750, PD1000, PD2000)의 경우에는 분자량이 적은 수지(PD750)일수록 큰 토오크강도를 나타내었고, 관능기수가 많을수록(PT 700) 큰 토오크강도를 나타내었다. 개시제만을 첨가한 후, 열경화를 통해서 얻어진 PPG계 수지들의 겔들을 DSC분석을 통해서 Tg변화를 측정하여 본 결과, 경화시 분자량이 가장 적고, 관능기수가 가장 많은 PT 700이 가장 큰 폭의 Tg증가를 나타내었으며, 분자량이 가장 큰 수지인 PD 2000이 가장 적은 폭의 Tg증가를 나타내었다. 그리고, Tg를 통해서 가교점간 분자량 Mc를 측정한 결과, 가장 큰 폭의 Tg를 보인 PT 700가 가장 적은 Mc를 가지고 있었다. 따라서, PT 700이 경화시 가장 조밀한 망목구조를 형성한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.423-434
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• 1986

The role of macrophages in the resistance of ICR mice to Candida albicans and Salmonella typhimurium was assessed using silica, agent which selectively inactivates macrophages or poly-2-vinylpyridine-N-oxide(PVNO), a lysosomal stabilizing agent. In addition, effect of silica on humoral and cellular immune responses to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) or polyvinylpyroridone(PVP) was examind. Colonyforming units(CFU) of C. albicans or S. typhimurium in the spleen, livers and kidneys of silica-treated or diluent-treated mice were enumerated at various times after infection. Silica was given i. v. to mice at 4 days or 1 day before infection. Although there was no apparent differences in the number of CFU of C. albicans cultured from the spleens or livers of silica-treated and control mice at every assay period, significant differences in the number of CFU of C. albicans in the kidneys of silica-treated and control mice. Namely, silica given to mice 1 day before infection significantly increased the number of CFU of C. albicans in the kidneys at 2, 4 and 6 days after infection, but did not change the number of CFU at 8 days after infection. Silica given to mice at 4 days before infection significantly increased the number CFU in the kidneys at 2 and 4 days after infection, but rather decreased the number of CFU at 8 days after infection. The number of CFU of C. albians cultured from the kidneys of splenectomized which were experimentally infected mice was similar to the number recovered from sham-operated mice at 4 and 8 days postinfection irrespective of time of infection relative to operation. The pretreatment of mice with PVNO appeared to abrogate the silica-induced susceptibility of mice to C. albicans. PVNO alone showed somewhat protective effect against challenge with C. albicans. In contrast, silica treatment did not alter the number of CFU of S. typhimurium recovered from the spleens and kidneys of mice. The administration of silica to mice at 4 days or 1 day before SRBC immunization significantly suppressed delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH) reactions to SRBC and antibody production to SRBC, a thymus-dependent antigen and PVP, a thymus-independent antigen. These results provide evidence that macrophages play an important role in susceptibility to Candida infection and strongly demonstrated that macrophages play an essential role in the induction of immune responses in mice.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of growing stages of the Korean Native Striped Bull (KNSB) on the freezability and fertility of frozen-thawed semen. First, we investigated the total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) according to the diluent used for semen freezing. Second, we examined the effect of the age of KNSB on semen volume, TM and PM of fresh and frozen-thawed semen. Third, we examined the effect of frozen semen from the different age of KNSB on the $in-vitro$ fertilization rate, and the artificial insemination pregnancy rate. The diluents used in this experiment were Triladyl$^{(R)}$ and Tris-egg yolk extender (EYE). Semen was collected from 5 KNSB in the growing stage (15 months) and 5 adult KNSB (36 months). When Triladyl or Tris-EYE extender was used for semen freezing, there was no difference of the mean TM and the mean PM. However, the mean TM was significantly higher in Bull No. 1885 than Bull No. 4283 ($p$ <0.05). The mean volume of semen collected from the 15-month-old bulls (2.3 ml) was significantly lower ($p$ <0.05) than that from the 36-month-old bulls (5.0 ml). The mean semen concentration was similar for the 15-month-old ($2.1{\times}10^9$ spermatozoa/ml) and 36-month-old ($1.8{\times}10^9$ spermatozoa/ml) bulls. For the 15-month-old and 36-month-old bulls, the mean TM of fresh semen were 93.7% and 88.3%, respectively, and the mean PM were 97.0% and 88.3%, respectively; the 15-month-old bulls showed a particularly high PM ($p$ <0.05). For the 15-month-old and 36-month-old bulls, the mean TM (56.0% and 58.0%, respectively) and the mean PM (64.0% and 70.7%, respectively) of frozen-thawed semen did not differ. The development rates of embryos after $in-vitro$ fertilization and the pregnancy rate after artificial insemination using frozen-thawed semen did not differ according to the bull's age. In summary, semen volume differed according to the bull's age, but semen concentration and survival rate, the $in-vitro$ fertilization rate, and the pregnancy rate did not differ according to the stripe bull's age. Accordingly, semen from bulls in the growing stage can be collected and frozen for the preservation and multiplication of rare livestock.

• 폴리머
• /
• 제30권6호
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• pp.538-544
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• 2006

치과용 재료로 사용되고 있는 환경호르몬으로 추정되는 비스페놀 A를 함유한 2,2-bis[4- (2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane(Bis-GMA)을 대체할 수 있는 화학적 구조가 Bis-GMA와 유사한 2종류의 신규 2관능성 methacrylated prepolymer인 170-2MA와 631-2MA를 합성하였다. 이렇게 합성된 pre-polymer를 희석제와 다른 단량체를 혼합하여 새로운 치과용 유기 매트릭스를 제조하였으며, 신규 prepolymer치 수율과 점도 및 화학적 구조와 유기 매트릭스의 물리적 및 기계적 물성을 평가하였다. 비스페놀 A를 함유하지 않은 2종류의 에폭시 화합물과 methacrylic acid의 개환반응에 의해서 각각 methacrylation하여 합성된 prepolymer는 90% 이상의 높은 반응 수율을 보였으며 control인 Bis-GMA에 비해서 상대적으로 낮은 점도를 보였다. 또한 합성된 methacrylated prepolymer는 Bis-GMA와 유사한 화학적 구조임을 $^1H-NMR$과 FTIR 분석결과로부터 확인하였다. 2종류의 합성 prepolymer를 이용하여 제조한 유기 매트릭스의 경화시간, 중합 수축률, 광전환율, 중합깊이 및 압축강도는 control인 Bis-GMA를 함유한 것에 비해서 비슷하거나 약간 더 우수한 특성을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 합성한 비스페놀 A를 함유하지 않은 170-2MA와 631-2MA prepolymer는 현재 사용중인 Bis-GMA를 대체할 수 있는 새로운 치과용 고분자재료로 충분히 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.