• 유통과학연구
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2017

Purpose - With the rise of the fourth industrial revolution, it has converged with the existing industrial revolution to give shape to increased accessibility of knowledge and information. As a result, it has become easier for scholars to actively persue and compile research in various fields. This current study aims to focus and assess the current standing of KODISA: the Journal of Distribution Science (JDS), International Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business(IJIDB), the East Asian Journal of Business Management (EAJBM), the Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business (JAFEB) in a rapidly evolving era. Novel strategies for creating the future vision of KODISA 2020 will also be examined. Research design, data, and methodology - The current research will analyze published journals of KODISA in order to offer a vision for the KODISA 2020 future. In part 1, this paper will observe the current address of the KODISA journal and its overview of past achievements. Next, part 2 will discuss the activities that will be needed for journals of KODISA, JDS, IJIDB, EAJBM, JAFEB to branch out internationally and significant journals will be statistically analyzed in part 3. The last part 4 will offer strategies for the continued growth of KODISA and visions for KODISA 2020. Results - Among the KODISA publications, IJIDB was second, JDS was 23rd (in economic publications of 54 journals), and EAJBM was 22nd (out of 79 publications in management field journals). This shows the high quality of the KODISA publication journals. According to 2016 publication analysis, JDS, IJIDB, etc. each had 157 publications, 15 publications, 16 publications, and 28 publications. In the case of JDS, it showed an increase of 14% compared to last year. Additionally, JAFEB showed a significant increase of 68%. This shows that compared to other journals, it had a higher rate of paper submission. IJIDB and EAJBM did not show any significant increases. In JDS, it showed many studies related to the distribution, management of distribution, and consumer behavior. In order to increase the status of the KODISA journal to a SCI status, many more international conferences will open to increase its international recognition levels. Second, the systematic functions of the journal will be developed further to increase its stability. Third, future graduate schools will open to foster future potential leaders in this field and build a platform for innovators and leaders. Conclusions - In KODISA, JDS was first published in 1999, and has been registered in SCOPUS February 2017. Other sister publications within the KODISA are preparing for SCOPUS registration as well. KODISA journals will prepare to be an innovative journal for 2020 and the future beyond.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.803-812
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• 2014

본 연구는 국내에서 2005년부터 산업통상자원부에서 산업단지의 환경을 개선하기 위하여 추진하여 온 생태산업단지 구축사업의 전략과 경제적/환경적 성과를 정량적으로 평가하고, 향후 발전방향에 대하여 고찰하였다. 우선 산업공생에 기반을 둔 생태산업단지의 개념을 소개하고, 국내 생태산업단지의 추진배경과 사업수행절차에 대하여 설명하였다. 또한 산업공생 사업의 전후의 경제적, 환경적 성과평가 방법론을 제안하고, 사업화된 과제를 대상으로 성과평가를 실시하였다. 우리나라 생태산업단지 구축사업은 한국산업단지공단이 주관하여 현재 전국에 9개 지역사업단을 운영 중에 있다. 2005년부터 2013년까지 449개의 아이템을 발굴하여 296개가 선정되어 수행되었으며, 이 중 244개의 과제가 완료되었다. 완료된 과제 중 118개의 과제가 사업화되어 사업화 성공률이 약 48%로 나타났다. 사업화된 과제를 통하여 약 3,111.1억 원/년의 경제적 효과와 폐기물/부산물 828,112.6톤/년, 용수/폐수 215,517.0톤/년, 에너지 250,474.5 toe/년, 온실가스 1,107,189.1 $tCO_2$/년의 사용 및 배출을 저감하는 환경적 효과를 얻었다. 이상의 결과로부터 산업공생 원리를 이용하한 생태산업단지 구축사업은 산업단지의 생태효율성 향상으로 환경과 경제를 조화시킬 수 있음을 실질적으로 확인시켜주었다. 하지만, 관계 부처 간 협조와 협력의 부재 및 법과 제도적 한계, 지방자치단체의 요구 증대 및 기업체의 자금문제 등의 장애요인이 존재한다. 따라서 생태산업단지 구축사업이 지속가능한 산업단지 모델로 전국적으로 확대되고, 산업단지 경쟁력 강화와 환경관리를 위한 툴로 발전시키기 위해서는 현재의 장애요인을 해소하기 위한 범부처적, 학제적 접근이 필요함을 보여주었다.

