• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.967-981
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Chu-ma therapy and to suggest that the therapy is an effective nursing intervention tool to reduce blood pressure. The research design employed was the non-synchronized research method with non- equivalent control group. A total of 30 people with essential hypertension, who were from forty to sixty five years old, participated in the study. The Chu-ma therapy was administered by every day for ten or fifteen minutes for eight weeks from 19, April to 13, June in 1999. In order to evaluate the effects of Chu-ma therapy, blood pressure of the two groups were measured once a week, and physiological parameters (epinephrine, norepinephrine, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides) were measured before and after the treatment. Collected data was analyzed by SAS package. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : 1) There were significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the experimental group. 2) There were no significant changes in epinephrine, norepinephrine of the two groups. 3) There were significant decrease in total cholesterol and triglycerides, and HDL- cholesterol increased significantly in the experimental group. 4) The effect of Chu-ma therapy on the measured time on the blood pressure in experimental group was as follows: Both of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly decreased after 5weeks. The result proved that Chu-ma therapy is an effective nursing intervention tool for clients with essential hypertenion. However further research is still necessary to compare the effect with the different periods and number of times for Chu-ma therapy.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2000

Objectives : Face-to-face interviews were conducted to investigate the relationship between blood pressure and the impairment of cognitive function in rural elderly (N=932) aged 60-64 in Dalsung County, April to September in 1996 Methods : Impairment of cognitive function was defined as a score of less than 23 by the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSEK). Blood pressure was measured once in each subject using a portable automatic sphygmomanometer. Results : By univariate logistic regression on males, no category of systolic blood pressure bore statistical significance. Groups with diastolic blood pressures of, less than 80 mmHg, 90-94 mmHg, and more than 95mmHg had odds ratios of more than one compared with the reference group (80-89 mmHg). This was most significant in the group with blood pressures lower than 80 mmHg, which had a statistically significant odds ratio of 1.68 (95% confidence interval CI; 1.02-2.75). No category of blood pressure was statistically significant in females. Multivariate logistic regression for males, with adjustment for age, educational attainment, smoking, alcoholic drinking, body mass index, atherosclerotic disease, and antihypertensive medication use, did not alter the odds ratios significantly in terms of systolic blood pressure. However, the group with diastolic blood pressure of less than 80 mmHg had an increased odds ratio of 2.01 (95% CI; 1.15-3.52) compared with the reference group. In females, systolic blood pressure did not alter the odds ratio, but the group with a diastolic blood pressure of less than 80 mmHg had a statistically significant odds ratio of 0.57 (95% CI; 0.37-0.89). Conclusions : These results suggest that the relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function status is stronger diastolic than systolic blood pressure and that there is a complex relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function by sex.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2002

Background: We performed a phase IV clinical trial to examine the usefulness of a continuous infusion of nicardipine hydrochloride to control hypertension in patients with acute aortic dissection. material and Method: Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored before and after the intravenous administration of nicardipine in 31 patients with aortic diseases. The period of nicardipine administration in each patient was from 3 to 14 days. Efficacy was evaluated by determining the average amount of blood pressure reduction on the 3rd day of drug administration. The dosage of another antihypertensive agent was slowly tapered down, and ultimately replaced by the test drug. Result: 28 patients were diagnosed as acute aortic dissection, 2 patients as rupture of the aortic arch aneurysm, and 1 patient as traumatic aortic rupture. Mean age was 53.9 $\pm$ 14.9(29~89) years, and 21 patients(67.7%) were male. 14 patients(32.3%) had complications associated with underlying aortic disease: aortic insufficiency in 7, hemopericardium in 6, acute renal failure in 1, paraplegia in 1, lower extremity ischemia in 1, and hemothorax in 1. The time needed to reach the target blood pressure was within 15 minutes in 16, from 15 to 30 minutes in 10, from 30 to 45 minutes in 3 and from 45 to 60 minutes in 2, and their baseline average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures(mmHg) were 147$\pm$23, 82.3$\pm$ 18.6, and 104 $\pm$ 18, respectively. Average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures(mmHg) on the third day of nicardipine infusion were 119$\pm$ 12, 69$\pm$9, and 86$\pm$8, and they all showed statistically significant decrease(p<0.05). The average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure(mmHg) after the discontinuation of the nicardipine infusion were 119 $\pm$ 15, 71 $\pm$ 14, and 86$\pm$ 13, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the average pressures measured on the third day and those measured after the discontinuation of the nicardipine infusion, and no definite side effects were observed during the study period. Conclusion: Nicardipine hydrochloride was both effective and safe at controlling blood pressure in patients with acute aortic dissection.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1986

