• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.551-566
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• 1997

Phosphorus has been known as an essential component of animal body. However, the requirement has not been determined precisely because of the variable bioavailabilities of feedstuffs from plant origin. The bioavailability of P in various feedstuffs of plant origin varies from 10 to 60%. Digestibility and availability of the P differed considerably depending on the feed. The lowest values were found for maize (under 20%), the highest for wheat and triticale (over 50%). This is due to the proportion of phytate and the presence of intrinsic phytase. And the digestive tract of monogastric animals does not contain sufficient amounts of phytase, an enzyme that hydrolyses the unavailable phytate complexes to available, inorganic orthophosphates. Microbial phytase supplementation improves the P availability, and both intrinsic plant and microbial phytase improves the availability of P in feedstuffs of plant origin. In a mixture of feeds with low and high activity of intrinsic phytase and/or supplemented by commercial phytase, the P availability is additive. However, in the light of current results it seems that exceeding the P availability equal to 60-70% is unrealizable even at large microbial phytase doses.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.105-121
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• 2015

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of Gagam-daewhang mangcho-tang (GDM) and its components on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) in mice Methods: The AP mouse model was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of cerulein (50 μg/kg) at hourly intervals for 6 times. The experimental drug was administrated intraperitoneally 1 hour prior to the first injection of cerulein. Mice were sacrificed at 6 hours after the last injection of cerulein. Blood samples were taken to determine serum amylase level. The pancreas and lungs were rapidly removed for histochemical examination and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays. Results: Administration of modified GDM significantly reduced the ratio of pancreas/body weight, level of serum amylase, neutrophil infiltration, and histological damage of the pancreas and lung. In a test of the components of GDM, the Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) group showed a significant suppression of the severity of AP. In an experiment testing the concentration of SM, the 150 mg/kg SM group showed significant attenuation of the severity of AP. Conclusions: Modified GDM and a SM water extract could attenuate AP and AP-associated lung injury via suppression of digestive enzyme secretion and MPO activity.

• International Journal of Molecular Medicine
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.1563-1573
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• 2019

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Icariin (ICA), a flavonoid glycoside, has been reported to have several pharmacological effects; however, the anti-inflammatory effects of ICA against AP require further study. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of ICA on cerulein-induced AP. In the present study, AP was induced by intraperitoneally administering a supramaximal concentration of cerulein (50 ㎍/kg/h) for 6 h. ICA was also administered intraperitoneally, and mice were sacrificed 6 h after the final cerulein injection. Blood samples were collected to determine serum amylase and lipase levels. The pancreas and lung were rapidly removed for histological examination, and the analysis of myeloperoxidase activity. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was conducted to analyze the expression of inflammatory cytokines in pancreatic tissues. Our results revealed that the administration of ICA prevented an increase in the pancreas weight/body weight ratio of mice and serum digestive enzyme levels. ICA treatment also inhibited cerulein-induced histological injury and neutrophil infiltration of the pancreas and lung. In addition, ICA suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the pancreas. Furthermore, ICA administration was observed to inhibit p38 activation during cerulein-induced AP. Inhibition of p38 activation resulted in alleviated pancreatitis. Collectively, our results suggested that ICA exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in cerulein-induced AP via the inhibition of p38.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2018

In this study, vineger was produced after heat treatment of Elaeagnus multiflora juice and its fermentative characteristics were investigated. The heat-treated juice and vinegar of E. multiflora were similar in fruit color, with b values (redness) of 39.48 (juice) and 37.56 (vinegar). After 10 days of fermentation of E. multiflora fruit, the acetic acid bacteria viable cell number, pH, acidity, reducing sugar content, and alcohol content were 4.59-4.62 log CFU/mL, 3.14-3.45, 0.2-2.12%, 0.69-35.24 mg/mL, and 0.2%, respectively. The heat-treated juice and vinegar showed significantly higher radical scavenging and digestive enzyme inhibitory activities than untreated samples, and the levels of soluble phenolics, soluble flavonoids, flavan-3-ol derivatives, and phenolic and derivatives were increased. Additioinally, the heat-treated vinegar contained major organic acids, such as acetic acid (21.82 mg/mL), and major flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids, such as catechin ($72.24{\mu}g/mL$), catechin gallate ($273.36{\mu}g/mL$), epigallocatechin gallate ($68.35{\mu}g/mL$), protocatechuic acid ($12.84{\mu}g/mL$), and salicylic acid ($42.29{\mu}g/mL$). At $25{\mu}L/mL$ treatment, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities were 79.66%, 93.99%, 90.12%, and 64.85%, respectively. This result suggested that it is possible to produce new types of vinegar and beverages, using heat-treated E. multiflora juice.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.176-182
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• 2014

