• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.146-158
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• 1988

In order to examine differential mortality, the life tables for the insured persons in national pension scheme were estimated by sex and types of coverage(the insured in workplaces vs. the insured in rural areas). The averages of 1994-1996 data are used for insured in workplaces, but 1996 data are used for insured in rural areas. Life expectancies at the age of 18 are 59.5 years and 67.2 years each for insured males and females and thus 7.7 years longer for females than males in workplaces. Sex difference in mortality reduces as age increases, and more rapidly at younger ages than old ages. For insured in rural areas, life expectancies at the age of 18 are 51.4 years and 61.1 years each for insured males and females and thus sex difference is 9.7 years. The greater sex difference in mortality in rural areas can be explained by sex selective migration. The difference of life expectancy between insured in workplaces and insured in rural areas is 8.1 years for males, and 6.1 years for females. Because rural-urban difference in educational attainment is greater for males than females, the greater difference in life expectancy is observed for males than females.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2012

Dietary exposure assessment by ages was performed in this study using pesticide residues data examined in vegetable commodities collected in Seoul from 2007 to 2009, and the vegetable intakes for Seoulites which were obtained after analysing the Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey data of 2008. There was a statistical difference for vegetable intakes by ages (P<0.001). Vegetable intake was the highest in 40~59 age group and was the lowest in under 5 age group. The %ADI was calculated using vegetable pesticide residues and vegetable intake for Seoulites by ages. Considering below 1 of the %ADI by ages, the risk caused by pesticide residues in vegetables was very low and vegetable intake was safe.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.262-277
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• 2000

In order to find out the sex- and age-related prevalence rate of allergic diseases in the community. as well as the causes of those diseases. questionnaires were given to 2.415 subjects (1.206 males and 1.209 females) from May to June. 1998. As a second stage. skin tests were given to 452 of the original subjects between July and August. 1998. Finally. from March to November 1999. the results of the tests were compared with those of other countries to make a comparative analysis of epidemiological research on allergic diseases. The results of this study were as follows: The frequency of allergic symptoms by sex was 50.1% in males and 56.7% in females. respectively, which displayed significant difference between males and females(p<.01). By age, the frequency of allergic symptoms in males was highest for those under the age of 9 at 60.6%, whereas in females the highest frequency was between the ages of 30 to 39 at 75.1 %. The relationship between economic level of the subjects and their frequency of allergic diseases showed significant difference (P<.05). There was a high degree of correlation between family history and the frequency of allergic diseases(P<.01). In allergic symptoms, the highest prevalence in both males and females occurred with urticaria, itch and skin rash (33.6% with males and 38.0% with females). Rhinitis, nasal blocking and sneezing had the second highest frequency in both sexes (11.8% of males and 14.0% of females). With regard to the causes of allergic symptoms among the people with allergies, the rate in males was 30.1% in food. 25.0% in pollen, and among females the rate was 30.7% in food, 26.6% in pollen. The frequency of food allergies by sex was 25.6% in males and 25.8% in females, with little difference between males and females, and by age, males of the ages between 40 to 49 and females of the ages between 30 and 39 showed the highest frequency, 31.8% and 32.6% respectively. Among 585 people with food allergies, the sympoms occurring with the allergy in males were 81.5% with urticaria, itch and skin rash. 5.9% with diarrhea and stomachache, and 5.2% with rhinitis, nasal blocking and sneezing. Among females with food allergies, the symptoms were 82.6% with urticaria, itch, skin rash, 9.1% with diarrhea and stomachache, and 4.7% with rhinitis, nasal blocking and sneezing. The type of food most often causing allergy in males was mackerel (6.6%) and females peaches (7.4%). In respect to a positive rate in the skin test by sex, of the 379 males taking the skin test, 21.4% were positive for allergies, whereas 14.7% of the 346 females tested were positive. Among food items found to cause positive allergic reactions, hops had the highest frequency in males (58.9%) and whole eggs had the greatest effect on females (36.4%). The estimated prevalence of food allergies in terms of skin tests was 5.0% of 1.206 males and 3.6% of 1.209 females. In the estimated frequency of food allergy by age group, males of the ages between 40 and 49 and females of the ages from 30 to 39 had the highest rate (6.5% with males and 4.5% with females). In a comparative analysis of epidemiological research on allergic diseases by country group, allergic diseases occurred in 18-50% of each population studied, and the occurrence of allergic diseases when categorized according to symptoms displayed the following as such: allergic rhinitis (3.8-52%), allergic asthma (1.6-17%), and atopy dermatitis (0.33-20.4%). The prevalence of food-related allergies was 6.6-64.9% and the foods causing allergies frequently included milk, eggs, eggs, peanuts, fish, etc.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.629-634
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• 2012

