• 한국작물학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.407-428
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• 1991

우리나라 동해안지대는 태백산맥이 동서로 뻗쳐있고 해안을 끼고있어 기후의 변화가 다양한 동시에 풍해를 입기 쉬운 환경에 놓여있다. 이지대에 풍해를 일으키는 바람의 종류는 태백산맥을 넘어오면서 휀(Fohn) 현상에 의해 상승기류된 고온건조한 편서풍에 의해 백수, 경업의 절상, 찰과상, 탈수해, 변색립, 탈립, 도복 등의 수분장해형풍해와 한냉다습한 오호츠크기단이 발달하면 냉조풍이 심하여 하계 저온현상이 일어나서 생육지연, 지경 및 영화의 퇴화, 등숙장해 등이 발생되어 동해안지대를 중심으로 전국에서 84,532M/T의 수량감소를 가져오는 큰 문제지역으로 대두되어 있다. 본논문은 우리나라 동해안지대의 냉조풍피해상습지 6,160ha에 대한 풍해경감대책을 수립코자 1982년부터 1989년까지 8개년간 경북 영덕, 울진지방에서 경북농촌진흥원과 영남작물시험장 영덕출장소에서 실시된 품종선발, 재배시기, 시비법개선, 농토배양, 방풍강설치 등의 시험성적들을 검토한 결과 몇가지 결과를 얻었기에 금후 이지대의 풍해경감대책 자료로 제공코자 한다. 1. 동해안냉조지대의 1954년부터 1989년까지 36년동안 강풍발생빈도는 8월 10일부터 9월 l0일 사이에 높아 이지역의 수도안전출수한계기는 8월10일 이전이 안전하다고 생각된다. 2. 이지대에 주로 풍해를 유발시키는 바람의 종류는 태백산맥을 넘어오면서 휀(Fohn) 현상에 의한 고온건조한 편서풍과 해양에서 내륙으로 부는 한냉다습한 냉조풍이었으며 도작기간중 발생 빈도는 각각 25%였다 3. 태풍내습의 위험시기(8월 10일～9월 10일)를 회피할수 있도록 출수기를 달리하는 3～4품종을 필지별로 접배하거나 유사시에 피해를 분산토록 하는 것이 제 1차적인 대책이 될 것이다. 4 동해안지대에서 수량생산기간(40일간)의 최적등숙온도(22.2$^{\circ}C$)와 최대기상생산력으로 본 최적출수기는 8월 10일이며, 이앙에서 출수기까지의 유효적산온도(GDD)를 이용한 최적이앙기는조생종이 6월 10일, 중생종이 5월 20일 만생종이 5월 10일 이었다. 5. 동해안냉조풍지대는 사질답(38%), 미숙답(28%)로써 저위생산답이 많고 지하수위가 높아 수직배수가 불량하여 답면수온이 낮아 요소비료는 분해가 잘 안되고 비효가 늦어서 생육지연 및 불임의 유발원인이 되고 특히 과용하면 도숙병을 격증시키게 되므로 유안을 시용하는 것이 효과적이다 6. 동해안냉조풍지대는 벼 생육초기에 답면수온이 낮아 인산가용성세균의 활동이 미약하여 토양환원작용이 발달하지 못하여 벼가 흡수 이용할 수 있는 가용성인산함량이 불량하므로 인산을 전량기비 또는 증시하는것보다 이앙후 30일에서 유수형성기에 추비하는것이 효과적이다. 7 이지대는 사질답(38%)이 많아 보통답이나 전질답에 비하여 풍해를 받아 숙색이 나쁘며 등숙이 저하되므로 규산퇴비, 산적토 등의 종합개량처리를 하면 효과가 크다. 8, 동해안냉조풍지대에 방풍강을 설치하면 풍속경감효과(30%)가 크고 기온, 지온, 수온 등의 미기상을 조절하는 효과가 있어 생육촉진, 백수 및 변색립 감소, 고엽방지, 미질향상, 수량증수등의 효과가 현저하였다. 9. 방풍강의 재료는 화학사로 된 방서강과 방오강이며 설치방법은 방서강을 포장둘레에 2m 높이로 치고 그 위에 방오강을 덮어 편서건조풍과 편동냉조풍을 동시에 방풍하여 20%의 증수효과가 있었으며 적정강목은 0.5$\times$0.5cm이고, 설치시기는 유수형성기(8월 1일) 전후였다. 10. 동해안냉조풍지대에서 태풍 통과직후 백수나 변색립발생시 논에 물을 깊게 관수함과 아울러 고성능청무기 등으로 지상부에 충분히 미수를 하면 임실비율 현미천립중 등이 향상되어 증수효과를 얻을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.29-94
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• 1974

Today most developed countries provide modern medical care for most of the population. The rural area is the more neglected area in the medical and health field. In public health, the philosophy is that medical care for in maintenance of health is a basic right of man; it should not be discriminated against racial, environmental or financial situations. The deficiency of the medical care system, cultural bias, economic development, and ignorance of the residents about health care brought about the shortage of medical personnel and facilities on the rural areas. Moreover, medical students and physicians have been taught less about rural health care than about urban health care. Medical care, therefore, is insufficient in terms of health care personnel/and facilities in rural areas. Under such a situation, there is growing concern about the health problems among the rural population. The findings presented in this report are useful measures of the major health problems and even more important, as a guide to planning for improved medical care systems. It is hoped that findings from this study will be useful to those responsible for improving the delivery of health service for the rural population. Objectives: -to determine the health status of the residents in the rural areas. -to assess the rural population's needs in terms of health and medical care. -to make recommendations concerning improvement in the delivery of health and medical care for the rural population. Procedures: For the sampling design, the ideal would be to sample according to the proportion of the composition age-groups. As the health problems would be different by group, the sample was divided into 10 different age-groups. If the sample were allocated by proportion of composition of each age group, some age groups would be too small to estimate the health problem. The sample size of each age-group population was 100 people/age-groups. Personal interviews were conducted by specially trained medical students. The interviews dealt at length with current health status, medical care problems, utilization of medical services, medical cost paid for medical care and attitudes toward health. In addition, more information was gained