• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.5-25
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• 1997

The historical study reveals that our ancestors had maintained a system which could produce data on the number of population and households as well as on their characteristics. For example, such data on age structure of the population, number of births, number of deaths by age & sex, number of in & out migrants were found in an historical document for the year 755. The main purposes of maintaining the system at that time were taxation and conscription. As the system evolves, another function of identifying the legal status of people was also added. Looking into the figures for those days reveals that ommission rates of the number of population and households were high. Thus, in an effort to obtain a reliable data, the annual population survey system was introduced as of 1 September 1896. This date is now cerebrated as the Statistics Day. Since then, the survey system has been diversified. At the present time, there are three major data sources which produce the statistics on population and households: Civil Registration System (vital statistics), Resident Registratiton System (migration statistics) and Population Census. However, these three systems are found to have some problems to produce the accurate data. There are some inherent problems in the registration systems such as problems in its coverage, accuracies in contents and timeliness in reporting the vital events and publishing the results. The population census has also non-sampling errors such as errors in coverage, response and non-response. Apart from the above mentioned problems, there are also conflicting problems arised from having different three data source. We can find some overlapping problems in laws and difficulties in comparative studies between regions. In the future, these problems should be taken into consideration for the improvement of the quality of statistics on population and households.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 1996

To increase the oxidation-resistance of graphite substrate, we have tried to form SiC film on its surface by Sol-Gel method. TEOS(Tetraethyl orthosilicate) and phenol resin have been used as silicon(Si) and carbon(C) sources, respectively. In order to know the effect of the TEOS Sol concentration on the forming of SiC film, we have taken 5 different $H_2O$/TEOS mol ratios of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. And the coating states of SiC on the graphite substrate have been analyzed with X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and we have obtained about 5${\mu}m$, 12${\mu}m$, 7${\mu}m$, 7${\mu}m$ and 2 ${\mu}m$ as the thickness of SiC coating layers, respectively. For also knowing the oxidation resistance the SiC coated graphites at $1600^{\circ}C$ were heated again at $1000^{\circ}C$ under air atmosphere for 1 hr, and as a result we have received the weight losses of 26.17%, 20.97%, 17.28%, 21.73% and 28.13%, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 2001

Chemical composition of the water extract of three different kinds of bamboos was investigated to access nutritive sources. Bamboo stalks and leaves were extracted massively and concentrated to 3°Brix, and crude protein and fat contents of the extracts were respectively 0.56∼0.69% and 0.28∼0.58%. Main mineral contents of the extracts were K, P and Mg in order, and those were the highest in Wangdae stalks. In free sugar analysis of the extracts, Maengjongjuk stalks contained 1.1% sucrose, Somdae stalks contained 0.51% fructose and Wangdae stalks contained 0.6% glucose as the highest level. Organic acid contents of the extracts showed high level in acetic and malic acid which were 54.0 and 44.2mg% in extracts of Wangdae stalks respectively. Among amino acids, aspartic acid was contained the highest level in stalk extracts, and their concentrations were 42.2, 39.9 and 34.6mg% in Wangdae, Somdae and Maengjongjuk respectively. In leaf extracts, glutamic acid concentrations were higher than the other amino acids, and those were 19.3, 18.5 and 15.7mg% in Maengjongjuk, Wangdae and Somdae, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 2018

Biochar is the carbon solid produced through the pyrolysis of a biomass from organic sources such as agricultural waste, animal manure, and sludge under limited or anaerobic conditions. Biochar has the effect of reducing greenhouse gases through the carbon sequestration method; additionally, biochar is known to function as a soil amendment. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the application of biochar on the growth characteristics of Chinese cabbage at Chungnam National University in Daejeon, Korea. The Chinese cabbage was grown for 50 days in a glasshouse in pots. A pruning branch was used to produce the bead and pellet forms of biochar through pyrolysis. The biochar was added to the soil at 0, 2, and 5% by weight. The Chinese cabbage with the 2% treatment of the bead form of biochar had the highest fresh weight ($149.43{\pm}15.92g\;plant^{-1}$) which was increased by 10% compared to the control ($136.91{\pm}31.46g\;plant^{-1}$). Moreover, for the 5% treatment of the bead form of biochar ($60.91{\pm}9.82g\;plant^{-1}$), the growth decreased by 57% compared to the control. As the content of the bead form of biochar increased, the shoot dry weight, leaf number, leaf length and lead width that appeared decreased. An increase in the total organic matter, Avail. $P_2O_5$, Ex. cation and EC was observed when the biochar content was increased. Our results support the application of 2% biochar in the bead form for increased growth of Chinese cabbage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.709-714
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• 2015

The present study isolated seven different kinds of probiotics from various food sources and identified them with Bacillus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. by 16S rDNA sequencing. Their supernatants were prepared after a 24 hr culture, and their effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. Among the treated samples, the culture supernatants of two strains (Bacillus sp. FG-1 and Lactobacillus sp. FG-6) significantly decreased NO production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, they dramatically reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-α. To examine whether exopolysaccharide (EPS) is responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics, EPS was purified from the culture supernatants of Bacillus sp. FG-1 and Lactobacillus sp. FG-6 strains. The EPS treatment produced by FG-1 and FG-6 strains decreased NO production in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells without affecting cell viability, while also reducing pro-inflammatory gene expression. Overall, these results suggest that EPS might be one of the key molecules responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.950-958
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• 2015

BCS1L gene encodes mitochondrial protein and is a member of conserved AAA protein family. This gene is involved in the incorporation of Rieske FeS and Qcr10p into complex III of respiratory chain. In our previous study, AluYRa2-derived alternative transcript in rhesus monkey genome was identified. However, this transcript has not been reported in human genome. In present study, we conducted evolutionary analysis of AluYRa2-exonized transcript with various primate genomic DNAs and cDNAs from humans, rhesus monkeys, and crabeating monkeys. Remarkably, our results show that AluYRa2 element has only been integrated into genomes of Macaca species. This Macaca lineage-specific integration of AluYRa2 element led to exonization event in the first intron region of BCS1L gene by producing a conserved 3' splice site. Intriguingly, in rhesus and crabeating monkeys, more diverse transcript variants by alternative splicing (AS) events, including exon skipping and different 5' splice sites from humans, were identified. Alignment of amino acid sequences revealed that AluYRa2-exonized transcript has short N-terminal peptides. Therefore, AS events play a major role in the generation of various transcripts and proteins during primate evolution. In particular, lineage-specific integration of Alu elements and species-specific Alu-derived exonization events could be important sources of gene diversification in primates.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 2007

Ixeris sonchifolia Hance(Godulbaegi), Oenanthe javanica(Dolminari), Fagopyrum esculentum Moench(Buckwheat), Hizikia fusiforme(Seaweed Fusiforme) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe(Ginger) have all been used as one of the traditional remedies as well as food source. There are few studies However, on their immunomodulating effects have been reported. We previously reported that ex vivo supplementation of each of the Ish, Oj, Fem, Hf and Zor water extracts enhanced the splenocytes proliferation compared to the control group. In this study, the combined immunomodulative effects of a plant water extract mixture containing these five food sources(Ish+Oj+Fem+Hf+Zor) was compared to the individual effect of each. The production of cytokine(IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$), secreted by macrophages stimulated with LPS or without, were detected via ELISA assay using a cytokine kit. After 48hrs of incubation with mitogen(ConA or LPS) stimulation, the mouse splenocyte proliferation in the experimental group had significantly increased at two different concentrations compared to the control group. The results of this study may suggest that the supplementing with a plant water extract mixture could regulate immune function by increasing splenocyte proliferation as well as enhance immune function by regulating the cytokine production capacity activated macrophages in mice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.613-617
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effects of the type of utensils (onggi, aluminum, enamel coated, stainless-steel and stone), cooking sources (deionized-water, doenjang soup and kochujang soup), and cooking time (0, 10, 20, and 30 min) on aluminum leaching. Aluminum content leached by onggi, aluminum, enamel coated, stainless-steel and stone was $0.53{\sim}2.76,\;1.17{\sim}4.20,\;0.77{\sim}3.23,\;0.53{\sim}2.03,\;0.83{\sim}2.70$ ppm in deionized-water, respectively; $4.60{\sim}7.73,\;6.45{\sim}11.50,\;5.53{\sim}9.27,\;3.50{\sim}6.70,\;5.00{\sim}9.13$ ppm in doenjang soup, respectively; $5.18{\sim}9.70,\;6.30{\sim}11.23,\;4.73{\sim}8.63,\;3.23{\sim}6.50,\;4.50{\sim}9.25$ ppm in kochujang soup, respectively. The leached aluminum content was increased with the elapse of cooking time. Aluminum utensil showed the highest leached aluminum content among different types of utensils.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.609-615
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• 1994

Fermented traditional soybean paste(doenjang), koji soybean paste by Aspergillus oryzae, natto soybean paste by Bacillus natto and koji & natto soybean paste by Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus natto were analyzed for compositions of amino acids and contents of nitrogens. Amino type nitrogen was the highest in fermenting for 90 days as $271{\sim}868\;mg/100g$, and its contents were in the order of koji soybean paste>traditional soybean paste>koji & natto soybean paste>natto soybean paste in all samples tested. In compositions of total amino acids, glutamic and aspartic acids were rich in koji soybean paste but big differences were not observed in all samples. But some differences were observed in free amino acid compositions in all samples, that is, glutamic acid, tyrosine, lysine and aspartic acid were detected more abundantly. Sum of free amino acids for 90 days were in order of koji soybean paste>traditional soybean paste>koji & natto soybean paste>natto soybean paste. The ratios of free to total amino acids were $3.28{\sim}19.81%$ for 45 days, but increased to $10.88{\sim}25.10%$ for 90 days, and in order of traditional doenjang>koji doenjang>koji & natto doenjang>natto doenjang. Methionine and histidine showed higher ratios of free to total amino acid but lower in glutamic acid and aspartic acid. These results suggest that koji and traditional soybean paste of having high ratios of free amino acids to free and total amino acids may be more favorable in soybean paste fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1005-1011
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• 2005

Widespread distributions of repetitive DNA elements in bacteria genomes are useful for analysis of genomes and should be exploited to differentiate food-borne pathogenic bacteria among and within species. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequence has been used for ERIC-PCR genomic fingerprinting to identify and differentiate bacterial strains from various environmental sources. ERIC-PCH genomic fingerprinting was applied to detect and differentiate four major Gram-negative food-borne bacterial pathogens, Esherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio. Target DNA fragments of pathogens were amplified by ERIC-PCR reactions. Dendrograms of subsequent PCR fingerprinting patterns for each strain were constructed, through which relative similarity coefficients or genetic distances between different strains were obtained numerically. Numerical comparisons revealed ERIC-PCR genotyping is effective for differentiation of strains among and within species of food-borne bacterial pathogens, showing ERIC-PCR fingerprinting methods can be utilized to differentiate isolates from outbreak and to determine their clonal relationships among outbreaks.