• Title/Summary/Keyword: Digestible and Metabolizable Energy

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Individual or combinational use of phytase, protease, and xylanase for the impacts on total tract digestibility of corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with soluble fed to pigs

  • Adsos Adami Passos;Vitor Hugo Cardoso Moita;Sung Woo Kim
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.36 no.12
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    • pp.1869-1879
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    • 2023
  • Objective: This study was to evaluate the effects of individual or combinational use of phytase, protease, and xylanase on total tract digestibility of corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) fed to pigs. Methods: Each experiment had four 4×4 Latin squares using 16 barrows. Each period had 5-d adaptation and 3-d collection. All experiments had: CON (no enzyme); Phy (CON+phytase); Xyl (CON+xylanase); Pro (CON+protease); Phy+Xyl; Phy+Pro, Xyl+Pro, Phy+Xyl+Pro. Each Latin square had 'CON, Phy, Xyl, and Phy+Xyl'; 'CON, Phy, Pro, and Phy+Pro'; 'CON, Pro, Xyl, and Xyl+Pro'; and 'Phy+Xyl, Phy+Pro, Xyl+Pro, Phy+Xyl+Pro'. Results: The digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nitrogen retention (NR) of corn were not affected by enzymes but the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus (P) was improved (p<0.01) by Phy. The DE and ATTD dry matter (DM) in soybean meal were increased (p<0.05) by Phy+Pro and the ATTD P was improved (p<0.01) by Phy, Phy+Pro, and Phy+Xyl. The DE, ME, and ATTD DM in DDGS were improved (p<0.05) by Phy+Xyl and the ATTD P was improved (p<0.01) by Phy, Phy+Pro, and Phy+Xyl. Conclusion: Phytase individually or in combination with xylanase and protease improved the Ca and P digestibility of corn, soybean meal, and DDGS, from the hydrolysis of phytic acid. The supplementation of protease was more effective when combined with phytase and xylanase in the soybean meal and DDGS possibly due to a higher protein content in these feedstuffs. Xylanase was more effective in DDGS diets due to the elevated levels of non-starch polysaccharides in these feedstuffs. However, when xylanase was combined with phytase, it demonstrated a higher efficacy improving the nutrient digestibility of pigs. Overall, combinational uses of feed enzymes can be more efficient for nutrient utilization in soybean meal and DDGS than single enzymes.

Determination of Nutrient Contents and In vitro Gas Production Values of Some Legume Forages Grown in the Harran Plain Saline Soils

  • Boga, M.;Yurtseven, S.;Kilic, U.;Aydemir, S.;Polat, T.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.27 no.6
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    • pp.825-831
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    • 2014
  • The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value of some legume species in salt-affected soils of South-East Anatolian region using chemical composition and in vitro gas production kinetics. In this study, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium alexandrinum, Medicago sativa were sown and tested in four different locations. A 3 by 4 factorial design with 3 legume species and 4 salt levels (non salty electrical conductivity (EC)<4 dS/m; low salt: 4 dS/m>EC<8 dS/m, medium saline: 8 dS/m>EC<16 dS/m and high salt: 16 dS/m>EC) was used in the study. Results indicated that salinity and plants had no significant effect on ash and ether extract. Dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber, digestible dry matter, dry matter intake (DMI) were affected by plant, salinity and plant${\times}$salinity interaction. On the other hand neutral detergent fiber, relative feed value (RFV), and DMI were affected by salinity and plant${\times}$salinity interaction. Mineral contents were affected by plant species, salinity and salinity${\times}$plants interactions. In vitro gas production, their kinetics and estimated parameters such as were not affected by salinity whereas the gas production up to 48 h, organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy lactation ($NE_L$) were affected by plant and plant${\times}$salt interaction. Generally RFVs of all species ranged from 120 to 210 and were quite satisfactory in salty conditions. Current results show that the feed value of Medicago sativa is higher compared to Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium alexandrinum.

