• 대한수의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.361-383
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• 1987

This thesis was designed to find out whether the cadmium content of hair in living animals reflects the status of cadmium accumulation in internal organs or muscles so that this status can be used as a diagnostic method. Forty-five rats were divided into 4 experimental groups and one control group. The control group received a basal diet which contained zinc $100{\mu}g/g$, iron $80{\mu}g/g$ and copper $135{\mu}g/g$. The experimental group received experimental diets sllpplemented with 1, 10, 100 or $1,000{\mu}g/g$ cadmium as cadmium sulfate. Rats were dissected on the 28th or 56th day of experimental periods and tissues, blood and hair samples were taken, dried and burned to ash and analysed. The cadmium, iron zinc and copper concentrations were measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In addition feed efficiency and hematological changes were observed. The results obtained can be summerized as follows: A marked decrease in feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency were observed from 1 or 2 weeks of experimental periods, which was in accordance with the dosage and periods. The cadmium contents of kidney, liver, spleen and muscle were significantly increased in all experimental rats; the accumulation was marked in kidney and liver tissues. It was shown that the cadmium contents of hair reflects the cadmium accumulation in internal organs and muscle; the higher the cadmium levels of diet and of rat tissues, the higher the cadmium content of hair. In the $100{\mu}g/g$ group of rats erythrocyte counts and. hemoglobin concentrations were decreased. A significant(p<0.01, p<0.05) increase in iron contents of kidney, liver and muscle was observed in 10, 100, $1,000{\mu}g/g$ groups of rats on the 28th day of experiment. A significant (p<0.01, p<0.05) increase in zinc contents of kidney, liver and muscle was observed in all experimental rats. On the other hand, serum zinc concentration was decreased. A significant(p<0.01) increase in copper contents in the liver was observed on the 28th day in $100{\mu}g/g$ and $1,000{\mu}g/g$ groups of rats. From these results it may be concluded that the analysis of hair for cadmium is a useful diagnostic approach for the cadmium status of internal organs and muscle in living animals.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.279-293
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• 2014

Objectives: Children are more susceptible to heavy metal toxicity than adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in the blood of Korean preschoolers and investigate the association between metals in blood and related factors. Methods: A total of 512 subjects from 36 to 83 months of age were sampled. A questionnaire survey was performed and the levels of lead, mercury and cadmium were measured in the blood samples of all subjects. Their parents were interviewed in order to obtain information on basic characteristics, dietary patterns, socio-economic factors, and indoor/outdoor environment of the preschoolers. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between the above factors and lead, mercury or cadmium concentrations. Results: The geometric mean concentrations of lead, mercury and cadmium in the blood were $1.45{\pm}1.58{\mu}g/dL$, $2.14{\pm}1.74{\mu}g/dL$ and $0.23{\pm}1.91{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. Results from multiple linear regression analysis showed that blood lead levels were associated with birth weight and paternal smoking status. Daily mercury intake from food and maternal education were also shown to influence mercury concentrations in blood. Also, blood cadmium concentrations were associated with maternal age and having a bus garage near the place of residence. Conclusion: This study suggests that smoking status, dietary patterns and the environmental status near the residence should be considered as important factors for preventable sources of heavy metal exposure in preschoolers.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권Spc호
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• pp.4-7
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• 2009

카드늄에 의해 오염된 토양을 접하는 것은 급격한 산업발달에 의해 아시아에서는 흔한 일이다. 그래서 시민과 관련 당국은 식량작물 소비에 따른 카드늄노출의 위험성에대한 관심을 가지고 있다. 본 개관에서는 전세계 카드늄 소화기관내 흡입과 식품에 근거한 식물에 포함된 카드늄농도에 대한 최근 자료가 모두 제시 되었다. 일반적으로 일용필수품에 근거한 주요 식물에 존재하는 카드늄의 농도는 생체중으로 비교 시 kg 당 0.05mg를 거의 초과하지 않으며 곡류, 두류, 채소, 구근류, 과채류 순으로 감소하였다.