from the public health field, including environmental sanitation, maternal and child health, family planning, tuberculosis control, and dental health. The sample Sample size was one fourth of total population: 1,438 The aged 10-14 years showed the largest number of 254 and the aged under one year was the smallest number of 81. Participation in examination Examination sessions usually were held in the morning every Tuesday, Wenesday, and Thursday for 3 hours at each session at the Namchun Health station. In general, the rate of participation in medical examination was low especially in ages between 10-19 years old. The highest rate of participation among are groups was the under one year age-group by 100 percent. The lowest use rate as low as 3% of those in the age-groups 10-19 years who are attending junior and senior high school in Taegu city so the time was not convenient for them to recieve examinations. Among the over 20 years old group, the rate of participation of female was higher than that of males. The results are as follows: A. Publie health problems Population: The number of pre-school age group who required child health was 724, among them infants numbered 96. Number of eligible women aged 15-44 years was 1,279, and women with husband who need maternal health numbered 700. The age-group of 65 years or older was 201 needed more health care and 65 of them had disabilities. (Table 2). Environmental sanitation: Seventy-nine percent of the residents relied upon well water as a primary source of dringking water. Ninety-three percent of the drinking water supply was rated as unfited quality for drinking. More than 90% of latrines were unhygienic, in structure design and sanitation (Table 15). Maternal and child health: Maternal health Average number of pregnancies of eligible women was 4 times. There was almost no pre- and post-natal care. Pregnancy wastage Still births was 33 per 1,000 live births. Spontaneous abortion was 156 per 1,000 live births. Induced abortion was 137 per 1,000 live births. Delivery condition More than 90 percent of deliveries were conducted at home. Attendants at last delivery were laymen by 76% and delivery without attendants was 14%. The rate of non-sterilized scissors as an instrument used to cut the umbilical cord was as high as 54% and of sickles was 14%. The rate of difficult delivery counted for 3%. Maternal death rate estimates about 35 per 10,000 live births. Child health Consultation rate for child health was almost non existant. In general, vaccination rate of children was low; vaccination rates for children aged 0-5 years with BCG and small pox were 34 and 28 percent respectively. The rate of vaccination with DPT and Polio were 23 and 25% respectively but the rate of the complete three injections were as low as 5 and 3% respectively. The number of dead children was 280 per 1,000 living children. Infants death rate was 45 per 1,000 live births (Table 16), Family planning: Approval rate of married women for family planning was as high as 86%. The rate of experiences of contraception in the past was 51%. The current rate of contraception was 37%. Willingness to use contraception in the future was as high as 86% (Table 17). Tuberculosis control: Number of registration patients at the health center currently was 25. The number indicates one eighth of estimate number of tuberculosis in the area. Number of discharged cases in the past accounted for 79 which showed 50% of active cases when discharged time. Rate of complete treatment among reasons of discharge in the past as low as 28%. There needs to be a follow up observation of the discharged cases (Table 18). Dental problems: More than 50% of the total population have at least one or more dental problems. (Table 19) B. Medical care problems Incidence rate: 1. In one month Incidence rate of medical care problems during one month was 19.6 percent. Among these health problems which required rest at home were 11.8 percent. The estimated number of patients in the total population is 1,206. The health problems reported most frequently in interviews during one month are: GI trouble, respiratory disease, neuralgia, skin disease, and communicable disease-in that order, The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the 