Evaluation of Nutritional Characteristics of Different Sources of Food Residues in Autumn and Comparisons with NRC Nutrient Requirements for Swine (가을철 배출원별 남은 음식물의 사료 영양적 특성 및 돼지 영양소 요구량과의 비교 평가)

  • Kwak, W.S.;Kang, J.S.;Chung, J.D.
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.87-98
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    • 2002
  • This study was conducted to determine nutritional values of different sources of food residues(FR) released in autumn and to compare them with nutrient requirements on NRC standard feeding system of swine. Hospital or cafeteria FR contained more cooked rice and side dishes residues and less vegetable residues and fruit peel, resulting in higher energy and lower fiber contents, compared to apartment complex FR, which had opposite patterns to these results. Chemical composition between hospital and cafeteria FR was almost similar. Salt(NaCl) content was more than 9 folds of NRC swine requirement, but much lower than the maximum tolerant level. Essenial and non-essential amino acids profile was similar among FR sources. Hospital or cafeteria FR protein had a similar pepsin digestibility to soybean meal protein. Apartment complex FR protein, however, had a much lower pepsin digestibility. When NRC nutrient requirements are considered, FR in swine diets could satisfy requirements of protein and all the essential amino acids, 75${\sim}$111% of digestible or metabolizable energy, and most of the major and minor minerals. All the FR contained extremely low levels of toxic heavy metals, indicating that they are completely safe from these toxic substances. It was concluded that hospital or cafeteria FR could be a nutritionally excellent and balanced feed source for swine.

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Estimating urinary energy value of rat from the urinary nitrogen content (쥐의 뇨질소함량(尿窒素含量)으로부터 뇨(尿) Energy 가(價)의 산출법(算出法))

  • Han, In-K.
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.7
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    • pp.29-33
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    • 1966
  • This experiment was conducted to study the relationship between the energy value and the nitrogen content in the rat urine. Thirteen rats for ad libitum feeding group and 16 rats for two-meal group were employed in this experiment. The experimental period consisted of 22 days with a preliminary period of 10 days. During the last eight days of the experiment the urine was collected quantitatively. The rats fed two-meal per day excreted significantly (p<0.005) more nitrogen and energy in the urine than those fed ad libitum. A linear relationship between the energy concentration and nitrogen content was found. The urinary energy value was increased as the urinary nitrogen content was increased. A prediction equation was derived to compute the energy value from the content of nitrogen as follows: Y=8.924X+0.182 $S_{y{\cdot}x}=0.788$ where Y=urinary energy(kcal/100 ml) X=urinary nitrogen(gm/100 ml) Since the standard deviation of estimate is in small magnitude (0.788 kcal) when it is compared with the amount of intake of gross energy, digestible energy or metabolizable energy, this equation can be used safely to estimate the energy value from nitrogen content. Consequently, considerable amound of time and labor for the actual determination of energy can be saved. The ratio of energy to nitrogen was found to be 9.4 for ad adlibitum group and 8.6 for two-meal group. No significant difference between two group in this respect was observed.

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The Respective Effects of Shoot Height and Conservation Method on the Yield and Nutritive Value, and Essential Oils of Wormwood (Artemisia montana Pampan)