• 한국응용곤충학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용곤충학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.136-136
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• 2004

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.725-730
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary zinc (Zn) and/or cadmium (Cd) on hepatic microsomal and cytosol enzyme activities. Male Spraque-Dawley rats (110$\pm$10g ) received zinc (0, 30 and 300 ppm/) and Cd-treated groups were administered oral intubation with Cd chloride (5.0mg/kg of body weight 0 at the same time once a week. The effect of Cd on the activity of hepatic cytochromep-450 , xanthine oxidase(X. O) and superoxide dismutase (SOd) was studied in rats. Cd oral intubation resulted in a decrease in cytochrome P-450 content and SOD activity whereas a significant increase in the X.O. activity was observed was observed . Intake of excessive Zn led to an increased activity of microsomal alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) , whereas Zn deficiency group led to a decreased group. The mechanism by which Zn induces the decreasing of Cd toxicity in rats, seems to rely on the protection of the enzyme systems P-450, ADH, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and X.O. in the liver, possibly by forming non-toxic Cd metallothionein. These results indicate that Zn and Cd regulation might occur via inhibitory protein component of the $H_2O$$_2$ -generator system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.709-716
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary Fe levels on Cd accumulation in Cd poisoned rats. Forty male weaning Sprague Dawley rats weighing 80-90g were divided into 4 groups(LFe : low Fe, LFeCd : low Fe and Cd, AFe : adequate Fe, AFeCd : adequate Fe and Cd) according to Cd administration(Cd : 0 or 50ppm in drinking water) and Fe levels (Fe : 6 or 40ppm in diet) for 12 weeks. The food intake and weight gain of LFe and LFeCd were significantly lower than those of AFe and AFeCd(p<0.01, p<0.001). The water intake was not affected significantly by Cd and Fe, therefore Cd intake was no significant difference between groups. The Cd accumulation of kidney in LFeCd was significantly higher than those of AFeCd(p<0.001). But the Cd accumulations of brain, liver and spleen were not significantly different between Cd groups and without Cd groups. The serum Cd content and urinary Cd excretion of LFeCd was significantly higher than those of AFeCd(p<0.01, p<0.01). But the fecal Cd excretion of LFeCd was significantly lower than that of AFeCd(p<0.001). The Cd retention, Cd retention rate, and apparent Cd digestibility of LFeCd were significantly higher than those of AFeCd(p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001). It was concluded that adequate Fe supplementation have protective effects on the long term Cd poisoning in rats.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.666-672
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 버섯류의 중금속 함량 실태조사를 통해 우리나라 국민이 식품으로써 버섯을 섭취할 경우 중금속 노출수준에 따른 위해성을 평가하였다. 버섯류의 중금속 함량 실태조사를 위해 국내 유통 중인 버섯류 17개 품목, 536건을 수거하였으며 버섯류 중 납 함량을 조사한 결과, 생물버섯은 평균 0.005(큰 느타리)-0.026(송이) mg/kg이었고 건조버섯은 평균 0.014(느타리)-16.411(석이) mg/kg이었다. 카드뮴 함량은 생물버섯의 경우 평균 0.002(팽이)-0.205(노루궁뎅이) mg/kg이었고 건조버섯은 평균 0.021(동충하초)-2.650(신령) mg/kg이었다. 따라서, 국내 유통 중인 버섯류의 중금속 함량은 타 문헌과 유사하거나 낮은 수준이었다. 노출 및 위해성 평가를 위해 버섯별 섭취를 통한 중금속 노출량을 산출한 후, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA)에서 설정한 PTWI 또는 PTMI값 대비 위해도를 평가하였다. 버섯 섭취로 인한 전체국민의 평균 납 노출량은 $0.053{\mu}g/day$으로 PTWI 대비 0.03% 수준이었으며, 카드뮴 평균 노출량은 $0.168{\mu}g/day$으로 PTMI 대비 0.37% 수준이었다. 따라서, 국내 유통되는 버섯을 식품으로써 섭취할 경우 전체국민의 중금속 평균노출수준은 JECFA의 인체노출안전기준보다 낮은 위해도를 보임으로써, 우리나라 국민은 버섯에 존재하는 중금속의 위해성으로부터 안전한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.575-580
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• 1996