Haw (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) has been used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments such as obesity and digestive trouble in Far East countries, including Korea. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of feral haw on hepatic functional enzymes in dyslipidemic rats. Four groups of male rats (Sprague Dawley strain) were fed different diets for 5 weeks: NND (normal-nondyslipidemic diet) group, NNDH (normal-nondyslipidemic diet + haw extract) group, CDD (control-dyslipidemic diet) group and DDH (dyslipidemic diet + haw extract) group. ALP (alkaline phosphatase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) activities were significantly higher in the CDD group than the NND group. However, haw extract supplement significantly reduced hepatic functional enzyme activities compared to the CDD group. Lipid deposition of the DDH group decreased compared to the CDD group. The size of adipose tissue decreased significantly in the DDH group compared to the CDD group. These results suggest that feral haw could be used as a food resource and functional food material.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.421-429
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the effect of roasting temperature on nutrient content, digestive enzyme activities, and antioxidative properties of sesame seed juice. The sesame seeds were either roasted at 160, 200, and $240^{\circ}C$ or not roasted, and the juice was extracted using a low-speed juice extractor. Owing to the short duration of roasting, benzo[a]pyrene were not detected and trans fatty acids were negligible detected in all sesame seed juices. The sesame seed juice contained abundant nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, and fatty acids. The contents of minerals, vitamin B1 and B3, and sesamol increased with increase in roasting temperature; however, the levels of fatty acids, vitamin B2, sesamin, and sesamolin decreased. In addition, the antioxidant content and antioxidative activities of sesame seed juice increased with increase in roasting temperature. Therefore, these results suggest that roasted sesame seed juice possesses high antioxidative activities, which may be beneficial for preventing oxidative damage in the body.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2011

This study analyzed effects of different sound treatments in frequencies and intensities on digestion and immune physiological processes of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua larvae. Without effect on egg hatch, sound treatments with 100-5,000 Hz at 95 dB suppressed feeding behavior and inhibited a digestive enzyme activity. In addition, two dimensional electrophoresis of midgut luminal proteins indicated a marked difference of the sound-treated larvae. In response to 5,000 Hz at 95 dB, larvae showed a significant decrease in hemocyte nodule formation against fungal challenge along with significant suppression in phospholipase $A_2$ activity in hemocyte and plasma. With increase of sound frequencies, the treated larvae showed an enhanced susceptibility to insecticides. Such sound frequency effect was significantly modulated with different sound intensities. These results suggest that sound treatment may give adverse stress to physiological processes of S. exigua larvae and may be applied to a nonchemical insect pest control.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.171-187
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• 1998

Garlic occupies a special position among the many foods of vegetable origin because it is the sole food for Koreans during the their lives. And vitamin A has been ingested by forms of food or additives. Cadmium has been described as one of the most dangerous trace elements in the food and environment of man and livestocks. Since the de novo synthesis of stress proteins can be detected early after exposure to some agents, analysis of cadmium-induced changes in gene expression , ie. alterations in patterns of protein synthesis, may be useful to develop as biomarkers of exposure and damage for food hygiene. He acute and chronic combine effects of cadmium (Cd, CdCl2 20mg/kg), garlic oil(Dds: diallyl disulfide 50mg/kg, 3 times a week) and vitamin A(Ra: retinol acetate 50,000 IU/kg, 3 times a week) on Wistar male rats were evaluated concerning cadmium contents, tissues enzyme activity, HSP expression histopathological and electron microscopical examinations. The results of the study are as follows ; 1. Less cadmium was absorbed through the digestive tracts, but the ratio of contents in tissue were not changed by the simultaneous adminstration of diallyl disufide or retinol acetate. 2. ALT(alanine aminotransferase) , AST(aspartate aminotransferase), glucose, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), creatinine, the key indices of the clinical changes in hepatic and renal function were significantly hanged by the cadmium treatment after 1 week in liver, after 4 weeks in kidney. 3. Histopathological changes in cadmium treated rats were appeared at 8 weeks age treatment in kidneys. Homogenous eosinophilic material was accumulated in cortical and collecting tubular lumens at 16 weeks. Degenerated or necrotized tubular cells were observed in cortex and medulla. Degenerated seminiferous tubules and homogeneous eosinophilic material was seen in interstitial tissue of rat treated with cadmium for 16 weeks. Calcium deposits were seen in degenerated seminiferous tubules and the tubules showed severe calcification of rat treated with cadmium for 16 weeks. Electron microscope changes in kidney were observed in rats treated with CdCl2 20 mg/kg. Proximal convoluted tubule cells showed selling of cytoplasm and narrow lumen. Capillary endothelial cells showed cytoplasmic vacuoles and swelling. Degenerated epithelial cells were accumulated in tubular lumen of kidney. 4. Enhanced synthesis of 70 KDa relateve molecular mass proteins were detected in 2 hours after cadmium, exposure, with maximum activity occurring at 8~48 hours. Induction of HSP 70 was evident at proximal tubules and glomeruli in kidney. Testicular cells produced enough HSP to be detected normally. From the above results, it could be concluded that HSP70 induction by the cadmium treatment was a rapid reaction to indicated the exposure of xenobiotics, and retinol acetate reduced the cadmium induced nephrotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2015

