• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.361-368
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• 1991

In two experiments 640 starcross replacement pullets between 25 and 154 days of age were fed ad libitum on either of 16 diets formed by the combination of $4CP{\times}4ME$ levels to study the interaction of CP and ME on growth performances. In both experiments, feed intake decreased, but protein intake, energy intake, live weight gain and feed conversion efficiency increased and sexual maturity hastened with the increase of dietary protein and/or energy level. The protein conversion efficiency decreased with the increase of dietary protein level. The energy conversion efficiency, however, did not show any relationship with dietary energy level. There was a greater improvement of growth performance due to simultaneous increase of dietary protein and energy level than that of increasing protein or energy alone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

Forty-eight Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin male intact lambs ($23.87{\pm}2.84$ kg) were used in an 84-d feeding trial, with six pens per treatment in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design arrangement. The aim of the study was to evaluate the interaction of two dietary energy levels (3.05 and 2.83 Mcal/kg ME) and two dietary protein levels (17.5% and 14.5%) on growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass traits. The dietary treatments used were: i) High protein-high energy (HP-HE); ii) High protein-low energy (HP-LE); iii) Low protein-high energy (LP-HE), and iv) Low protein-low energy (LP-LE). With a high-energy level, dry matter intake (DMI) values were 6.1% lower in the low-protein diets, while with low-energy, the DMI values did not differ between the dietary protein levels. Energy levels did not influence the final weight and average daily gain (ADG), but resulted in lower DMI values and higher gain efficiencies. No effects of protein level were detected on growth performance. The observed dietary net energy (NE) ratio and observed DMI were closer than expected in all treatments and were not affected by the different treatments. There was an interaction (p<0.03) between energy and protein level for kidney-pelvic and heart fat (KPH), KPH was higher in lambs fed high energy and high protein diet but not in high energy and low protein diet. The KPH was increased (20.2%, p = 0.01) in high-energy diets, while fat thickness was increased (21.7%, p = 0.02) in high-protein diets. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary energy levels play a more important role in feed efficiency than protein levels in finishing lambs with a high-energy diet (>2.80 Mcal/kg ME). Providing a level of protein above 14.5% does not improves growth-performance, dietary energetics or carcass dressing percentage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.207-212
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• 1994

Effects of dietary cellulose and protein levels on nutrient utilization in chickens were investigated. Four experimental diets containing 5% (low cellulose) or 20% (high cellulose) cellulose in combination with 10% (low protein) or 20% (high protein) protein of 70 g/day were alternatively forced-fed to eight colostomized White Leghorn cockerels once a day to make $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design. The digestibilities of DM and energy decreased with the increase in cellulose level, but not affected by dietary protein level. Ether extract digestibility was higher in the high cellulose diets than in the low cellulose protein level. Ether extract digestibility was higher in the high cellulose diets than in the low cellulose diets. The digestibility of nitrogen free extract had the same trend with the digestibility of DM and energy. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber was not so much different among the diets, but the NDF digestibility was lower in the high cellulose diets than in the low cellulose diets, due to the low hemicellulose digestibility. The true digestibility of protein was influenced by both of the dietary protein and cellulose levels, and their interaction was found. The dietary protein level affected the biological value of protein but the dietary cellulose level did not, and consequently the biological value of protein in the low protein diets was lower than in the high protein diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.391-397
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• 1998

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary protein (20, 22, 24%) with a constant protein-to-energy ratio on clenbuterol-induced performance in broilers. The protein-to-energy ratio was based on adequate level (22% protein, 3,100 kcal of energy). Female broiler chickens were used for a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement and fed diets with or without 1 ppm clenbuterol from 14- to 32-days of age. Feed efficiency improved with increasing dietary protein level, regardless of clenbuterol treatment. The dietary clenbuterol increased weights of breast and leg muscles (gastrocnemius and peroneus longus), and clenbuterol markedly reduced protein content of leg muscles in chickens fed the 20% protein diet, but did not in chickens fed the 22 and 24% protein diets. Feeding the 24% protein diet with clenbuterol improved the protien accretion (peroneus longus) by 8.4%. Clenbuterol decreased DNA content and increased the protein/DNA ratio in breast muscle regardless of dietary protein intake. Clenbuterol had no effect on RNA content in both breast and leg muscles. The present results demonstrated that various protein levels which retain the same protein-to-energy ratio in the diet markedly alter the protein accretion induced by ${\beta}$-agonist in broilers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권10호
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• pp.37.1-37.10
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• 2016