• 대한간호
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.85-98
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data regarding effective learning opportunities in childbirth education classes. Also analysis of the data indicates the optimum conditions for the welfare and improvements in the promotion of health in childbearing mothers. The results of this study are as follows; 1) The average age of the subjects in this study was 30.6 years and the total number of subjects was 58 pregnant women. The average number of children was one and 84.5% of the subjects were unemployed even though 63.8% of them held over bachelor's degrees. It was found that 22.4% of the subjects were living in an extended family. Also 61.5% of them were living with parents-in-law. The number of pregnancies were calssified as one, two, or three to nine times with the percentages of 58.7%, 22.4% and 18.9%, respectively. Further, 72.4% of the subjects had no abortion experience and 15.5% had one aborion experience. While 89.7% of the subjects planned to feed their babies with breastmilk, mixed feeding were used by only 22.4% of the sample. These data were collected at about 6 months after delivery. Thus one can see that a low rate of breastfeeding was common. 2) The length of one period of childbirth education is four weeks. It was found that 36.2% of the subjects participated in childbirth education only once, where as 13.8% participated four times and 19% of the subjects participated in this class more than four times. pregnant at least once. Further, 75.9% of the participants were participated in this education through their own will. Their motivation for participation developed through information, advertisement and posters which contained information on childbirth education. Those with unplanned pregnancies 92.9% participated after a suggestion by the nurses. The number of participants in terms of percentage according to the childbirth education contents can be classified as following. The most active participation was shown in preparation of delivery(77.6%), postpartrm management(56.9%) fetal development(37.6%) and physiology of pregnancy(17.2%). It was found that 75.9% of the subjects were willing to participate again if they were given a chance. The reason can be summarized as following: The content of the education is very helpful(47.7%). Scientific knowledge can be obtained through this program(20.5%). Participation helps in achieving psychological stability(9.1%). Participation enables one to establish a friendly relationship with other participants(6.8%) of the sample. 24.1% of the participants did not want to participate again. The reasons can be as following: They do not want another baby(42.9%). The first paricipation in childbirth education gave enough knowledge about childbirth(21.4%). Another reason for not want to participate again was because they had a cesarean birth(14.3%). Only 7.1% of them responded with a negative view. A response that they do not need childbirth education after their operation can be traced back to the general belief that childbirth education is the place where one prepares for natural birth through the Lamaze breathing technique. Of the subjects, 91.4% suggested that this program could be recommended to other childbearing mothers, because this program gave educational content along with psychological stability for childbearing women. Of the subjects 41.4% did not see any efforts towards the welfare of the baby, where as 88.2% did. Among the subjects 58.6% made some effort to eliminate the discomfort of labor by breathing and imagination and breathing and walking. Further 41.7% of the 24 subjects did not do anything toward the welfare of the baby, because they did have a cesarean section so that they didn't have a chance even though they had been educated about childbirth. Also 33.3% of the subjects did not do anything toward the welfare of the baby, because they lacked a willingness. After leaving the hospital, only 75.9% of the subjects did some exercises. The subjects who tried participate this program with their husband accounted for 20.7% of the sample. Interviewing with the subjects solved some of the uneasiness and. fear of delivery, increased self-confidence in parenting and active coping in the delivery process.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.66-79
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• 2016

최근 리츠 인가의 증가로 대두되는 사안은 경영활동에 드는 자금을 어떻게 조달하는지와 투자 자금을 효율성 있게 운용함으로써 기대 수익률과 경영 극대화를 목표 설정에 맞게 실현될 수 있는지 대한 문제로 귀결되는 듯하다. 이에 본 연구는 국내 리츠가 운용된 2002년부터 2015년(2007~2009년, 글로벌 금융위기 기간의 파급효과 기간은 제외하였음)까지 리츠의 사업현황, 투자, 재무 등 경영 전반에 관련 자료를 구축하여 투자 유형별 특성을 분석하고 리츠의 부채비율에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석결과 리츠의 최대주주 성향이 법인, 연기금, 공제회, 은행, 증권, 보험 등의 비중이 높게 나타나며 최근 최대주주와 주요주주의 비중이 상승하고 있다. 리츠 투자에서 기관투자자 역할이 증대되면서 기관투자자가 리츠성장을 견인한 것으로 보인다. 기관투자자에서 자주 목격되는 동시 투자자에게 다른 금융기관보다 더 높은 이자율을 지급된 것으로 분석되어, 리츠가 동시투자자에 대하여 유인과 보상을 병행한 것으로 판단된다. 부채비율과 관련 변수 간의 영향요인에 대하여 다중회귀분석을 수행한 결과 부채비율이 수익성과는 음(-)의 관계를 맺어 자본조달순위이론을 지지하며, 투자기회(성장성)는 음(-)의 관계, 자산 규모와는 양(+)의 관계를 맺어 상충이론을 따르는 것으로 분석되었다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 국내 리츠가 공모형 리츠보다는 사모형 리츠 위주로 운용되고 있어 타인자본 조달 시 주식시장의 자금조달보다는 유형자산(대부분 부동산)의 담보에 의한 차입으로 운영되고 있는 리츠시장을 반영한 것으로 보인다. 또한, 글로벌 금융위기 이후 타인자본을 리츠 사업에 적극적으로 활용하고 있으며, 최대주주의 비중과 성향, 투자상품에 따라 부채비율이 결정되고 있음을 보여준다.

• 자연과학논문집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.49-62
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• 1992

본 연구는 신간척답에서 담수직파, 항공직파, 건답직파, 어린모이앙, 중묘이앙재배에 따른 발아, 생육 및 수량변화와 과산화석회 종자분의 적량을 토양종류, 유기물시용 및 파종심도등을 토양조건별로 구명하여 직파재배의 실용화를 검토한 것으로 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1. 간척답에서 파종 20일후 (5월 6일 파종) 의 재배양식별 출현율은 담수 직파에서 73%, 항공직파에서 70%, 및 건답직파는 62%였다.2. 성숙기의 도복정도는 담수직파와 항공직파에서 5, 건답직파는 3, 어린모이앙 및 중묘이앙에서는 2의 도복 정도를 나타내었다. 3. 최고분벽경수는 담수직파에서 568개, 건답직파에서 527개였다. 또한 출수기는 중묘이앙에 비하여 담수직파가 4일, 건답직파가 8일, 어린모이앙이 2일 지연되었다. 4. 수량은 담수직파가 항공직파 보다 1%, 그리고 건답직파보다는 3% 증가를 보였으나, 어린모이앙에 비해서는 12%의 감소를 나타냈다. 5. 유묘기의 전건물중은 고염도로 갈수록 감소율이 높았다. 그리고 토양염농도 0.3%에서는 어린모이앙구가 57%. 담수직파구에서 60% 및 건답직번구에서 63%의 감소율을 나타냈다. 6. 과산화석회 분의량 1g의 10일간 산소발생량 담수초기 2~3일에 순수, 염수에서 1.0cc의 급격한 발생을 보이다 4일부터 평균 약 0.6cc로 낮아졌고 산소 발생량은 순수에서 6.0cc 0.3과 0.6%의 염수에서 6.4cc의 다소 많은 량이 방출되었다. 7. 간척답 토양에서는 파종당시 염농도 0.4% 이하의 조건에서 1cm 깊이 파종은 과산화석회 종자량의 우량 2cm 깊이 파종은 동량이 적당하고 유기물을 사용할 경우에는 1cm 깊이 파종만 하되 적정분의량은 종자량과 동량 처리하는 것이 출아에 효과적이었다. 8. 간척답에서 과산화석회 종자 분의 처리후 기계직파한 구에서 도복이 7로 인력산파 9보다 도복 경감이 되었다. 9. 간척답에서 종자를 과산화석회 분의하여 기계직파할 때 유기물을 사용한 처리가 무사용보다 5%의 수량 증수 효과를 보였다.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.5-5
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• 2011

The research and development of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV) are intensified due to the energy crisis and environmental concerns. In order to meet the challenging requirements of powering HEV, PHEV and EV, the current lithium battery technology needs to be significantly improved in terms of the cost, safety, power and energy density, as well as the calendar and cycle life. One new technology being developed is the utilization of composite cathode by mixing two different types of insertion compounds [e.g., spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ and layered $LiMO_2$ (M=Ni, Co, and Mn)]. Recently, some studies on mixing two different types of cathode materials to make a composite cathode have been reported, which were aimed at reducing cost and improving self-discharge. Numata et al. reported that when stored in a sealed can together with electrolyte at $80^{\circ}C$ for 10 days, the concentrations of both HF and $Mn^{2+}$ were lower in the can containing $LiMn_2O_4$ blended with $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.2}O_2$ than that containing $LiMn_2O_4$ only. That reports clearly showed that this blending technique can prevent the decline in capacity caused by cycling or storage at elevated temperatures. However, not much work has been reported on the charge-discharge characteristics and related structural phase transitions for these composite cathodes. In this presentation, we will report our in situ x-ray diffraction studies on this mixed composite cathode material during charge-discharge cycling. The mixed cathodes were incorporated into in situ XRD cells with a Li foil anode, a Celgard separator, and a 1M $LiPF_6$ electrolyte in a 1 : 1 EC : DMC solvent (LP 30 from EM Industries, Inc.). For in situ XRD cell, Mylar windows were used as has been described in detail elsewhere. All of these in situ XRD spectra were collected on beam line X18A at National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory using two different detectors. One is a conventional scintillation detector with data collection at 0.02 degree in two theta angle for each step. The other is a wide angle position sensitive detector (PSD). The wavelengths used were 1.1950 ${\AA}$ for the scintillation detector and 0.9999 A for the PSD. The newly installed PSD at beam line X18A of NSLS can collect XRD patterns as short as a few minutes covering $90^{\circ}$ of two theta angles simultaneously with good signal to noise ratio. It significantly reduced the data collection time for each scan, giving us a great advantage in studying the phase transition in real time. The two theta angles of all the XRD spectra presented in this paper have been recalculated and converted to corresponding angles for ${\lambda}=1.54\;{\AA}$, which is the wavelength of conventional x-ray tube source with Cu-$k{\alpha}$ radiation, for easy comparison with data in other literatures. The structural changes of the composite cathode made by mixing spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ and layered $Li-Ni_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ in 1 : 1 wt% in both Li-half and Li-ion cells during charge/discharge are studied by in situ XRD. During the first charge up to ~5.2 V vs. $Li/Li^+$, the in situ XRD spectra for the composite cathode in the Li-half cell track the structural changes of each component. At the early stage of charge, the lithium extraction takes place in the $LiNi_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ component only. When the cell voltage reaches at ~4.0 V vs. $Li/Li^+$, lithium extraction from the spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ component starts and becomes the major contributor for the cell capacity due to the higher rate capability of $LiMn_2O_4$. When the voltage passed 4.3 V, the major structural changes are from the $LiNi_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ component, while the $LiMn_2O_4$ component is almost unchanged. In the Li-ion cell using a MCMB anode and a composite cathode cycled between 2.5 V and 4.2 V, the structural changes are dominated by the spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ component, with much less changes in the layered $LiNi_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ component, comparing with the Li-half cell results. These results give us valuable information about the structural changes relating to the contributions of each individual component to the cell capacity at certain charge/discharge state, which are helpful in designing and optimizing the composite cathode using spinel- and layered-type materials for Li-ion battery research. More detailed discussion will be presented at the meeting.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2001

연구 목적：본 연구는 이전의 연구들이 9번 염색체의 전위와 연관된 정신과적 특성이나 발달학적인 측면에 다루지 않았던 것에 주목, 정신과적인 문제 중 언어나 운동 발달의 지연, 지능저하, 성장지연 등과 같은 아동기의 발달학적인 문제와 행동문제에 초점을 맞추어 9번 염색체의 전위와 어떤 연관성이 있는지의 여부에 대해 알아보기로 하였다. 방 법：1) 1984년부터 2000년까지 서울대학교병원 인구의학연구소에 유전학적 검사가 의뢰된 환자들 중 9번 염색체 전위로 결과가 나온 증례들을 수집하였다. 검사를 의뢰한 진료과, 의뢰한 이유 등에 대한 정보를 얻었다. 2) 9번 염색체 전위를 지닌 소아 청소년 12명을 환아군으로 선정하고 성별, 나이 등이 일치하는 학생 45명을 대조군으로 선정하여 부모에게 과거력조사설문지와 아동청소년 행동평가척도(Korean Child Behavior Check List, 이하 K-CBCL로 약칭)를 배부, 작성하도록 하였다. 결 과：1) 9번 염색체 전위로 결과가 나온 165례 중 검사 의뢰 진료과의 분포는 산부인과(47.3%), 소아과(23.6%), 소아정신과(17.0%)의 순으로 나타났고, 소아과와 소아정신과에서 검사가 의뢰된 경우(67례), 의뢰한 주 이유는 지능저하(35.8%), 언어 또는 운동발달지연(31.3%), Fragile X 증후군 의심(23.9%), 성장지연(20.9%)의 순이었다. 2) K-CBCL 결과상 사회적 미성숙 척도에서 임상범위에 해당된 비율이 환아군에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았고, 환아군이 대조군보다 언어나 운동 발달 영역에서 발달이 늦는 것으로 나타났다. 결 론：본 연구는 9번 염색체의 전위와 연관된 발달학적인 측면을 다룬 최초의 연구로 아동기의 발달학적인 문제나 행동문제에 있어서 연관성을 시사하는 결과를 보였다. 정신과적인 문제와 연관된 유전자의 다양한 표현형을 밝혀 나가는 토대가 되기를 기대해 본다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.221-228
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• 1987

도열병균(稻熱病菌)(Pyricularia oryzae)의 포자발아(胞子發芽)에 가장 적합한 온도는 $26{\sim}30^{\circ}C$였으며, 발아(發芽)에 필요한 최소한의 수분존재시간(水分存在時間)은 4시간으로 나타났고, $34^{\circ}C$에서는 발아율(發芽率)이 10% 이하로 낮게 나타났다. 포자발아(胞子發芽)에 대한 상대습도의 영향은 고온(高溫)인 $34^{\circ}C$에서만 차이가 있었고 나머지 처리에서는 유의적(有意的)인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 발병효율(發病效率)은 $26^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 $18^{\circ}C$와 $22^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C$에서는 $26^{\circ}C$에 비해 약 20% 정도였다. 주당(株當) 1개 이상의 병반(病斑)을 형성하는데 필요한 평균수분존재시간(平均水分存在時間)은 $18^{\circ}C$에서 22시간, $22^{\circ}C$에서 16시간, $26^{\circ}C$에서 10시간, $30^{\circ}C$에서는 8시간이었으며, $34^{\circ}C$에서는 주당(株當) 1개 이상의 병반(病斑)을 형성하지 못하였다. 접종(接種)후 병반(病斑) 발현시(發現時)까지의 잠복기간(潛伏其間)은 $18^{\circ}C$에서 $7{\sim}8$일(日), $22{\sim}26^{\circ}C$에서는 약 $4{\sim}5$일(日), $30^{\circ}C$에서는 $3{\sim}4$일(日)이었다. 병반(病斑) 크기 증가율(增加率)은 온도 및 습도조건과 밀접한 관계를 보였다. 1일당(日當) 평균(平均) 병반(病斑) 크기 증분(增分)은 상대습도 90% 이상인 경우, $18^{\circ}C$와 $22^{\circ}C$에서 0.7mm, $26^{\circ}C$에서 1mm, $30^{\circ}C$에서는 0.8mm 였고, 상대습도 85% 이하에서는 $30^{\circ}C$를 제외한 온도 조건에서 90% 이상에서의 증분(增分)의 $50{\sim}60%$ 밖에 되지 않았다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.104-113
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• 1991

포도(葡萄) 'Campbell Early'에 있어서 ethephon처리시(處理時) 유기(誘起)되는 탈립현상(脫粒現像)에 대한 칼슘의 작용기작(作用機作)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 초산(醋酸)칼슘, 수산화(水酸化)칼슘 및 염화(鹽化)칼슘을 칼슘급원(給源)으로하여 ethephon 1,000 ppm에 가용(加用)하여 처리(處理)한 후(後) 탈립(脫粒), ethylene발생량(發生量) 및 과실품질(果實品質)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사하고 또한 과실내(果實內) Ca, Mg 및 K의 축적양상(蓄積樣相)을 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 칼슘의 탈립방지효과(脫粒防止效果)는 급원(給源)에 따라 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)를 나타내 초산(醋酸)칼슘 $4.4g/{\ell}$ 이상, 수산화(水酸化)칼슘 $2.2g/{\ell}$ 이상(以上) 가용(加用)한 처리(處理)에서 ethephon처리(處理)에 의한 탈립방지효과(脫粒防止效果)가 우수(優秀)하였으나 염화(鹽化)칼슘의 효과(效果)는 현저(顯著)히 낮았다. 2. Ethylene발생(發生) 양상(樣相)은 ethephon단용처리(單用處理)의 경우(境遇)는 처리(處理) 후(後) 1일(日)에 최대치(最大値)를 보였고 칼슘가용(加用) ethephon처리(處理)는 ethephon 단용액(單用液) 보다 발생량(發生量)이 현저(顯著)히 많았을 뿐만아니라 처리(處理) 3시간(時間) 후(後)에 최대치(最大値)를 보였으며 그 후(後) 급감(急減)하여 3일후(日後)에는 비교적(比較的) 낮은 수준(水準)으로 유지(維持)되었다. 3. 칼슘을 가용(加用)하지 않은 ethephon액(液)은 조제(調劑) 3일후(日後)까지 ethylene 발생량(發生量)에 차이(差異)를 나타내지 않았으나 탈립(脫粒)에 대한 효과(效果)는 조제후(調劑後) 일수(日數)가 지남에 따라 현저(顯著)히 감소(減少)되었다. 칼슘가용(加用) ethephon 처리(處理)는 시간(時間)이 경과(經過) 됨에 따라 최대(最大) ethylene 발생량(發生量)이 감소(減少)하였으며 탈립방지효과(脫粒防止效果)에 차이(差異)가 없었다. 4. Ethephon 500 ppm 처리(處理)는 과실내(果實內) Ca, Mg 및 K 함량(含量)에 영향(影響)을 미치지 않았으며 초산(醋酸)칼슘, 염화(鹽化)칼슘 및 수산화(水酸化)칼슘을 칼슘 함량(含量)으로 $1.59g/{\ell}$ 처리(處理)도 과립경(果粒梗), 과피(果皮) 및 과육(果肉)의 칼슘 함량(含量)을 증가(增加)시키지 않았다. 5. Ethephon처리(處理)는 이층조직(離層組織)의 발달(發達)을 촉진(促進)하였으나 칼슘가용처리(加用處理) ethephon에 의한 이층조직(離層組織) 발달(發達)을 억제(抑制)시켰다.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
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• pp.24-25
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• 2003

Lead is ubiquitous in the human environment as a result of industrialization. China's rapid industrialization and traffic growth have increased the potential for lead emissions. Lead poisoning in children is one of the most common public health problems today, and it is entirely preventable. Children are more vulnerable to lead pollution and lead in their bodies can affect their nervous, circulatory, and digestive systems. Children are exposed to lead from different sources (such as paint, gasoline, and solder) and through different pathways (such as air, food, water, dust, and soil). Although all children are exposed to some lead from food, air, dust, and soil, some children are exposed to high dose sources of lead. Significant sources of lead for China's children include industrial emissions (often close to housing and schools), leaded gasoline, and occupational exposure that occurs when parents wear lead-contaminated clothing home from work, burning of coal for home heat and cooking, contaminated food, and some traditional medicines. To assess the blood lead level in children in China, a large-scale study was conducted in 19 cities among 9 provinces during 1997 to 2000. There were 6502 children, aged 3-5 years, were recruited in the study The result indicates that the mean blood lead level was 8.83ug/dl 3-5 year old living in city area. The mean blood lead level of boys was higher than that of girls (9.1l ug/dl vs 8.73ug/dl). Almost 30 percent childrens blood lead level exceeded 10ug/dl. The average blood lead level was higher than that of in 1985 (8.83ug/dl vs 8.lug/dl). An epidemiological study was carried on the children living around the cottage industries recycling the lead from battery. Nine hundreds fifty nine children, aged 5-12 years, living in lead polluted villages where the lead smelters located near the residential area and 207 control children live in unpolluted area were recruited in the study. The lead levels in air, soil, drinking water and crops were measured. The blood lead and ZnPP level were tested for all subjects. The results show that the local environment was polluted. The lead levels both in the air and crops were much higher than that of in control area. In the polluted area, the average blood level was 49.6ug/dl (rang 19.5-89.3ug/dl). Whereas, in the unpolluted area, the average blood level was 12.4ug/dl (rang 4.6-24.8ug/dl). This study indicates that in some countryside area, some cottage industries induce seriously lead pollution and cause children health problem. For the introducing of unleaded gasoline in some large cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, the blood lead level showed a declined trend since 1997. By 2000, the use of leaded gasoline in motor vehicles has been prohibited in China. The most recent data available show that levels of lead in blood among children in Shanghai decreased from 8.3ug/dl in 1997 to 7.6ug/dl in 1999. The prevalence rate of children lead poisoning (blood lead >10ug/dl) was also decreased from 37.8% to 24.8%. In children living in downtown area, the blood lead level reduced dramatically. To explore the relationship between gene polymorphisms and individual susceptibility of lead poisoning, a molecular epidemiological study was conducted among children living in lead polluted environment. The result showed that the subjects with ALAD2 allele has higher ZPP level, and the subjects with VDR B allele has larger head circumference than only with b allele. In the present study, we demonstrated that ALAD genotypes modify lead effects on heme metabolism and VDR gene variants influence the skull development in highly exposed children. The polymorphism of ALAD and VDR genes might be the molecular inherited factor modifying the susceptibility of lead poisoning. Recently, Chinese government pays more attention to lead pollution and lead poisoning in children problem. The leaded gasoline was prohibited used in motor vehicles since 2000. The government has decided to have a clampdown on the high-polluted lead smelters for recycling the lead from battery in countryside. It is hopeful that the risk of lead poisoning in children will be decreased in the further