  • Kim, S.C.;Adesogan, A.T.;Ko, Y.D.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.816-824
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    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the shoot height at which the yield and nutritive value of wormwood (Artemisia montana) is optimized in order to provide information on its potential to support animal production (Experiment 1). A second objective was to determine how the essential oil (EO) concentration in wormwood hay and silage differ (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, Artemisia montana was harvested at five different shoot heights (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm) from triplicate $1.8{\times}1.8m$ plots. Dry matter (DM) yield was measured at each harvest date and the harvested wormwood was botanically separated into leaf, stalk and whole plant fractions and analyzed for chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD). Values for total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were subsequently calculated using prediction equations. Dry matter yields of stalk and whole plant increased linearly (p<0.001) and leaf yield increased quadratically (p<0.01) with shoot height, whereas the leaf/stalk ratio decreased linearly (p<0.001). As shoot height increased, there was a linear increase (p<0.001) in leaf DM, ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents and a quadratic increase (p<0.05) in leaf acid detergent fiber (ADF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents, and stalk and whole plant DM (p<0.001), organic matter (OM, p<0.01 and p<0.05), NDF (p<0.001 and 0.05) and NFE (p<0.05) contents. However, there were decreases in leaf crude protein content (CP, quadratic, p<0.001) and stalk and whole plant EE content (linear, p<0.001), CP (quadratic, p<0.05) and ash (quadratic, p<0.05) contents. Digestibility of DM and TDN, and DE and ME value in leaves were not affected by increasing shoot height, but these measures linearly decreased (p<0.001) in stalk and whole plant. In Experiment 2, the hay had higher DM and CP concentrations, but lower EE concentration than the silage. Essential oil (EO) content in wormwood silage (0.49 g/100 g DM) was higher (p<0.05) than that in wormwood hay (0.32 g/100 g DM). Wormwood hay contained 25 essentail oils (EO) including camphor (10.4 g/100 g), 1-borneol (11.6 g/100 g) and caryophyllene oxide (27.7 g/100 g), and wormwood silage had 26 EO constituents including 3-cyclohexen-1-ol (8.1 g/100 g), trans-caryophyllene (8.6 g/100 g) and ${\gamma}$-selinene (16.8 g/100 g). It is concluded that the most ideal shoot height for harvesting wormwood is 60 cm based on the optimization of DM yield and nutritive value. Wormwood silage had a greater quantity and array of EO than wormwood hay.

Studies on the Domestication of of Field Bean ( Glycine soja Sieb and Zucc ) for Forage Crop I. Esterase isozyme variation and nutritive value of field bean (돌콩 ( Glycine soja Sieb and Zucc ) 의 사료작물화에 관한 연구 I. 돌콩의 Esterase isozyme 변이와 사료적 가치 평가)

  • Lee, Sung K.;Lee, Eun;Choi, Il
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.86-92
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    • 1993
  • The variation of the esterase isozyme, germination rate, chemical composition and digestibility of field bean(G1ycine soja S. and Z.) were estimated. The results are as follows; 1. The banding patterns of the esterase isozyme in field bean were varied with the tissue and habitat. 2. The enzyme activity of the Est-I, Est-2, Est-3 and Est-4 in field bean showed a high value compared with the other enzyme. 3. The range of germination temperature in field bean was 10-40C and the optimum germination temperature was 25- 38^{\circ}C.$. 4. The crude protein(CP) contents was 19.9% in the whole plant, 27.8% in the leaf and 45.9% in the seed, the cellulose contents was 29.5% in the whole plant, 23.0% in the leaf and 13.8% in the seed, the neutral detergent fiber(NDF) was 62.6% in the whole plant, 47.9% in the leaf and 47.9% in the seed and the acid detergent fiber(ADF) was 44.5% in the whole plant, 28.4% in the leaf and 28.4% in the seed, respectively. 5. The digestibility of the field bean was 44.1% in the whole plant, 49.6% in the leaf and 75.1% in the seed, NDF was 26.2% in the whole plant 46.2% in the leaf, ADF was 29.0% in the whole plant, 47.7% in the leaf and 58.0% in the seed and Cellulose was 48.7% in the whole plant, 58.0% in the leaf and 70.2% in the seed, respectively. 6. Total digestible nutrients(TDN) of the field bean was 47.4% in the whole plant, 51.5% in the leaf and 70.2% in the seed, respectively. The digestible energy(DE) value was 2.1 kcal/g in the whole plant, 2.27 kcal/g in the leaf and 3.10 kcal/g in the seed and the metabolizable energy(ME) value was 1.72 kcal/g in the whole plant, 1.86 kcal/g in the leaf and 3.23 kcal/g in the seed, respectively.