Background: Providing of insufficient nutrients limits the potential growth of pig, while feeding of excessive nutrients increases the economic loss and causes environment pollution. For these reasons, phase feeding had been introduced in swine farm for improving animal production. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy levels and phase feeding by protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 128 growing pigs ([Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace] ${\times}$ Duroc), averaging $26.62{\pm}3.07kg$ body weight, were assigned in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement with 4 pigs per pen. The first factor was two dietary energy level (3,265 kcal of ME/kg or 3,365 kcal of ME/kg), and the second factor was four different levels of dietary protein by phase feeding (1growing(G)-2finishing(F) phases, 2G-2F phases, 2G-3F phases and 2G-3F phases with low CP requirement). Results: In feeding trial, there was no significant difference in growth performance. The BUN concentration was decreased as dietary protein level decreased in 6 week and blood creatinine was increased in 13 week when pigs were fed diets with different dietary energy level. The digestibility of crude fat was improved as dietary energy levels increased and excretion of urinary nitrogen was reduced when low protein diet was provided. Chemical compositions of longissimus muscle were not affected by dietary treatments. In backfat thickness ($P_2$) at 13 week, pigs fed high energy diet had thicker backfat thickness (P = 0.06) and pigs fed low protein diet showed the trend of backfat thinness reduction (P = 0.09). In addition, water holding capacity was decreased (P = 0.01) and cooking loss was increased (P = 0.07) as dietary protein level reduced. When pigs were fed high energy diet with low subdivision of phase feeding, days to 120 kg market weight was reached earlier compared to other treatments. Conclusion: Feeding the low energy diet and subdivision of growing-finishing phase by dietary protein levels had no significant effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Also, phase feeding with low energy and low protein diet had no negative effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics but economical profits was improved.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.263-272
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• 1976

According to the intercombined review of chemical and biological investigation it has been noted that the metabolizable energy per gram dietary protein of mixed diet of daily intake patterned by Korean population has been found 3.4-3.6 Cal., which entails 10-12% level of the protein calorie percentage of total metabolizable energy, the biological value being fallen within the scope 63-73. The structure of dietary protein has revealed that the lysine and isoleucine were primary limiting amino acids and threonine secondary limiting as a general trend, however, it is assumed that the ultimate nutritional effect of dietary protein might be restricted uniformly among regions by the amount of lysine, since the lysine availability has been yielded as low as 72-82% level. As for the net protein utillization NPUst falls in the range of 52-62 and the NPUop 47-58. In either part the mountainous region has demonstrated lowest value and the urban area highest, these trend being obviously associated with the ratio of animal protein relative to the vegetable origin. The net dietary protein calorie percentage (NDpCal %) has been found within the range of 5-7 that may be capable of meeting the requirement for the maintenance of adult, though for the growth it is insufficient. Present level of total caloric intake would not influence on the fate of protein value of prevailing regional diet in terms of caloric restriction, since the present intake of food energy is higher than the lower limit of caloric intake that would impair the biological performance of dietary protein fed ad libitum basis. Based on the protein efficiency, the adequacy of current level of protein intake was analyzed in terms of utilizable protein, and it has been demonstrated that the 37.8g of utilizable protein in the fishery region and 38.2g in the mountainous region were bellow the FAO recommendation. Accordin to the hematological study it may be interpreted that the anemic symptoms of the mountainous region has some possibility of being related to the inferior status of dietary protein in quality as well as in quantity.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.39-53
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• 1987

본시험은 산란계사료의 에너지 및 단백질수준이 산란성적, 생존율, 란질, 영양소이용율 및 복강지방 축적율 등에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위하여 대사에너지 3수준(2,500, 2,700, 2,900 kcal/kg)과 단백질 3수준(13, 15, 17%)을 조합한 9개처리에 720수씩 2회에 걸쳐 1,440수를 공시하였으며, 1차시험은 1982년 5월 5일부터 1983년 5월 3일까지, 2차시험은 1983년 12월 28일부터 1984년 12월 26일까지 각각 52주간에 걸쳐 시험을 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 산란율은 대사에너지수준이 증가할수록 점차 감소하였고 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였지만 (P〈0.05), 단백질 15%와 17%수준간에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 2. 란중은 에너지 수준에 따라서 차이가 없었으나 단백질수준이 증가할수록 증가하였지만 15%와 17%수준간에는 차이가 없었다. 3. 사료섭취량은 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 점차 감소하였다. 4. 사료요구율은 에너지 수준간에는 큰 차이가 없었지만 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 점차 개선되었다. 5. 산란 kg당 사료비는 에너지수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였으며 단백질수준간에는 차이가 없었다. 6. 증체량은 대시에너지 2,500kcal/kg 수준에 비하여 2,700 및 2,900kcal/kg 수준에서 증가하였고, 단백질 13%수준에 비하여 15 및 17%수준에서 증가하였다. 7. 생존율은 에너지수준이나 단백질수준에 따라 차이가 없었다. 8. 란각질은 에너지수준이 증가함에 따라 점차 떨어지는 경향이었으나 단백질수준간에는 차이가 없었다. 9. 란황차색도는 에너지수준에 따라서는 차이가 없었지만 단백질수준이 증가함에 따라 점차 증가하는 경향이었다. 10. 단백질을 제외한 모든 영양소의 이용율은 에너지 수준이 증가함에 따라 증가하였지만, 단백질수준에 따라서는 건물의 이용율만 감소하는 경향이었고 다른 영양소의 이용율은 차이가 없었다. 11. 복강지방축적율은 에너지수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하는 경향이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 우리나라의 사료적 여건이나 환경적 여건하에서 산란계사료의 대사에너지 수준은 2,500kcal/kg, 단백질수준은 15%가 적합할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.125-135
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• 1987