As patients on bed rest perform repeated Valsalva maneuver, it is necessary for them to prevent the-danger inherent in repeated Valsalva maneuver through intelligent rehabilitative nursing care. In this regard, it seems to be important to furnish a scientific rationale underlying rehabilitative nursing care. This study was undertaken to find the effects of repeated Valsalva maneuver upon circulation of nor-mal men. The subjects for this study were twenty normal and healthy college students of age from 19 to 26. For the first time, the ECG of standard 12 leads was recorded and the blood pressure was measured under the resting state. And the subjects performed Valsalva maneuver for 10 seconds, then expired air for 2 seconds. After the subjects carried out in this menner for 1 minute, the ECG and the blood pres-sure were recorded and measured again. The Changes of heartbeats, systolic and diastolic pressures after the practice of repeated Valsalva maneuver were compared with those of the letting state. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The heartbeats after the practice of repeated Valsalva maneuver generally increased but did not show statistical significance. 2. The systolic pressure measured after the practice of repeated Valsalva maneuver was higher than that of the resting state. 3. The diastolic pressure measured after the practice of repeated Valsalva maneuver was higher than that of the resting state.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 2010

In this study, we developed a circuit device detecting korotkoff sounds of forearm electronic blood pressure monitor by digital signal. In order to test a circuit detecting signal from korotkoff sounds, systolic and diastolic pressure were compared our developed circuit device with the existing forearm electronic blood pressure monitor (Model: SE-7000, Korea). Devices for an experiment composed of a forearm cuff, a stethoscope, an amplifier, a PC with A/D board, etc. Results of korotkoff sounds was similar to a pattern of oscilometric signals from the existing forearm electronic blood pressure monitor. We thought it is possible to measure blood pressures, if blood pressures were detected precisely using signals of korotkoff sounds.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.178-188
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• 1996

Blood pressure distribution of adolescents and its several related factors including obesity were investigated through blood pressure measuring by automated oscillometric method, anthropometry, and questionnaire. Subjects were 480 female and 480 male middle school students living in Taejon. Mean values of systolic(SBP)/diastolic(DNP) blood pressure of male and female students were 118.4$\pm$11.0/69.5$\pm$9.6 mmHg and 116.9$\pm$10.4/69.5$\pm$8.6 mmHg, respectively. Their blood pressures, particularly SBP, increased with age and showed higher value in the males than in the females. All frequency distributions of SBP and DBP, by sex and age, showed normal curves and their 50th, 90th, and 95th percentiles were presented. As obese index increased, both SBP and DBP were elevated and the prevalence of hypertension which was classified by Task Force Report(1987) increased, particularly in male students. Body weight and BMI were positively correlated with both SBP and DBP, and hight was also positively correlated with SBP or DBP. Our data inicated that blood pressure and hypertension prevalence of adolescents tended to increase and various internal and external environmental factors affected them. It was emphasized that blood pressure measurement should be done in every medical examination of adolescents and the nationwide Korean standard of blood pressure for adolescents have to be prepared. (Korean J Community Nutrition 1(2) : 178-188, 1996)