1-4 age group and in the 60 years or over age group, the lowest rate was the 10-14 year age group. In general, 0-29 year age group except the 1-4 year age group was low incidence rate. After 30 years old the rate of health problems increases gradually with aging. Eighty-three percent of health problems that occured during one month were solved by primary medical care procedures. Seventeen percent of health problems needed secondary care. Days rested at home because of illness during one month were 0.7 days per interviewee and 8days per patient and it accounts for 2,161 days for the total productive population in the area. (Table 20) 2. In a year The incidence rate of medical care problems during a year was 74.8%, among them health problems which required rest at home was 37 percent. Estimated number of patients in the total population during a year was 4,600. The health problems that occured most frequently among the interviewees during a year were: Cold (30%), GI trouble (18), respiratory disease (11), anemia (10), diarrhea (10), neuralgia (10), parasite disease (9), ENT (7), skin (7), headache (7), trauma (4), communicable disease (3), and circulatory disease (3) -in that order. The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the infants group, thereafter the rate decreased gradually until the age 15-19 year age group which showed the lowest, and then the rate increased gradually with aging. Eighty-seven percent of health problems during a year were solved by primary medical care. Thirteen percent of them needed secondary medical care procedures. Days rested at home because of illness during a year were 16 days per interviewee and 44 days per patient and it accounted for 57,335 days lost among productive age group in the area (Table 21). Among those given medical examination, the conditions observed most frequently were respiratory disease, GI trouble, parasite disease, neuralgia, skin disease, trauma, tuberculosis, anemia, chronic obstructive lung disease, eye disorders-in that order (Table 22). The main health problems required secondary medical care are as fellows: (previous page). Utilization of medical care (treatment) The rate of treatment by various medical facilities for all health problems during one month was 73 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 52% while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was 61 percent (Table 23). The rate of receiving of medical care for all health problems during a year was 67 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 82 percent while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was as low as 53 percent (Table 24). Types of medical facilitied used were as follows: Hospital and clinics: 32-35% Herb clinics: 9-10% Drugstore: 53-58% Hospitalization Rate of hospitalization was 1.7% and the estimate number of hospitalizations among the total population during a year will be 107 persons (Table 25). Medical cost: Average medical cost per person during one month and a year were 171 and 2,800 won respectively. Average medical cost per patient during one month and a year were 1,109 and 3,740 won respectively. Average cost per household during a year was 15,800 won (Table 26, 27). Solution measures for health and medical care problems in rural area: A. Health problems which could be solved by paramedical workers such as nurses, midwives and aid nurses etc. are as follows: 1. Improvement of environmental sanitation 2. MCH except medical care problems 3. Family planning except surgical intervention 4. Tuberculosis control except diagnosis and prescription 5. Dental care except operational intervention 6. Health education for residents for improvement of utilization of medical facilities and early diagnosis etc. B. Medical care problems 1. Eighty-five percent of health problems could be solved by primary care procedures by general practitioners. 2. Fifteen percent of health problems need secondary medical procedures by a specialist. C. Medical cost Concidering the economic situation in rural area the amount of 2,062 won per residents during a year will be burdensome, so financial assistance is needed gorvernment to solve health and medical care problems for rural people.