There are approximately 1,500 broiler farms in Korea, each raising 55,000 birds. Ninety-five percent of the farms are contracted with Integration Company. According to the Korean broiler performance index, broilers in Korea are marketed at 32 days with 1.52 kg of body weight. In contrast, the market age and body weight of broilers are 47 days/2.8 kg in the United States and 42 days/2.5 kg in Europe. Because of the younger market age of the Korean broiler, the pre-starter feed is important. Chicks exhibit poor absorption of dietary nutrients up to 7 days after hatching due to an immature digestive system and low enzyme secretion rate and activity. At the beginning of hatching, chicks obtain their nutrients from the egg yolk sac. It is highly recommended that chicks, after consuming the nutrients in the egg yolk sac, are given supplemented pre-starter feed to increase early growth rates and improve the performance of broiler production. Pre-starter nutrient requirements are not expressed in NRC, so Korean feeding standards for poultry and commercial breeding companies determine the nutrient requirements of pre-starter broiler chickens. Three approaches are followed to formulate specially designed pre-starter feeds for broiler chicks: (i) selective use of raw materials, (ii) proper standards of nutrient supply, and (iii) application of feed additives such as exogenous enzymes. In the selection of raw materials, those with high digestibility can be used. The absorption rate of carbohydrates in grains can be increased through feed processing at high temperature and high pressure. Soy proteins and fish meal can also be added as protein sources. As an energy source, vegetable oils are preferred over animal fats because of the former's high digestibility. It is suggested that the levels of proteins and amino acids are higher in pre-starter feed than in starter feed. With regard to energy, the sources of energy are more important than the levels of energy in feed. Feed additives such as exogenous enzymes can be used to improve nutrient digestibility. In addition, organic acids and plant extracts can be used as alternatives to animal growth promoters to stimulate immunity and prevent diseases. The growth performance of broilers is affected by various factors, such as management and disease control, in addition to the nutritional strategy; however, nutritional strategies play an important role in improving the productivity of broilers. Therefore, nutritional strategies, along with management and disease control, are required for improving the productivity of broilers in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.186-192
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• 1997

Increased activities of phase 2 enzymes including quinone reductase(QR) have been reported to be associated with protection of animals from neoplastic, mutagenic, and other toxic effects of many carcinogens. In previous study, we found that methanol extract of roasted and defatted perilla meal induced the activity of quinone reductase, an anticarcinogenic marker enzyme, in murine hepalc1c7 cells. Current study showed that unroasted perilla had a limited QR-inducing activity, suggesting that roasting cause the generation of active component(s). Thus we hypothesized that QR inducer in perilla might be covalently linked to sugar moiety and released during roasting process. Methanol extract of defatted raw perilla was subject to acid treatment in order to hydrolyze the potential sugar moiety. Prolonged hydrolysis of methanol extract of defatted raw perilla at $98{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ increased the ability to induce cytosolic QR activity of hepalclc7 cells. Furthermore roasting at 180 and $200^{\circ}C$ resulted in significant induction of QR activity. The result strongly support the idea that QR inducer(s) is present in bound form in raw perilla and released during roasting. Cellular QR activity was induced proportionately with the increase of concentration of methanol extract of roasted perilla. The induction of QR by defatted perilla was also examined in the cytosols of liver, small intestine, stomach, lung and kidney of male ICR mice. Induction patterns showed specificity with respect to target tissue and roasting of perilla. Unroasted perilla meal (defatted) significantly induced QR in liver and lung, while roasted perilla meal induced QR in liver and stomach. The observation that raw perilla showed similar QR induction patterns to roasted perilla is consistent with our proposal that QR inducer(s) is present in bound form and released by physical and chemical treatments as digestive or microbial enzymes could release the inducers from inactive glycoside forms in gastrointestinal tract of mice. In conclusion, perilla could exert protective effect against chemically induced carcinogenesis by inducing phase 2 enzymes in biological systems regardless of chemical and physical process such as roasting.