식이 vitamin E 수준이 Cd 중독된 휜쥐 뇌조직 내의 지질과산화와 항산화계에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 체중 $60\pm5g되는$ Spraue-Dawley종 흰쥐 숫컷을 식이내 vitamin E 함량을 0, 40, 400mg/kg of diet로 나누어 각각 2주 및 4주간 사육한 후 체중 kg당 2.5mg Cd을 하루에 한번씩 4회 투여하여, 실험 종료 후 쥐를 희생시켜 뇌조직내의 SOD, GSH-Px, GST의 항산화 효소활성 및 지질과산화가를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 전 실험기간 동안 체중변화를 관찰한 결과 대조군에 비해 실험군들이 모두 유의적으로 감소하였고, 식이 섭취량은 2주간 사육한 대조군과 각 실험군간에 차이가 없었으나, 4주간 사육한 대조군에 비해 Cd-0E군만이 유의적으로 낮았다. 식이 효율도 2주 및 4주 모두 대조군에 비해 실험군들이 모두 낮았다. 뇌, 간장 및 신장의 무게는 대조군과 실험군 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. SOD의 활성을 관찰한 결과 대조군에 비해 Cd-0E군이 유의적으로 낮았으나 Cd-40E와Cd-400E군과는 차이가 없었다. GSH-Px 활성은 대조군에 비해 실험군이 Cd-400E, 40E, Cd-0E순으로 낮았다. G57 활성을 측정한 결과는 대조군에 비해 Cd-0E, Cd-40E군에서는 유의적으로 낮았으며, Cd-400E와는 차이가 없었다. 뇌조직의 지질과산화가를 측정한 결과, 대조군에 비하여 Cd-0E, Cd-40E, Cd-400E 군은 각각 2.5배, 1.8배, 1.4배 증가하였다. 그리고 Cd-40E, Cd-400E는 Cd-0E군에 비해 각각 28.8%, 44% 지질과산화가가 각각 낮았다. 2주 및 4주 동안 실험구간의 효소활성 및 과산화지질 함량은 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 Cd 중독된 흰쥐 뇌조직에서는 대조군에 비해 지질과산화 반응이 촉진되었으나 식이내 vitamin E의 적절한 첨가는 항산화계를 강화시킴으로써 뇌조직의 과산화적 손상을 완화시키는데 기여함을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.286-298
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• 1993

In order to investigate the effect of selenium (Se) on the liver damage, metallothionein synthesis and hepatic antioxidative detoxification system in cadmium(Cd) administered rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats(60\\5g) were divided into two diet groups, depending on with (CdS groups) or without (Cd groups) 0.5ppm Se supplementation and fed experimental diets ad libidum for 4 weeks. And then each group was again subdivided into five groups, depending on injection number of Cd, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 times of 2.5mg Cd/kg of body wt once a day. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit values, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activite were decreased progressively with increasing number of Cd injection, but increased by the supplementation of Se. The reduced form of glutathione (GSH) contents in blood and liver and vitamin E content were decreased and oxidized form (GSSG) increased in Cd groups, but these of Se supplemented groups were not very different from controls. Cd reduced liver vitamin E content which was not restored by Se supplementation. Liver lipid peroxide values were elevated with increasing doses of Cd, but Se supplementation reduced these elevated levels. Accumulation of metallothionein in liver and kidney was increased with increasing number of Cd injection, but Se did not affect on them. Histological examination revealed that lysosomes were significantly increased and mitochondria and Golgi apparatus were enlarged by Cd, however, these changes were reduced by Se. It was concluded that Se administration promoted antioxidative detoxification and alleviated peroxidative damage in rat liver by Cd.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.622-633
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the effects of chitin, chitosan , NOCC and cellulose on cadmium toxicity and lipid metabolism in rats. Fifty male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 155$\pm$17g were divided into 10 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 5 weeks. Levels of 0 and 400 ppm of cadmium chloride were in the diets. And chitin, chitosan , NOCC and cellulose were given at the level of 0 and 4%(w/w) of the diets. Chitosan and NOCC decreased Cd concentration of liver and kidney, and increased the fecal excretion of Cd. Although cellulose was less effective, cellulose also decreased Cd concentration of liver and increased fecal Cd excretion . However chitin had little effect on alleviating Cd toxicity. In addition, chitosan and NOCC lowered total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride contents in serum and liver by decreasing the lipid absorption. The lowering of cholesterol especially had a remarkable effect. Although it was less effective than chitosan and NOCC, chitin decreased the lipid absorption ratio and lowered cholesterol contents in serum and liver. In conclusion , chitosan and NOCC showed effects of decreasing the absorption of Cd and lipid.