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.741-749
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between reversed circadian blood pressure and risk factors of peripheral vascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) subjects. The subjects in this study were 18 NIDDM patients who were hospitalized in a medical unit of an university medical center located in Incheon, Korea, between November, 1998 and March, 1999. Blood pressure was measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer by 2 trained examiners every 2 hours during 24 hours. NIDDM subjects were divided into a dipper group and non-dipper group. Dippers are defined as those who show a mean nighttime blood pressure(BP) drop of more than 10% compared with daytime BP. Non-dippers are defined as those who show a mean nighttime BP drop of less than 10%, or an elevation in BP compared with daytime BP. Daytime BP included values obtained between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. Night time BP included values obtained between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. Data was analyzed by SPSS/PC package. Chi-square( $^2$) test was used for the comparison of sex between The dipper group and non-dipper group. Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons of values of the risk factors of peripheral vascular disease and the frequency of complications of diabetes between the dipper group and non-dipper group. The results are as follows. There were no significant differences in daytime systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures between the dipper group and non-dipper group. However, night time systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures in the non-dipper group were significantly nigher than those in the dipper group (p=.021). There were no differences in sex, age, body, weight, duration of diabetes, serum lipid levels, BUN and HbA1c between the two groups. On the contrary, 87.5% of non-dipper group subjects showed having hypertension, 30% of dipper group subjects showed having hypertension and this difference was statistically significant (p=.018). All of the non-dipper group subjects (N=8) showed having at least one diabetic complication. However, 40% of the dipper group subjects (N=10) showed having no diabetic complication at all and this difference was also statistically significant (p=.049). There were no significant differences in frequency of nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy between the dipper group and non-dipper group.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2010

Objectives This study was performed to investigate the effects of obesity, food, physical activity and stress on blood pressure changes for children and for adolescents. Methods The participants were the first and the fourth grade elementary school students and the first grade of middle school students. They were asked to measure the blood pressure, height, weight and were asked to complete questionnaires. Results The systolic and diastolic blood pressure of male was significantly higher than that of female and the prevalence of hypertension among the first and the fourth grade elementary school students and the first grade of middle school students were 15.6%, 13.6%, and 7.8%, respectively. Height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were highly correlated with the level of blood pressure. However, food, and physical activity, stress and depression were poorly correlated with the level of blood pressure. Conclusions This study proved that blood pressures in children and in adolescent were closely related with obesity, sex, and height.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.307-316
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify 24 hours blood pressure variations among adults over 40 years of age. Method: The participants(50 adults) were recruited from P hospital and B company. The participants were divided into normotensive and hypertensive tendency groups and then sub-divided into non-dipper, dipper, and extreme dipper. The data were collected from April, 2003 to September, 2004 and analyzed using SPSS for Window program. Results: 1) There were significant differences in cardiovascular risk factor, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and LDH, diet between the normotensive and hypertensive tendency groups. 2) Dippers in both groups showed a marked decrease in blood pressure during the night, but non-dippers in both groups didn't show a marked nocturnal decrease in blood pressure. 3) There were significant differences in heart rate, WHR, BMI, LDH, triglyceride, glucose, affective-oriented coping strategies between dippers and non-dippers. 4) There were significant differences in heart rate, WHR, BMI, LDH, triglyceride, affective-oriented coping strategies between dipper and non-dipper within hypertensive tendency group. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to provide effective intervention in hypertension when applying 24 hour blood pressure monitoring.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.188-205
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• 2022

Panax ginseng is a medicinal plant is a material with various pharmacological activities and research suggests that it is particularly effective in representative metabolic diseases such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, in this study, systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate the comprehensive effect of P. ginseng on metabolic parameters representing these metabolic diseases. A total of 23 papers were collected for inclusion in the study, from which 27 datasets were collected. The investigational products included P. ginseng and Korean Red ginseng. Across the included studies, the dose ranged from 200 mg to 8 g and the supplementation period lasted from four to 24 weeks. The study subjects varied from healthy adults to those with diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and/or hyperlipidemia. As a result of the analysis, the levels of glucose and insulin area under the curves, % body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced in the P. ginseng group as compared with in the placebo group. In conclusion, P. ginseng supplementation may act as an adjuvant to prevent the development of metabolic diseases by improving markers related to blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids.