• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.787-797
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of problem solving nursing counseling and walking exerciseon weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, and self-efficacy of diabetic control among obese diabetic patients. The Polar heart rate monitor was used for walking exercise to utilize the Biofeedback mechanism. Method: Fifty nine diabetic patients were conveniently placed into experimental (n=35) and control groups (n=24). The experimental group participated inweekly nursing counseling for 12 weeks and was encouraged to do walking exercise using a Polar monitor. The control group remained in the same treatment as before. The data wascollected from November 2003 to August 2004 and analyzed using t-tests and ANCOVAs. Results: After 12 weeks, the participants in the experimental group reported significantly decreased body weight (p=.004) and total scores on the Parma scale (p=.00l). While the participants in the control group reported significantly increased levels of blood triglyceride (p=.046) and HDL (p=.018). Conclusion: Based on the findings, we concluded that problem focused nursing counseling with intensified walking exercise could reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications and body weight among obese diabetic patients. Future research to explore the long-term effects of nursing counseling on diabetic complications is warranted.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.672-679
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• 2010

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide epidemic with high mortality. As concern over this disease rises, the number and value of research grants awarded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) have increased. Diabetes mellitus is classified into two groups. Type 1 diabetes requires insulin treatment, whereas type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance, can be treated using a variety of therapeutic approaches. Hyperglycemia is thought to be a primary factor in the onset of diabetes, although hyperlipidemia also plays a role. The major organs active in the regulation of blood glucose are the pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, intestine, and kidney. Diabetic complications are generally classified as macrovascular (e.g., stroke and heart disease) or microvascular (i.e., diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy). Several animal models of diabetes have been used to develop oral therapeutic agents, including sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, acarbose, and miglitol, for both type 1 and type 2 diseases. This review provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, describes oral therapeutic agents for diabetes and their targets, and discusses new developments in diabetic drug research.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 2023

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM)-associated heart failure (HF) causes high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we established a zebrafish larvae model for in vivo research on diabetic HF. Methods: DM-like phenotypes were induced by treating zebrafish larvae with a combination of D-glucose (GLU) and streptozotocin (STZ). HF was induced by treatment with terfenadine (TER), a potassium channel blocker. Additionally, myocardial contractility, motility, and viability were evaluated. Results: The zebrafish larvae treated with a combination of GLU and STZ showed significantly higher whole-body glucose concentrations, lower insulin levels, and higher phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase levels, which are markers of abnormal glucose homeostasis, than the group treated with only GLU, with no effect on viability. When treated with TER, DM zebrafish showed significantly less myocardial fractional shortening and more irregular contractions than the non-DM zebrafish. Furthermore, in DM-HF with reduced ejection fraction (rEF) zebrafish, a significant increase in the levels of natriuretic peptide B, a HF biomarker, markedly reduced motility, and reduced survival rates were observed. Conclusions: We established a DM-HFrEF zebrafish model by sequentially treating zebrafish larvae with GLU, STZ, and TER. Our findings indicate the potential utility of the developed zebrafish larvae model not only in screening studies of new drug candidates for DM-HFrEF but also in mechanistic studies to understand the pathophysiology of DM-HFrEF.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.253-264
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• 2001

This study was carried out to examine a part of the mechanism for the etiology of diabetic complications. Thirty normal and forty streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats were used as the animal models. The animals were sacrificed at the time points of 3 days, 1,2,4 and 6 weeks after STZ-injection and a time course changes in the concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances(TBARS) in blood, urine, and tissues, along with the levels of conjugated dienes in tissues were measured as indices of in vivo lipid peroxidation. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and the levels of blood retinol and alpha-tocopherol were also measured. The diabetic rats maintained a slightly higher plasma TBARS level throughout the experiment. The urinary TBARS level was significantly higher in diabetic group and gradually increased with time. Concentrations of TBARS in liver, heart, and kidney tissues from diabetic animals were higher than those from the normal group. An increase of conjugated dienes was also observed in the all tissues examined. The kidney tissue of diabetic animals revealed more significant lipid peroxidation state than any other organ tissues. The activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase were higher in diabetic animals compared to the control ones and increased with the duration of diabetes mellitus. The plasma levels of vitamin A and E were loser in diabetic animals than in normal controls throughout the experimental period. The level of vitamin E in diabetic animals was significantly decreased with the duration of the disease. The results of this study suggest that an effective regimen to suppress the adverse changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system is required from the early stage of the disease to prevent the development of diabetic complications. (Korean J Nutrition 34(3) : 253∼264, 2001)

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.483-487
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• 2001

Morus alba extract(MAE) was tested for its ability to inhibit alloxan induced lipidperoxidation. Lipid peroxide contents in serum, liver, kidney and heart were measured by the TBA method. ICR mice receiving alloxan at a dose of 6mg/kg intraperitoneally after a 24hrs starvation showed significantly increased lipid peroxide contents as compared to untreated control. Lipid peroxide contents in serum, liver, kidney of alloxan-diabetic mice were decreased by the treatment of MAE at the dose of 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg for 7 days.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.281-296
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• 2021