This study was conducted to improve the yield of mature oocytes from in vitro-culture of ovarian primary follicles by optimizing follicle retrieval from neonatal mice of different ages. Primary follicles of 75 to $99{\mu}m$ in diameter were collected daily from 7- to 14-day-old neonatal mice, and subsequently cultured in ${\alpha}$-MEM medium. Number of primary follicles isolated, growth of the follicle during in vitro-culture and maturation of intrafollicular oocytes were monitored. Overall, mean number of preantral follicles per animal was improved from 10.7 to 88.7 as the age of follicle donors was increased from 7 to 14-day-old. Number of primary follicles was increased gradually up to 11-day-old (35.7 follicle per an animal), then reduced to 29 in 14-day-old (p = 0.0013). More follicles retrieved from 10-day-old or 11-day-old females maintained their morphological normality at the end of primary culture than the follicles retrieved from 9-day-old. Of those cultured, primary follicles retrieved from 11-day-old mice yielded largest larger number of early secondary follicles than the follicles retrieved from in the other ages (39 vs. 13 to 29%). More than 3.3-times increase (0.86 to 2.86; p<0.05) in an average number of mature oocytes per animal was observed in the group of 11-day-old, compared with 9-day-old. However, no difference was found in the percentage of primary follicles developing into the pseudoantral stage (21 to 30%; p = 0.5222) and in the percentage of oocytes mucified (32 to 39%; p = 0.5792). In conclusion, a positive correlation between retrieval time and follicle growth was detected, which influences the efficiency to derive mature oocytes by follicle culture.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2007

To obtain demographic information on threatened gold-spotted pond frog (Rana chosenica Okada, 1931) populations, we determined the ages of 45 male and 13 female frogs (20 males and 9 females from Cheongwon and 25 males and 4 females from Tae-an) and compared the age structures and growth patterns of the two populations in 2006. The snout-vent length (SVL) and body weight of female frogs were greater than those of male frogs in both populations. Male frogs' ages ranged 2 to 7 years old and females' ages ranged 3 to 6 years old. In both populations, 4 years old male frogs were the most abundant age-sex class. The age structures of the two populations were significantly different and the growth coefficients of male frogs from the Cheongwon population were greater than those from the Tae-an population. The mean age of males from the Tae-an population was higher than that from the Cheongwon population. However, the SVL and body weights of male frogs were not different between two populations and there was no difference between the two populations in the mean male SVL at any age. The results could increase our understanding of the life-history of this threatened frog and may be useful in conservation planning.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.1094-1104
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• 2023

Aggression in horses may cause serious accidents during riding and non-riding activities. Hence, predicting the temperament of horses is essential for selecting suitable horses and ensuring safety during the activity. In certain animals, such as hamsters, plasma melatonin concentrations have been correlated with aggressive behavior. However, whether this relationship applies to horses remains unclear. To address this research gap, this study aimed to evaluate differences in the plasma melatonin concentrations among horses of different breeds, ages, and sexes and examine the correlation between plasma melatonin concentrations and the temperament of the horses, including docility, affinity, dominance, and trainability. Blood samples from 32 horses were collected from the Horse Industry Complex Center of Jeonju Kijeon College. The docility, affinity, dominance, and trainability of the horses were assessed by three professional trainers who were well-acquainted with the horses. Plasma melatonin concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The consequent values were compared between the horses of different breeds, ages, and sexes using a three-way analysis of variance and least significant difference post hoc test. Linear regression analysis was employed to identify the relationship between plasma melatonin concentrations and docility, affinity, dominance, and trainability. The results showed that the plasma melatonin concentrations significantly differed with breeds in Thoroughbred and cold-blooded horses. However, there were no differences in the plasma melatonin concentrations between the horse ages and sexes. Furthermore, plasma melatonin concentrations did not exhibit a significant correlation with the ranking of docility, affinity, dominance, and trainability.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.561-573
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• 1996

The igneous rocks in the Goseong area, the southwestern part of the Gyeongsang basin, are composed of the volcanic rocks, Bulgugsa granites and intrusive andesites. The volcanic rocks are andesitic lapilli tuff, dacite and rhyolite. The granites are mainly of hornblende-biotite granite and intruded into the sedimentary basement and the volcanic rocks. The intrusion of andesitic dyke is thought to be the latest igneous activity in the area. In the variation diagrams of the major oxides, the three igneous rock types show different variational trends, indicating that they were from the different magmatic pulses. K-Ar radiometric ages suggest that the igneous activity in the Goseong area had occurred during late Cretaceous period. The ages of the volcanic rocks seem likely to have become younger due to the thermal effect by the granitic intrusion. The major element compositoinal variation of the granites from the Goseong area are compared with those from the Jindong, Geoje and Masan areas. By the comparison, it is easily understood that the Jindong granites are fairly different from the other three granites. On the other hand, the Goseong, Geoje and Masan granites generally show similar variational trends with each other, suggesting that they are of similar genetic origin. Combining the similarity of the geochemical features and the difference of the intruding ages between the Goseong and Masan granites, it seems like that the magma generation from the same source materials had occurred at a temporal interval.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.465-482
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• 2002

Petrological, geochemical, and geochronological studies of Dokdo volcanic rocks, East Sea, have been carried out to understand their petrogenesis. Dokdo volcanic activity is divided into three stages according to occurrences and eruption ages of rocks. The second-stage activity is accompanied by large volume of pyroclastics and lavas of intermediate composition, and occupies most of the East and West islets. K-Ar biotite and whole-rock ages indicate that Dokdo volcanic activity occurred during late Pliocene and became systematically younger toward later stages: namely, 2.7-2.4 Ma for the first-stage trachyte, 2.4-2.3Ma for the second-stage trachyandesite and 2.2-2.1 Ma for the last-stage trachyte and dikes. Dokdo volcanic rocks are of intermediate to felsic compostions, and have OIB-like alkaline nature. The geochemical similarities between Dokdo and Ulleungdo volcanic rocks suggest that they were formed from the same mantle plume. However, considering the difference of eruption ages between Dokdo (2.7-2.1 Ma) and Ulleungdo (1.4-0.01 Ma) volcanic rocks, the former seems to have been formed by earlier hot spot activity.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2012

This study was undertaken to analyze 1) the growth characteristics for the optimal planting density and 2) reached ages of sap tapping for the planting timing of Acer okamotoanum in natural and plantation stand. Soil in natural stand was significantly more fertile than that of plantation stand. Early growth of A. okamotoanum in plantation stand was affected by planting density. Results showed that there was a positive relationship between the DBH and crown width in both natural and plantation stands. Reached ages by DBH were no significant difference in natural stands. Reached ages on DBH 10 cm were approximately 19 and 9 in natural and plantation stands, respectively.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2019

This study aimed to analyze the preference, the factors of benefits sought, and the difference of benefits sought for smart clothing based on demographic characteristics. This survey study used questionnaire. The subjects of the survey consisted of men and women with ages ranging from twenty to fifty years old, who were living in Gyeongnam region. For the collected data analysis, Factor analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan multiple range tests were used by SPSS 23. The results obtained were as follows. The different analysis results for smart clothing based on demographic characteristics showed a significant difference with respect to marital status, age, monthly income, and occupation, but showed an insignificant difference with respect to gender. The factors of benefits sought for smart clothing were extracted from five factors-pursuit; image innovation and improvement, pursuit of healthcare, pursuit of body protection, pursuit of amusement and pleasure, and pursuit of hi-tech function. The different analysis results of smart clothing according to demographic characteristics showed a significant difference for pursuit of healthcare only with respect to gender, for pursuit of image innovation and improvement, healthcare, amusement and pleasure, and hi-tech function with respect to marital status, for pursuit of image innovation and improvement, healthcare, amusement and pleasure, and hi-tech function with respect to age, for pursuit of healthcare and body protection with respect to monthly income, and for all five factors with respect to occupation.