• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the dietary intake and blood concentrations for examination of exposure levels and exposure characteristics of Cd and Pb via food among college students aged 20 years living in Busan area. Methods: Food duplicate per a day and venous blood samples were accepted from healthy man and women college students. The samples were analyzed with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Dietary intake of Cd and Pb in the participants were $17.5{\mu}g\;Cd/day$, $21.7{\mu}g\;Pb/day$. Blood concentrations were $2.01{\mu}g\;Cd/L$, $4.32{\mu}g\;Pb/dL$, respectively. Conclusions: Smoking and drinking habits might be high influential factors in 20 years college students. Dietary intake of Cd and Pb, however, from food group of seaweed, or fish and shellfish in 20 years college students were lower than that in any other age group.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권8호
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• pp.345-350
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• 2014

Iron deficiency affects approximately one-third of the world's population, occurring most frequently in children aged 6 months to 3 years. Mechanisms of iron absorption are similar to those of other divalent metals, particularly manganese, lead, and cadmium, and a diet deficient in iron can lead to excess absorption of manganese, lead, and cadmium. Iron deficiency may lead to cognitive impairments resulting from the deficiency itself or from increased metal concentrations caused by the deficiency. Iron deficiency combined with increased manganese or lead concentrations may further affect neurodevelopment. We recently showed that blood manganese and lead concentrations are elevated among iron-deficient infants. Increased blood manganese and lead levels are likely associated with prolonged breast-feeding, which is also a risk factor for iron deficiency. Thus, babies who are breast-fed for prolonged periods should be given plain, iron-fortified cereals or other good sources of dietary iron.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.574-580
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• 1994

식이성 아연의 급여 수준이 카드뮴을 투여한 흰주의 체내대사에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 간손상 정도의 지표로 쓰이는 효소와 간해독 과정에 관여하는 효소의 활성을 생화학적 측면에서 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 식이성 아연결핍군의 체중증가량, 식이섭취량 및 식이효율은 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 과잉군에서는 유의적이지는 않았으나 증가하는 경향이었다. 카드뮴은 체중 및 식이섭취량에 유의적인 영향을 미치지는 않았다. 간조직중의 GSH-Px, GST 및 catalase 활성은 식이성 아연 과잉과 결핍군 모두에서 감소하였는데, 특히 결핍시의 활성 감도는 유의적이었다. 카드뮴은 GSH-Px와 GST의 활성을 유의적으로 감소시켰으며, GST는 아연 과잉시 활성 감도 정도가 결핍군에 비하여 다소 억제된 것으로 나타났다. Catalase 활성은 카드뮴 투여시 아연결핍군에서 유의적인 감소가 있었으나 과잉군과 정상군에서는 그 감소가 유의적이지는 않았다. 간조직중의 LPO 함량은 식이성 아연 결핍시 유의적인 증가를 나타내었으며, 카드뮴은 아연 결핍보다 과잉시 LPO 생성이 지연되는 것으로 나타났다. GSH 함량은 결핍과 과잉군 모두 정상군에 비하여 유의적으로 감소를 나타내었으며, 카드뮴은 아연 결핍과 정상군의 GSH 함량을 유의적으로 감소시켰는데 정상군의 감소 정도가 가장 크게 나타났다. 혈청 AST와 ALT 활성은 정상군에 비하여 아연 결핍과 과잉시 증가하였으며, 특히 결핍시에 증가 정도가 크게 나타났다. 카드뮴은 AST 활성을 현저하게 증가시켰으나 각 군간에 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. 또한 카드뮴은 아연결핍군과의 정상군의 ALT의 활성을 유의적으로 증가시켰으며 과잉군의 경우 결핍군에 비하여 그 증가가 억제되었다. LDH 활성은 아연 공급수준에 따른 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 카드뮴 투여는 그 활성을 유의적으로 증가시켰으며 아연과징군이 결핍군 보다 활성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. ALP는 아연결핍군의 활성 감소가 유의적이었으며, 카드뮴은 각 군의 활성을 유의적으로 증가시켰으나 아연 공급수준이 높아질수록 그 활성이 감소하였다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.587-601
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• 2020

국내외적으로 유해물질의 통합 노출에 대한 관심은 높아지고 있다. 이러한 흐름에 따라 다양한 경로를 통해 노출될 수 있는 중금속에 대한 통합 노출 연구가 필요하다. 카드뮴과 납은 각각 신장 독성과 인지 장애 등 다양한 독성을 나타낼 수 있으며 또한 발암 물질로 알려져있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 카드뮴과 납의 노출량 추정 및 통합 위해성 평가를 진행하였다. 2016, 2017년의 7기 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 10,733명의 식품, 물, 흡연과 간접흡연, 호흡, 화장품, 여성용 위생용품을 통한 중금속 노출 추정량을 계산하였다. 결과적으로 카드뮴과 납 모두 식품을 통한 노출이 제일 높게 나타났다. 이외에도 흡연은 카드뮴의 주요한 노출원이었으며, 납은 화장품을 통해 높은 농도로 노출되었다. 통합 위해평가에서도 식품이 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 지역적 특성의 차이는 노출 추정량의 차이를 보이지 못하였으나, 연령 별, 성별 간 노출 추정량은 큰 차이를 보였다. 특히, 월경 중인 성인 여성의 경우 카드뮴, 월경 중이지 않은 여성은 납의 노출 추정량이 더 높으며 신체 대사를 고려하였을 때, 그 위험성이 더 클 수 있음을 암시하였다. 결론적으로 노출량 추정 및 통합 위해평가 모두 식품이 주요 노출원이었다. 다만, 잠재적 위험을 방지하기 위해 다른 경로에 대한 노출량 추정 및 위해평가가 요구된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.465-474
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• 2005

This study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metals 'mercury(Hg), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), arsenic(As), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu), chrome(Cr) and manganese(Mn)' in root vegetables which were produced in Korea. The levels of heavy metals were determined using a mercury analyzer, an ICP(inductively coupled plasma spectrometer) and an AAS(atomic absorption spectrophotometer) after wet digestion. The values of heavy metals 'mean(minimum-maximum)' mg/kg(ppm) in root vegetables (radish, turnip, carrot, ginger, edible burdock, taro, Chinese yam, east indian lotus) were as follows ; Hg : 0.0019(0.0002${\~}$0.0062), Cd : 0.0088(ND${\~}$0.0402), Pb : 0.021(ND${\~}$0.1070), As : 0.0401(ND${\~}$0.1732), Zn : 1.865(0.4186${\~}$6.9319), Cu : 0.648 (0.1826${\~}$4.0172), Cr : 0.121(0.0132${\~}$1.2030), and Mn : 2.730(0.0477${\~}$10.0468) mg/kg. These results showed that Hg were generally similar to and Cd was lower but Ph, As, Zn, Co, Mn were little higher than the levels of those reported contents in root vegetables on retail markets in Korea. Although the tolerable limit of Cd and Hg is not set in a regulation of WHO/FAO, the tested mean levels(Pb, As, Zn, Cu) were lower than the regulated ones of WHO/FAO, Pb '0.1-2.0', As '1.0', Zn '5.0', and Cu 0.1${\~}$50 mg/kg from vegetables. Therefore, root vegetables sold in the retail markets were evaluated as safe in terns of the heavy metal contents.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2004

Zinc (Zn) is an essential element in biological process, however inadequate Zn status in general population have been recognized. To update the knowledge for Zn-cadmium (Cd) interaction, we studied the intestinal uptake and transport, and the expression of metal transporter proteins (divalent metal transporter 1, DMT1 ; metal transporter protein 1, MTP1 ; zinc transporter 1, ZnTl ; metallothionein 1 , MT1) in duodenum after Cd exposure using Zn deficient animal model. Rats were led Zn deficient (ZnD, 0.5-1.0 mgZn/kg) or Zn supplemented (ZnS, 50mg Zn/kg) diet for 4 weeks, and followed single administration of $^{109}$ CdCl$_2$orally. The body Zn flatus and tissue Cd concentration were determined at 24 hrs after Cd administration. Total body burden of Cd and Cd absorption index (AI, %) were estimated based on the tissue Cd analyzed. DMT1, MTP1, ZnTl and MT1 mRNA were analyzed by using RT-PCR method. Feeding of Zn deficient diet for 4 weeks produced a reduced body weight gain and a depletion of body Zn. Tissue Cd concentration, body burden of Cd and Cd absorption index were higher in the ZnD diet fed rats than the ZnS diet red rats. Especially, Cd concentration in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and the colon of FeD diet fed rats were higher markedly than in the FeS diet group. The expression levels of DMT1, MTP1 and ZnT1 mRNA in FeD diet fed rats were similar to the FeS diet. The level of MT1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the FeD than the FeS diet fed rats. Taken together, theses results indicate that Zn deficiency in diet induce an increased intestinal absorption and tissue retention of Cd, and down -regulate the MT1 expression in the intestine which might be play a part of role in Cd absorption and transport in mammalian. These findings suggest that deficiency of essential metal could be enhanced the toxicity of toxic, non-esstial metals through the metal-metal interaction.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2015

The safety of plant species used as a source for herbal medicines and dietary supplements has recently been questioned due to poisonings associated with the presence of cadmium (Cd) in these plants. These plants can derive Cd from their presence in the soil. Organic matter (OM) concentrations in soils could affect the availability of Cd for plants. To determine the effect of OM concentration in soil on the concentration of plant available Cd and uptake of this toxic element by medicinal plants, soil and plant samples were collected from 102 fields supporting for 5 species of medicinal plants in 6 province of South Korea. Concentrations of OM and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soils affected the phytoavailability of Cd. One M $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration in soil increased with increasing OM concentrations. There were significantly positive relationships between 1 M $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration and OM concentration in soil and between 1 M $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration and DOC concentration. Likewise, OM and DOC concentrations significantly affected Cd concentration in medicinal plant soils. Cadmium concentration in medicinal plants increased with increasing OM concentration in soil [Cd concentration $(mg\;kg^{-1})= 0.179+1.424{\times}10^{-3}$ OM concentrations, $R^2=0.042*$] and with DOC concentration [Cd concentration $(mg\;kg^{-1})= 0.150+5.870{\times}10^{-4}$ DOC concentrations, $R^2=0.124***$]. These results might result from Cd-DOC complex which is easily absorbed Cd form by plant root. Dissolved organic carbon concentration had more positive relationship with Cd concentration in medicinal plants and 1 M $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration in soils than OM. Cadmium concentration in all 5 species of medicinal plant (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi, Astragalus membranaceus, Codonopsis lanceolata, Platycodon grandiflorum, and Rehmannia glutinosa) significantly increased with increasing DOC concentration in soil. From the above results, formation of Cd-DOC complex caused by OM application might be mainly attributed to increase in Cd concentration in medicinal plants.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.1408-1417
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI) larvae oil (HILO) could serve as an alternative fat source to soybean oil (SBO) in laying hen diets. Methods: We randomly assigned 25-week-old Hy-line Brown laying hens (n = 144) to receive (n = 6 hens/group; eight replicates) a control or an experimental diet in which SBO was replaced with 50% (50HILO) or 100% HILO (100HILO). Results: Dietary HILO did not negatively affect body weight or productive performance during the study. The eggs also had similar quality parameters, proximate composition, and cholesterol levels. However, the yolk color index was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the 100HILO than in the other groups. Dietary HILO significantly altered the composition of fatty acids (FAs) in abdominal fat and eggs. Total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) were significantly increased and decreased in the 50HILO and 100HILO groups, respectively, compared with those in the control group (p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Specifically, the medium-chain FAs lauric and myristic acids were remarkably increased in the abdominal fat of laying hens fed HILO (p<0.0001), whereas only myristic acid increased in eggs (p<0.0001). Undesirable heavy metal (aluminum, fluorine, arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium) concentrations were below permissible limits in eggs. Conclusion: We considered that HILO could be an alternative dietary fat to SBO for laying hens with maintained productive performance and good egg quality.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.393-398
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• 2000

Alginate의 기능적 특성을 개선하여 이용성을 확대할 목적으로 가열에 의한 저분자화를 시도하였으며, 저분자 alginate가 랫드의 cholesterol, glucose 및 카드뮴의 체외배출효과에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 랫드에 있어서 HAG-10, HAG-50, HAG-100 및 alginate의 cholesterol의 체외배출 효과는 HAG-50과 HAG-100에서 높았고, 다음으로 alginate였으며 HAG-10은 거의 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 혈청중 glucose 함량은 HAG-50에서 그 농도가 가장 낮았고 이후에도 계속적으로 혈당의 농도가 저하하였으며, 혈칭중의 insulin의 함량도 HAG-50에서 초기에 증가한 후에 계속 저하하였다. 카드뮴의 체외배출 효과는 HAG-50에서 가장 높았고, 다음으로 HAG-100과 alginate 및 HAG-10의 순으로 HAG-10에서는 거의 효과가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 부터, HAG-50은 랫드에 있어서 cholesterol과 카드뮴의 체외배출을 촉진하였으며, 혈중 glucose 농도론 저하시키는데 뚜렷한 효과를 나타내었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.4.1-4.11
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• 2015

Objectives: This survey was designed to conduct the first nationwide dietary exposure assessment on hazardous substances including the intakes of functional food and herbal medicine. In this paper, we introduced the survey design and the results of the dietary exposure status and internal exposure levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). Methods: We selected 4867 subjects of all ages throughout Korea. We conducted a food survey, dietary survey, biomonitoring, and health survey. Results: Pb and Cd were the highest (median value) in the seaweed ($94.2{\mu}g/kg$ for Pb; $594{\mu}g/kg$ for Cd), and Hg was the highest in the fish ($46.4{\mu}g/kg$). The dietary exposure level (median value) of Pb was $0.14{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (bw)/d, $0.18{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Cd, and $0.07{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Hg. Those with a blood Pb level of less than $5.00{\mu}g/dL$ (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reference value for those 1 to 5 years of age) were 99.0% of all the subjects. Those with a blood Cd level with less than $0.30{\mu}g/L$ (German Federal Environmental Agency, reference value for non-smoking children) were 24.5%. For those with a blood Hg level with less than $5.00{\mu}g/L$ (human biomonitoring I, references value for children and adults, German Federal Environmental Agency) was 81.0 % of all the subjects. Conclusions: The main dietary exposure of heavy metals occurs through food consumed in a large quantity and high frequency. The blood Hg level and dietary exposure level of Hg were both higher than those in the European Union.