The beneficial effects of hypoxic preconditioning are abolished in the diabetes. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of repeated episodes of whole body hypoxic preconditioning (WBHP) in db/db mice. The protective effects of preconditioning were explored on diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction, cognitive impairment and ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced increase in myocardial injury. Sixteen-week old db/db (diabetic) and C57BL/6 (non-diabetic) mice were employed. There was a significant impairment in cognitive function (Morris Water Maze test), endothelial function (acetylcholine-induced relaxation in aortic rings) and a significant increase in IR-induced heart injury (Langendorff apparatus) in db/db mice. WBHP stimulus was given by exposing mice to four alternate cycles of low (8%) and normal air O₂ for 10 min each. A single episode of WBHP failed to produce protection; however, two and three episodes of WBHP significantly produced beneficial effects on the heart, brain and blood vessels. There was a significant increase in the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nitric oxide (NO) in response to 3 episodes of WBHP. Moreover, pretreatment with the BDNF receptor, TrkB antagonist (ANA-12) and NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) attenuated the protective effects imparted by three episodes of WBHP. These pharmacological agents abolished WBHP-induced restoration of p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β ratio and Nrf2 levels in IR-subjected hearts. It is concluded that repeated episodes of WHBP attenuate cognitive impairment, vascular dysfunction and enhancement in IR-induced myocardial injury in diabetic mice be due to increase in NO and BDNF levels that may eventually activate GSK-3β and Nrf2 signaling pathway to confer protection.

• Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.110-121
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• 2018

Objective: We developed a new equation for predicting coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in Korean diabetic patients using a hospital-based cohort and compared it with a UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine. Methods: By considering patients with type 2 diabetes aged ${\geq}30years$ visiting the diabetic center in Boramae hospital in 2006, we developed a multivariable equation for predicting CHD events using the Cox proportional hazard model. Those with CHD were excluded. The predictability of CHD events over 6 years was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves, which were compared using the DeLong test. Results: A total of 732 participants (304 males and 428 females; mean age, $60{\pm}10years$; mean duration of diabetes, $10{\pm}7years$) were followed up for 76 months (range, 1-99 month). During the study period, 48 patients (6.6%) experienced CHD events. The AUROC of the proposed equation for predicting 6-year CHD events was 0.721 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.641-0.800), which is significantly larger than that of the UKPDS risk engine (0.578; 95% CI, 0.482-0.675; p from DeLong test=0.001). Among the subjects with <5% of risk based on the proposed equation, 30.6% (121 out of 396) were classified as ${\geq}10%$ of risk based on the UKPDS risk engine, and their event rate was only 3.3% over 6 years. Conclusion: The UKPDS risk engine overestimated CHD risk in type 2 diabetic patients in this cohort, and the proposed equation has superior predictability for CHD risk compared to the UKPDS risk engine.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2005

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Rhodiola sachalinensis root ethanol extract (RS), on the body weight, organ weight, plasma glucose and plasma lipid in diabetic rats caused by streptozotocin (STZ). The body weight decreased more slowly in the RS group than in the diabetic, and the food intake increased significantly in all diabetic groups. The food efficiency was very low in all diabetic groups, but increased significantly in the RS groups than diabetic control (p<0.05). In comparing the weight of organ, the weight of liver and kidney were increased in all diabetic groups than in the control, and decreased slightly in RS groups. The weight of heart and spleen were not different among all test groups. The glucose in serum was decreased significantly in the RS groups fed the RS for 4 weeks, compared to the diabetic control (p<0.05). Total cholesterol, triglyceride and atherogenic index (AI) in serum were significantly higher in diabetic control, compared to the normal (p<0.05), and decreased $16.7\%,\;18.3\%\;and\;45.0\%$, respectively, in the RS fed $300\;\cal{mg/kg}$ of RS. HDL-cholesterol was increased slightly more in the $RS-300\;\cal{mg/kg}$, compared to diabetic control. These findings suggest that RS treatment has protective effect in diabetes.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.385-389
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• 2004

A novel gene Jpk, originally isolated as a trans-acting factor associating with the position-specific regulatory element of murine Hox gene has been reported to be expressed differentially in the liver of diabetic animals. Therefore, in an attempt to develop a possible diagnostic marker and/or new therapeutic agent for the Diabetes Mellitus, we analysed the expression pattern of Jpk among organs of normal and diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Total RNAs were isolated from each organs (brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, blood, and testis) of diabetic and normal rats in both normal feeding and after fasting condition. And then RT (reverse transcription) PCR has been performed using Jpk­specific primers. The Jpk gene turned out to be expressed in all organs tested, with some different expression profiles among normal and diabetes, though. Upon fasting, Jpk expressions were reduced in all organs tested except kidney, muscle and brain of normal rat. Whereas in diabetes, Jpk expressions were increased in all organs except heart, muscle and testis when fasted. Compared to the normal rat, the Jpk expression level in blood was remarkably upregulated (about 15-30times) in diabetic rat whether in normal feeding or fasting conditon, suggesting that the Jpk could be a candidate gene for the possible blood diagnostic marker for the Diabetes Mellitus.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2003

The purpose of this study to compare of clinical profile between obese and nonobese type 2 diabetic patients. The subjects were consist of 111 obese (50 male, 61 female) and 159 non obese (79 male, 80 female) type 2 diabetic patients underwent fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, $HbA_1c$, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, microalbuminuria, fasting C-peptide and 2-hour postprandial C-peptide were measured. Diabetes was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI, kilograms per meters squared) ${\geq}23$. Data analyses were t-test, chisquare test in SAS program. The results were as follows : 1) Triglycerides and 2-hour postprandial C-peptide were significant higher in obese than non-obese patients. 2) Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, $HbA_1c$, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, microalbuminuria and fasting C-peptide were no difference between obese and non-obese groups. These data indicate that obesity is a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in diabetic patients. Therefore, weight reductions have beneficial effects on insulin action and glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic patients.