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Effects of Levels of Feed Intake and Inclusion of Corn on Rumen Environment, Nutrient Digestibility, Methane Emission and Energy and Protein Utilization by Goats Fed Alfalfa Pellets

  • Islam, M.;Abe, H.;Terada, F.;Iwasaki, K.;Tano, R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.13 no.7
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    • pp.948-956
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    • 2000
  • The effect of high and low level of feed intakes on nutrient digestibility, nutrient losses through methane, energy and protein utilization by goats fed on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets based diets was investigated in this study. Twelve castrated Japanese goats were employed in two subsequent digestion and metabolism trials. The goats were divided into three groups, offered three diets. Diet 1 consisted of 100% alfalfa pellet, Diet 2 was 70% alfalfa pellet and 30% corn, and Diet 3 was 40% alfalfa pellet and 60% corn. The two intake levels were high (1.6 times) and low (0.9 times) the maintenance requirement of total digestible nutrients (TON). Rumen ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) level of Diet 1 was lower (p<0.001) compared to Diets 2 and 3, but the values were always above the critical level (I50 mg/liter), The pH values of rumen liquor ranged from 6.02 to 7.30. Apparent digestibility of nutrient components did not show differences (p>0.05) between the two intake levels but inclusion of corn significantly altered the nutrient digestibility. Diet 3 had highest (p<0.001) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen fee extract (NFE) digestibility followed by the Diet 2 and Diet 1. The crude protein (CP) digestibility values among the three diets were in a narrow range (70.1 to 70.8%). Crude fiber (CF) digestibility for Diet 3 was slight higher (p>0.05) than that for other two diets. When alfalfa was replaced by corn, there were highly significant (p<0.001) increases in DM, OM, EE and NFE apparent digestibility and a slight increase in the CF digestibility (p>0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) in energy losses as methane ($CH_4$) and heat production among the diets but energy loss through urine was higher for the Diet 1. The total energy loss as $CH_4$ and heat production were higher for the high intake level but the energy loss as $CH_4$ per gram DM intake were same (0.305 kcal/g) between the high and low intake level. Retained energy (RE) was higher for Diet 3 and Diet 2. Nitrogen (N) losses through feces and urine were higher (p<0.001) for Diet 1. Consequently, N retention was lower (p>0.05) for Diet 1 and higher in Diets 3 and 2. It is concluded that inclusion of corn with alfalfa increased the metabolizable energy (ME) and RE, and retained N through reducing the energy and N losses. The high level of intake reduced the rate of nutrient losses through feces and urine.

Evaluation of Amino Acid and Energy Utilization in Feedstuff for Swine and Poultry Diets

  • Kong, C.;Adeola, O.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.27 no.7
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    • pp.917-925
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    • 2014
  • An accurate feed formulation is essential for optimizing feed efficiency and minimizing feed cost for swine and poultry production. Because energy and amino acid (AA) account for the major cost of swine and poultry diets, a precise determination of the availability of energy and AA in feedstuffs is essential for accurate diet formulations. Therefore, the methodology for determining the availability of energy and AA should be carefully selected. The total collection and index methods are 2 major procedures for estimating the availability of energy and AA in feedstuffs for swine and poultry diets. The total collection method is based on the laborious production of quantitative records of feed intake and output, whereas the index method can avoid the laborious work, but greatly relies on accurate chemical analysis of index compound. The direct method, in which the test feedstuff in a diet is the sole source of the component of interest, is widely used to determine the digestibility of nutritional components in feedstuffs. In some cases, however, it may be necessary to formulate a basal diet and a test diet in which a portion of the basal diet is replaced by the feed ingredient to be tested because of poor palatability and low level of the interested component in the test ingredients. For the digestibility of AA, due to the confounding effect on AA composition of protein in feces by microorganisms in the hind gut, ileal digestibility rather than fecal digestibility has been preferred as the reliable method for estimating AA digestibility. Depending on the contribution of ileal endogenous AA losses in the ileal digestibility calculation, ileal digestibility estimates can be expressed as apparent, standardized, and true ileal digestibility, and are usually determined using the ileal cannulation method for pigs and the slaughter method for poultry. Among these digestibility estimates, the standardized ileal AA digestibility that corrects apparent ileal digestibility for basal endogenous AA losses, provides appropriate information for the formulation of swine and poultry diets. The total quantity of energy in feedstuffs can be partitioned into different components including gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy based on the consideration of sequential energy losses during digestion and metabolism from GE in feeds. For swine, the total collection method is suggested for determining DE and ME in feedstuffs whereas for poultry the classical ME assay and the precision-fed method are applicable. Further investigation for the utilization of ME may be conducted by measuring either heat production or energy retention using indirect calorimetry or comparative slaughter method, respectively. This review provides information on the methodology used to determine accurate estimates of AA and energy availability for formulating swine and poultry diets.

The Influence of Different Fiber and Starch Types on Nutrient Balance and Energy Metabolism in Growing Pigs

  • Wang, J.F.;Zhu, Y.H.;Li, D.F.;Jorgensen, H.;Jensen, B.B.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.263-270
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    • 2004
  • A repeated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design was conducted with eight ileal cannulated castrates to examine the effect of source of starch and fiber on nutrient balance and energy metabolism. Pigs were fed on one of the four experimental diets: Control diet (C) mainly based on cooked rice; and diets P, S and W with the inclusion of either raw potato starch, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, respectively. With the exception of an increased (p<0.05) energy loss from methane production with diet S observed, no significant differences (p>0.05) in the ratio of metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy, the utilization of ME for fat deposition and for protein deposition, energy loss as hydrogen and urinary energy were found between diets. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was lower (p<0.05) with diets P and S than with diet C. The inclusion of fiber sources (sugar beet pulp or wheat bran) or potato starch reduced the maintenance energy requirement. The fecal energy excretion was increased (p<0.05) with either sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, while it was unaffected (p>0.05) by addition of potato starch. In comparison with diets C and P, a lowered ileal or fecal digestibility of energy with diets S and W was observed (p<0.05). Feeding sugar beet pulp caused increased (p<0.05) daily production of methane and carbon dioxide and consequently increased energy losses from methane and carbon dioxide production, while it did not influence the daily hydrogen production (p>0.05). An increased (p<0.05) proportion of NSP excreted in feces was seen by the supplementation of wheat bran. Higher NSP intake caused an increased daily amount of NSP in the ileum, but the ileal NSP proportion as a percentage of NSP intake was unaffected by diets. Feeding potato starch resulted in increased daily amount of starch measured in the ileum and the proportion of ileal starch as a percentage of starch intake, while no significant influence on fecal starch was found. Higher (p<0.05) daily amount of fecal starch and the proportion of fecal starch as a percentage of starch intake were found with fiber sources supplementation compared with diets C and P. By increasing the dietary NSP content the fecal amount of starch increased (p<0.01).

Prediction of the Digestibility and Energy Value of Corn Silage by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (근적외선분광법을 이용한 옥수수 사일리지의 소화율 및 에너지 평가)

  • Park Hyung-Soo;Lee Jong-Kyung;Lee Hyo-Won;Kim Su-Gon;Ha Jong-Kyu
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.45-52
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    • 2006
  • This study was carried out to explore the accuracy of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) fer the prediction of digestibility and energy value of corn silages. The spectral data were regressed against a range of digestibility and energy parameters using modified partial least squares(MPLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with first and second order derivatization, with scatter correction procedure(SNV-Detrend) to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. Calibration models for NIRS measurements gave multivariate correlation coefficients of determination$(R^2)$ and standard errors of cross validation of 0.92(SECV 1.73), 0.91(SECV 1.13) and 0.93(SECV 1.74) for in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD), in vitro true digestibility(IVTD), and cellulase dry matter digestibility(CDMD), respectively. The standard error of prediction(SEP) and the multiple correlation coefficient of validation$(R^2v)$ on the validation set(n=39) was used in comparing the prediction accuracy. The SEP value was 0.30(TDN), 0.01(NEL), and 0.01(ME). The relative ability of NIRS to predict digestibility and energy value was very good for CDMD, total digestible nutrients(TDN), net energy fer lactation(NEL) and metabolizable energy(ME). This paper shows the potential of NIRS to predict the digestibility and energy value of con silage as a routine method in feeding programmes and for giving advice to farmers.