본 시험은 산란계사료의 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 하절기에 있어서 갈색 산란계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 대사에너지 3수준(2,500, 2700 및 2900Kcal/kg)과 단백질 3수준(13, 15 및 17%)을 조합한 9개처리에 24주령된 Warren 산란계 720수를 공시하여 1983년 6월 3일부터 동년 8월 25일까지 12주간에 걸쳐 시험을 실시한 바 그 결과는 다음 요약과 같다. 1. 산란율은 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 점차 저하되었고 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였다. 2. 란중은 에너지 수준에 따라서 큰 차이가 없었으나 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 3. 사료섭취량은 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 점차 감소하였으나, 단백질 수준에 따라서는 차이가 없었다. 4. 사료요구율은 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 점차 개선되었다. 5. 폐사율은 사료중의 에너지 및 단백질 수준에 영향을 받지 않았다. 6. 1일수당 에너지 섭취량은 사료중의 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였다. 7. 산란 kg당 대사에너지 요구량은 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였으며 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 8. 산란kg당 단백질 요구량은 에너지 및 단백질수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였다. 9. 산란kg당 사료비는 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였고 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 점차 감소하였다.

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2003년도 추계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.17-18
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• 2003

Although flounder is one of the most important marine fish for aquaculture in Korea, feeding the flounder in commercial farms depends mainly on moist pellet in which over 70% frozen fishes (e.g. frozen horse mackerel) are incorporated in its formulation. Therefore, for further expansion of flounder farming, it is essential to employ practical formulated feeds that can support reasonable growth. Development of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective feeds is dependant on the information about nutritional requirement and feed utilization of the species. Nutrient and energy source in feed are needed for the growth and maintenance of fish. Protein is probably the most important nutrient affecting fish growth and feed cost. Therefore, it is essential to determine the optimum dietary protein level for the growth of fish, both its high proportion in the feed and because it is the main factor in determining feed cost. Dietary energy level is also critical because protein source in the feed is utilized as an energy source when the feed deficient in energy is fed to fish, whereas when the feed excess in energy is fed to fish, feed consumption decreased and resulted in growth reduction due to lack of other necessary nutrients for normal growth. Improper dietary protein, energy levels and/or their ratio will lead to an increase of fish production cost and deterioration of water quality resulting from wasted feed; thus, they are important in formulating commercial feed. Dietary lipids play important roles in providing energy and essential fatty acid for normal growth and survival of fish. Although carbohydrates are not essential nutrients for carnivorous fish, these compounds play important roles as a low-cost energy source for protein sparing and also as a feed binder. Nutrition researches for flounder have identified its requirements of protein, lipid and essential fatty acid, vitamin, and minerals for normal growth. Other studies have also been carried out to investigate the utilization of the protein, lipid and carbohydrate sources. Based on these nutritional information obtained, practical feed formulations have been studied for improve aquaculture production of flounder. The results of the researches on utilization of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate by flounder are discussed in this review.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.235-242
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• 1993

In order to investigate the effects of dietary cellulose and protein levels on chick performance, four semi-purified diets were formulated so as to contain cellulose at levels of 5% (LC) and 20% (HC) in combination with 10% (LP) and 20% (HP) protein, and fed ad libitum to 1-week-old White Leghorn male chicks for 3 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency between the LC-HP and HC-HP groups. All parameters were lower in the LP groups; the HC-LP group consumed very small amount of feed and lost body weight during the experiment. The retention rates of DM, ash, nitrogen and energy were higher in the HP than the LP groups. The triglyceride concentration of carcass was lower in the HC-LP group and that of liver was higher in the LC-LP group. The carcass total cholesterol level was higher in the HC-HP group. The relative weight of most digestive organs was higher in the HP group irrespective of the cellulose level. In conclusion, the chick performance was primarily influenced by dietary protein level, and when the chicks were fed inadequate levels of protein, the low cellulose level gave a better performance than the high cellulose level.